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Ultrasound Physics > Exam 1 Flashcards > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of longitudinal wave
Draw the wave

A

2D waves with rarefaction used during ultrasound

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2
Q

Definition of transverse wave
Give an example
Draw the wave

A

3D ultrasound waves
Ex. Ocean waves

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3
Q

What type of waves do x-rays use

A

Electromagnetic

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of transverse waves used in ultrasound

A

Mechanical and Electromagnetic

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5
Q

A mechanical waves needs this to travel
And is usually in __ or __

A

Medium
2D or 3D

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6
Q

T or F
Electromagnetic waves do not need mediums and can travel through vacuums

A

True

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7
Q

Electromagnetic waves do not need anything and are always

A

3D

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8
Q

Name all the classifications of sound

A

Infrasound
Audible
Ultrasound
Diagnostic

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9
Q

Name the ranges for all classifications of sound
Infrasound
Audible
Ultrasound
Diagnostic

A

I - < 20Hz
A - 20-20,000 Hz (20kHz)
U/S - >20kHz
D - 2-20 MHz

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10
Q

Which travels faster, lower frequency or higher frequency

A

Lower frequency

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11
Q

Lower frequency is easier to

A

Pass through

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12
Q

Higher frequency allows for

A

Better images/details

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13
Q

What is the principal of wave superposition

A

When path of 2 waves intersect, motions and energy of molecules that each wave individually causes are added together

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14
Q

In the principal of superposition describe the relationship between wave amplitude and in-phase waves

A

Amplitude wave will increase with in-phase

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15
Q

In the principal of superposition describe the relationship between wave amplitude and out-phase waves

A

Amplitude wave will decrease with out-of phase waves

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16
Q

Definition of constructive interference

A

Occurs when 2 waves are in-phase w/ each other

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17
Q

Definition of destructive interference

A

Occurs when 2 waves are out of phase with one another

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18
Q

Definition of Huygen’s Principle

A

Sound radiates in all directions from a point source

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19
Q

What is the equation and units for pressure

A

Pressure = Force/Area
Units = Pa or N/m^2

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20
Q

Equation for frequency and period/time

A

f = 1/T
T = 1/f

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21
Q

What are the SI units

A

Meter (m) - Length
Kilogram (kg) - Mass
Seconds (s) - Time

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22
Q

What unit is not an SI unit

A

cm

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23
Q

What is the relationship of period and frequency

A

Inversely proportional

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24
Q

seconds x cycles/sec =

A

Hertz or Hz

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25
Q

Prefixes are always ____
SI units are always ___

A

First, last

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26
Q

Name these powers of 10 with their prefix, symbols and numbers.
10^6
10^3
10^-2
10^-3
10^-6
10^-9

A

10^6 - 1,000,000, Mega, M
10^3 - 1,000, Kilo, k
10^-2 - 0.01, Centi, c
10^-3 - 0.001, milli, m
10^-6 - 0.000001, micro, us
10^-9 - 0.000000001, nano, n

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27
Q

Name the recipricol of 10^6.

A

Mega, 10^6, 1,000,000, M reciprocal is micro, 10^-6, 0.000001, m

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28
Q

Name the reciprocal of 10^3

A

10^3, kilo, 1,000, k reciprocal is milli, 10^-3, 0.001, m

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29
Q

What is 10^9

A

Giga, 1,000,000,000, G

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30
Q

What is the reciprocal of 10^9

A

10^-9, 0.000000001, nano

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31
Q

What is the speed of sound for the following
Air
Fat
Tissue
Cranial Bone
Lung

A

A - 330 m/s
F - 1,450 m/s
T - 1,540 m/s
CB - 4,080 m/s
L - 500 m/s

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32
Q

As heat rises, sound will

A

Travel faster

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33
Q

If the environment is cold what will that do to the speed of sound

A

Will cause speed of sound to be slower

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34
Q

Power is proportional to

A

Waves amplitude^2

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35
Q

Definition of amplitude
Name it’s units

A

Is the “bigness” of the wave
Difference between resting value and max value (or min) of acoustic variable
Pa, Volts

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36
Q

Definition of period

A

Time it takes a wave to vibrate a single cycle

37
Q

Definition of frequency
Name it’s units

A

Number of particular events that occur in a specific duration of time
Hertz

38
Q

Definition of wavelength

A

Distance or length of one complete cycle

39
Q

Definition of density

A

Concentration of mass in a volume

40
Q

Definition of stiffness

A

Describes the ability of an object to resist compression

41
Q

Definition of power

A

Rate of energy transfer or the rate at which work id performed

42
Q

Definition of half value layer thickness

A

Distance sound travels in tissue tha reduces the intensity of sound to one-half its original value

43
Q

Definition of acoustic impedance

A

Important tissue property that influences the amount of reflection

44
Q

Definition of dB’s

A

Common unit for measuring signals

45
Q

Definition of attenuations

A

Decrease in intensity, power, and amplitude as sound travels

46
Q

Definition of Snell’s law media changes.
What is the equation?

A

Retration is caused by the change in speed experienced by a wave when it changes mediums
sin (transmission angle)/sin (incident angle) = Speed of medium 2/speed of medium 1

47
Q

Definition of attenuation coefficient

A

Number of decibels of attenuation that occurs when sound travels one cm

48
Q

Definition of total attenuation

A

Total decrease in sound energy in decibels, after sound has traveled through a medium for given distance

49
Q

Definition of PD

A

Pulse duration
Actual time from the start of a pulse to the end of that pulse

50
Q

Definition of PRP and PRF

A

PRP - The time from the start of one pulse to the start of the next pulse
PRF - Number of pulses that an ultrasound system transmits into the body each second

51
Q

Definition of intensity

A

Concentration of energy in a sound beam

52
Q

Define the following terms.
TA
PA
TP
IM
SP
What combo has the highest value?

A

TA - Temporal avg. - Avg. inten during entire PRP
PA - Pulse average - Avg. inten during PD
TP - Temporal peak - Meas. max inten at one time
IM - Avg. inten during most intense half-cycle
SP - Spatial peak - Beams location at max

53
Q

Definition of conservation of energy

A

Total energy cannot be created or destroyed

54
Q

Define this equation.
%R + %T = 100%

A

% of reflection coefficient + % of transmission coefficient must equal 100%

55
Q

Define the relationship between the following:
Power
Intensity
Amplitude

A

Power and intensity is proportional to amplitude^2
Power is proportional to intensity

56
Q

Wavelength x Frequency = ?

A

Speed of sound (c) (m/s)

57
Q

What is the equation for total attenuation?

A

TA = F x PL x AC

58
Q

What is the equation for density?
What are the units for density?

A

Stuff (kg)/volume
Units - kg/m^3

59
Q

What is the average density for rarefaction?

A

50 kg/m^3

60
Q

What is the average density for compression?

A

150 kg/m^3

61
Q

Is period adjustable? Is it fixed?

A

Not adjustable
Quanitity is fixed

62
Q

Is freqeuncy adjustable? Is it fixed?

A

Not adjustable
Quanitity is fixed

63
Q

Draw a wave and put these labels in the correct spots:
Amplitude
Crest
Trough
Nodes
Period
Antinodes

A

Look at pic on review

64
Q

Draw Huygen’s Principal

A

Look at pic on review

65
Q

What is the equation for power?

A

Work/time

66
Q

In terms of the relationship between power and amplitude.
If the amplitude increases by 5, then the power will (increase/decrease) by __?

A

Power will increase by 25
Power related to amplitude^2

67
Q

What is the equation for half value layer thickness?
What are the units?

A

3db/f x atten. co
cm

68
Q

If you don’t see a frequency listed then you can assume it is

A

1

69
Q

In terms of the relationship between HVLT and propagation beams, what happens to the beam after the half value distance after the beam propagates

A

Beam drops by 1/2

70
Q

Decibels indicates the ratio between

A

2 amplitudes, intensities or powers

71
Q

What equation would you use in terms of decibels for intensity and power ratios

A

-dB = 10 x log (I/Io)
-dB = 10 x log (P/Po)

72
Q

What equation would you use in terms of decibels for amplitude ratios

A

-dB = 20 x log (A/Ao)

73
Q

Draw an example of attenuation

A

Look at review pic

74
Q

What is attenuation directly related to?

A

Distance, & frequency

75
Q

What is the attenuation coeff. of soft tissue?

A

0.77dB/MHz/cm

76
Q

What beam’s are related to Snell’s Principal

A

Incident beam
Transmitted beam
Reflected beam

77
Q

How do stiffness and density related to speed of sound?

A

Stiffness increases, speed increases
Density increases, speed decreases

78
Q

When you are increasing by 3dB the numbers will ____ as you move up the steps

A

Double

79
Q

When you are decreasing -3dB the numbers will be ____ as you move down the steps

A

Be cut in 1/2

80
Q

When you are incrwasing by 10 dB the numbers will be ___ ____

A

10 times largers

81
Q

When you are decreasing by -10dB the numbers will be ___

A

1/10

82
Q

What is the equation for pulse duration?

A

cycles/f or #cycles x period

83
Q

What is the equation for PRF

A

1/PRP

84
Q

What is the equation for PRP

A

1/PRF

85
Q

PRF x PRP = ___
Due to

A

1
Due to being inversely related

86
Q

What is the equation for HVLT

A

3dB/f x ac

87
Q

What is the BUF

A

Beam uniformity factor

88
Q

What is the equation for BUF

A

Spatial peak/spatial avg.

Ultrasound Physics (6 decks)

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