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Ultrasound Physics > 10/30 Quiz > Flashcards

10/30 Quiz Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the 3 equations for NZL

A

(Diameter x Frequency) / 6.16
Radius Squared / wavelength
(Diameter squared x Frequency) / 6

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2
Q

What is the equation for speed of sound

A

c = f x wavelength

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3
Q

What is the equation for wavelength

A

Wavelength = c/f

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4
Q

What 2 transducer factors affect NZL

A

Diameter/Apeture of transducer
Frequency of sound produced by transducer

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5
Q

What 2 things create a beam with a deeper foci

A

Large crystal, high frequency sound

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6
Q

Smaller diameter crystals produce beams that

A

Diverge more into the far zone

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7
Q

Which of the folling probes create beams with shallow focus
A) Small dia, high f
B) Small dia, low f
C) Large dia, high f
D) Large dia, low f

A

B) Small dia, low f

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8
Q

Which of the following probes creates beams with deepest focus
A) 4 mm dia, 4 MHz
B) 5 mm dia, 8 MHz
C) 6 mm dia, 2 MHz
D) 6 mm dia, 8 MHz

A

D) 6 mm dia, 8 MHz

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9
Q

The lower the frequency of the beam used, the greated the

A

Expansion of the beam into the far field region

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10
Q

What is the far field divergence angle

A

Angle between beam axis and the boundary of the beam in the far field

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11
Q

What is the 2 equations for far field divergence angle

A

Sin0 = (1.2 x wavlength) / Dia
Sin0 = (1.2 x Prop speed) / (Dia x f)

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12
Q

If you have a large diameter you will have a ___ angle

A

Smaller angle

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13
Q

Which of the following probes create a beam with most divergence
A) Small dia, high f
B) Small dia, low f
C) Large dia, high f
D) Large dia, low f

A

B) Small dia, low f

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14
Q

What is the range of the sine of an angle

A

0-1

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15
Q

As the sine of an angle increases what will happen to the actual angle

A

Increase

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16
Q

What are the 3 forms of flows

A

Pulsatile
Phasic
Steady

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17
Q

Definition of pulsatile flow

A

Variable velocity flow due to cardiac contraction

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18
Q

What is an example of pulsatile flow

A

Arterial circulation

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19
Q

Definition of phasic

A

Variable velocity due to respiration

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20
Q

What is an example of phasic flow

A

Venous circulation

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21
Q

Definition of steady flow

A

Contrast velocity flow

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22
Q

What is an example of steady flow

A

When holding one’s breathe

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23
Q

What is laminar flow

A

Layered flow-liquid at different speeds as we move from vessel wall

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24
Q

As part of a boundary condition flow must = 0 at

A

Vessel wall

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25
Q

What are the 2 types of laminar flow

A

Parabolic
Plug flow

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26
Q

Define parabolic flow

A

Avg. flow speed = 1/2 max slow speed at center

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27
Q

Define plug flow

A

All layers flow at same speed

28
Q

What is disturbent/turbulent flow

A

Randome or chaotic circles or eddies

29
Q

What are the typical regions for disturbing/turbulent

A

Stenoses

30
Q

What is stenosis

A

Narrowing of a vessel or at bifurcation a vessel that splits into 2 regions

31
Q

What is blood flow is stenosis

A

Blood flow is changed and can be described by Bernoulli’s equation

32
Q

What is Bernoulli’s equation for stenosis

A

P + 1/2pv^2 + pgh = Constant

33
Q

What is the P stand for in Bernoulli’s equation
What is the equation for this
What are the units

A

Pressure
P = F/a
Pascals

34
Q

What does the p stand for in Bernoulli’s equation
What are the units

A

Density
kg/m^3

35
Q

What does the pv^2 for in Bernoulli’s equation

A

Kinetic Energy

36
Q

What does the pgh stand for in Bernoulli’s equation

A

Potential energy

37
Q

In the 1st equation if the P is high and kinetic energy is low then what should the P and kinetic energy be in the second equation

A

P should be low and kinetic energy should be high

38
Q

P(1) + pv^2(1) + pgh =

A

P(2) +pv^2(2) +pgh

39
Q

What is continuity flow

A

Volume flow rate must be constant in the before, at and after constriction regions

40
Q

What does continuity of flow mean

A

Blood is not created or destroyed as it moves through the vessel

41
Q

Equation of pressure gradient

A

PG = Flow x Resistance

42
Q

T or F:
A) PI has units
B) RI has not units

A

A) F - PI has no units
B) T

43
Q

What does PI stand for
What is the equation

A

Pulsatility index
PI = (Max-Min) / Ave

44
Q

Pulsatility index is where the max and min are the peak _____ and minimum ____ velocities and average _____

A

Peak systolic, minimum diastolic, average flow

45
Q

Max velocity is 60 cm/s, Min velocity is 20 cm/s, Average flow is 40 cm/s
What is the PI?

A

(60 cm/s - 20 cm/s) / 40 cm/s = 1

46
Q

What does RI stand for
What is the equation

A

Resistivity index
RI = (Max-Min) / Max

47
Q

RI is a useful parameter in diagnosis of

A

Arterial seconds

48
Q

Max velocity is 60 cm/s, Min is 20 cm/s
What is the RI

A

(60 cm/s - 20 cm/s) / 60 cm/s
2/3 or 0.666666666

49
Q

Technique used to quantify and image blood flow, turn would mean we’re checking heart motion

A

Doppler

50
Q

What is the basic premise of Doppler

A

Relative motion between sound source and observer

51
Q

What are the 3 ways to produce Doppler

A
  1. Source moves and listener is stationary
  2. Listener is moving but the source is stationary
  3. Source moves and listener moves
52
Q

What is the equation for Doppler shift

A

Doppler shift (Hz) = Reflected frequency - Transmitted frequency

53
Q

Doppler effect is a smaller ____ riding along with transducers main ______. And we decouple them by

A

Smaller signal, transducers main frequency, decouple them by demodulation

54
Q

Reflected frequency is 2.02 MHz, transmitted frequency is 2.00 MHz.
What is the Doppler shift

A

2.02 (MHz) - 2.00 (MHz) = -0.02 MHz

55
Q

In a positive Doppler shift what will happen to the following:
Frequency - Increases or Decreases
Wavelength - Increases or Decreases

A

f - Increase
Wavelength - Decrease

56
Q

In a negative Doppler shift what will happen to the following:
Frequency - Increases or Decreases
Wavelength - Increases or Decreases

A

f - Decrease
Wavelength - Increase

57
Q

What is the other equation for Doppler

A

f(D) = 2f(o)vcos0 / c

58
Q

fo in Doppler equation stands for

A

Original frequency

59
Q

What does the v in the Doppler equation stand for

A

Speed of RBC’s

60
Q

What does cos0 stand for in the Doppler equation

A

Cosine of angle

61
Q

What does the c stand for in the Doppler equation

A

Speed of sound

62
Q

If the original frequency is high then the Doppler freqeuncy will be (High or Low)

A

High

63
Q

If the cosine angle is 0 degress it will =
It is the (Max or Min)
And the view is right at the ______
What color does this show on U/S

A

Will = 1
Max
Transducer
Red

64
Q

If the cosine angle is 90 degress it will =
It is the (Max or Min)
The view is ____ to flow
In this degree you can’t see

A

0
Min
View is perpendicular to flow
Direction of flow

65
Q

If the cosine angle is 180 degrees it will =
It is the (Max or Min)
What color does this show on U/S

A

-1
Max
Blue

66
Q

If the cosine angle is 60 degress it will =

A

1/2

67
Q

You should always assume the cosine angle is

A

60 degrees

Ultrasound Physics (6 decks)

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