Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Western Civ 1: Exam 1 > Exam 1 Flash cards > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flash cards

1
Q

Action

A

means by which we explore and learn from the world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Summary of Piaget

A

Psychologist from switzerland who summarized that his scientific study of general revelation unites science and truth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Schemata or Schemes

A

patterns of actions or mold into which we pour our experiences (mentally)
Organized ways of making sense of experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How do chemes change with age

A

First schemes: sensorimotor action patterns
Later: deliberate and creative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What learning?

A

Learning is active, not passive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are two processes of Scheme evolution?

A

Assimilation and Accommodation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is well-adapted intelligence?

A

Equilibration-Equal balance of the two (Assimilation and Accommodation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does adaptation build schemes?

A

Through direct interaction with the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does assimilation build schemes?

A

By using current schemes to interpret the external world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does accommodation build schemes?

A

Adjusting old schemes and creating new ones to better fit the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When and what is the sensorimotor stage?

A

Birth to 2 years and it is building schemes through sensory and motor exploration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is included in infant/ toddler cognitive development?

A

Reflexes and growth of intentional actions, development of imitation, and achieving object permanence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What sensorimotor substage happens between birth and 1 month?

A

Reflexive schemes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What sensorimotor substage happens between 1 -4 months?

A

Primary circular reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What sensorimotor substage happens between 4-8 months?

A

Secondary circular reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What sensorimotor substage happens between 8-12 months?

A

Coordination of secondary circular reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What sensorimotor substage happens between 12-18 months?

A

Tertiary circular reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What sensorimotor substage happens between 18 months- 2 years?

A

Mental representation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Challenges for Piaget’s Theory?

A

Intentional actions, imitation, intentional learning, and object permeance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is object permanence?

A

Understanding objects continues to exist when out of sight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How is object permanence revealed?

A

By retrieval of hidden objects and by tasks involving invisible displacement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How can one identify if awareness is not yet complete for object permeance?

A

A-not-B search error

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the violation-of-expectation method?

A

Renee Baillargeon, Habituation followed by expected event vs. unexpected event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How is longer looking at unexpected interpreted?

A

As a violation of expectation suggesting some form of object permeance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the internal depictions of mental representation?

A

Images and Concepts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does mental representation permit?

A

Advanced object permeance, deferred imitation, and make-believe play

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the work of imitation with Andy Meltzoff?

A

Newborn imitation of facial gestures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the deferred imitation for 6 weeks?

A

imitates facial expressions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the deferred imitation for 6-9 months?

A

copies novel actions with objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the deferred imitation for 12-14 months?

A

imitates rationally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the deferred imitation for 14-18 months?

A

imitates actions that are intended but not completed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the capacities that developed earlier than Piaget suggested?

A

Object permanence, deferred imitation, and problem-solving by analogy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the capacities that developed when Piaget suggested?

A

Object search, A-not-B , and make-believe play

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the core knowledge perspective?

A

Babies are born with a set of core domains of thought:
innate, special purpose knowledge systems, permit a quick grasp of related information, and support early rapid development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the suggested core domains of thought for babies?

A

Physical. lingustic, Psychological, and numerical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the mind as the information processor model?

A

Development is continuous not stage-like, and more descriptive than theoretical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the computer analogy model?

A

Attention-encoding, and memory and categorization-storage and retrieval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the sensory register for information processing

A

Sights and sounds are represented directly, stored briefly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the short-term memory store?

A

attended-to information is retained briefly and “worked” on

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is working memory?

A

number of items that can be briefly held in mind while engaging in some effort to manipulate them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is a long-term memory?

A

Permanent knowledge base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What improvements are made in the cognitive System?

A

Increase in basic capacity of memory stores and increase in speed with which information is worked on.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What cognitive gains happen with attention?

A

improved efficiency, ability to shift focus, less attraction to novelty, and improved sustained attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What cognitive gains happen with memory?

A

Longer retention intervals, and development of recall by after 6 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What cognitive gains happen with categorization?

A

the gradual shift from perceptual to conceptual categorization in toddlerhood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is perceptual?

A

first categories are based on physical properties and by 6 months, babies categorize on basis of two correlated features

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is conceptual?

A

Shift to categories based on common function or behavior and cultural differences in the development of categories (language)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory?

A

-Social influence affects mental strategies
-complex mental activities develop through joint activities with more mature members of the child’s society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are environmental issues that impact cognition?

A

Quality of home life and daycare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the zone of proximal development?

A

tasks too difficult for a child to do alone but possible with help of more skilled partners

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

How are features of a high-quality home life tested?

A

Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is the Empiricist theory of language development?

A

Environment determines language through trial and error and reward and punishment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is the Nativist theory of language development?

A

Innate Language Acquisition Device (LAD) contains universal grammar and infants biologically prepared to learn language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is the Interactionist theory of language development?

A

Interaction between inner capacities and environmental influences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is the social-interactionist view?

A

Emphasizes social skills and language experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What are the components of language?

A

Grammar which contains phonology, morphology, semantics, and syntax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What are the structural units of language?

A

Phonemes, morphemes, words, phrases, and sentences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What are the universal stages of production?

A

Crying and cooing, Babbling, and patterned speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What does comprehension proceed?

A

production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

How can you support early language learning with infants?

A

Respond, establish joint affection, play social games, teach sign language, infant-directed speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

How can you support early language learning with toddlers?

A

Engage in joint make-believe and frequent conversations, read often, and talk about books

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What is the study of Developmental science?

A

Of constancy and change throughout the lifespan

63
Q

What is the field of developmental science?

A

Scientific, applied, interdisciplinary, and “worldview” dependent

64
Q

What is the science-based theory?

A

An orderly set of statements that describes, explains, and predicts behavior.

65
Q

What is nature?

A

Hereditary information received from parents at conception

66
Q

What is nurture?

A

Physical and social forces that influence biological and psychological development

67
Q

What is stability?

A

Persistence of individual differences and lifelong patterns established by early experiences

68
Q

What is plasticity?

A

Development is open to lifelong change based on influential experiences

69
Q

How is development a dynamic system?

A

It is an ongoing process from conception to death

70
Q

What is the lifespan perspective?

A

Development is lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, highly plastic, and influenced by multiple interacting forces.

71
Q

What is Darwin’s theory?

A

Theory of evolution: natural selection and survival of the fittest

72
Q

What is the normative approach?

A

Hall and Gesell: child study movement based on development as a maturational process

73
Q

What is the mental testing movement?

A

Binet and Simon: First successful intelligence test and identifies struggling school children

74
Q

What is Freud and Erikson’s theory?

A

Emphasizes an individual’s unique life history and conflicts between biological drives and social expectations

75
Q

What are Freud’s three parts of personality?

A

Id, Ego, and superego

76
Q

What is Id?

A

The largest portion of the mind, unconscious, present at birth, and a source of biological needs/desires

77
Q

What is Ego?

A

The conscious, rational part of the personality that emerges in early infancy and redirects id impulses in acceptable ways

78
Q

What is the superego?

A

It is the conscience and develops from ages 3 to 6 through interactions with caregivers

79
Q

What are Freud’s psychosexual stages?

A

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital

80
Q

What is the classical conditioning theory?

A

Stimulus-response

81
Q

What is the operant conditioning theory?

A

Reinforcers and punishments

82
Q

What is the social learning theory?

A

Social cognitive approach imitation/modeling

83
Q

What is Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory?

A

Children actively construct knowledge by manipulating and exploring their world, mental structures adapt to better fit with the environment, and development moves through four broad stages

84
Q

What are Piaget’s stages for gaining cognitive knowledge?

A

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

85
Q

What is Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory?

A

Development in a social context where cooperative dialogues between children and adults who shape/improve/guide development

86
Q

What is the developmental cognitive Neuroscience

A

A relationship of brain changes to cognitive processing and behavior patterns that brings researchers together from psychology, biology, neuroscience, and medicine.

87
Q

What are common research methods?

A

Systematic observation, self-reports, clinical/case study, and Ethnography

88
Q

What is a systematic observation?

A

Naturalistic and structured observation

89
Q

What are self-report observations?

A

clinical interview and a structured interview with questionnaires and tests

90
Q

What are naturalistic observations?

A

Observation of behavior in natural contexts and reflects participants’ everyday lives

91
Q

What are structured observations?

A

Observation of behavior in the laboratory allows all participants to display behavior.

92
Q

What is a clinical interview?

A

Conversational style and probes for participants’ viewpoint

93
Q

What is a structured interview?

A

All participants are asked the same questions in the same

94
Q

What is the clinical/case study method?

A

A full picture of an individual’s psychological functioning and combines information from interviews, observations, and test scores.

95
Q

What is an ethnography?

A

Participant observation of culture or social group provides rich descriptive insights and does not permit generalization from findings

96
Q

What is correlational?

A

Reveals relationships between traits and behavior and does not permit cause-and-effect conclusions

97
Q

What is experimental?

A

People randomly assigned to treatment conditions and detect cause-and-effect relations and may not apply in real-world conditions

98
Q

What is an IV?

A

Manipulated by the experimenter and expected to cause changes in another variable

99
Q

What is a DV?

A

Measured by the experimenter and expected to be influenced by IV

100
Q

What is a random assignment?

A

An unbiased procedure is used to assign participants to treatment conditions and it increases the chances that characteristics will be equally distributed across conditions

101
Q

What is Longitudinal research?

A

The same group studied at different times

102
Q

What is cross-sectional research?

A

Different groups studied at the same time

103
Q

What is sequential research?

A

Compares similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies (sequences)

104
Q

What are the rights of research participants?

A

Protection from harm, informed consent, privacy, knowledge of results, and beneficial treatments

105
Q

What is a Genotype?

A

An individual’s genetic information

106
Q

What is a Phenotype?

A

An individual’s directly observable characteristics.

107
Q

What is a 23-pair of chromosomes?

A

Rodlike structures within the cells that store and transmit genetic information.

108
Q

What is DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid, the chemical substance that makes up chromosomes

109
Q

What is a Gene?

A

Segment of DNA along the length of the chromosome

110
Q

What are alleles?

A

Two forms of the same gene, one inherited from each parent and occur at the same place on both chromosomes in a pair

111
Q

What is homozygous?

A

Both alleles are alike

112
Q

What is heterozygous?

A

Alleles differ

113
Q

what is dominant-recessive inheritance?

A

only the dominant allele affects children’s phenotypes (characteristics) and carriers are heterozygous for they have one recessive allele

114
Q

What is polygenic inheritance?

A

Characteristics influenced by many genes and many traits are height, weight, intelligence, and personality

115
Q

What are environmental contexts for development?

A

Family, socioeconomic status and family functioning, neighborhoods, and cultural context

116
Q

Family influences on development

A

Direct Inf. are relationships with the family and Indirect Inf. are effects of third parties (grandparents)

117
Q

Socioeconomic Status (SES)

A

Social status: years of education and prestige of one’s job and the skill it requires and economic status is income

118
Q

Benefits of strong Community ties

A

Neighborhoods: resources and social ties that promote development
Towns and cities: mold children’s and adults’ daily lives
Small towns: promote connection and participation

119
Q

What so cultural values and practices do?

A

Shape daily life within and outside the family- good or bad

120
Q

what are subcultures?

A

Cooperative family structures help protect members from the harmful effects of society: Collectivism vs, individualism

121
Q

What are public policies?

A

Laws and programs designed to improve current conditions

122
Q

Prenatal development:

A

Development of a new human baby from conception to birth

123
Q

What is the zygote period?

A

2 weeks and fertilization in the fallopian tube, implantation in the uterus, and the start of the placenta

124
Q

What is the embryo period?

A

6 weeks, Groundwork laid for all body structures and internal organs, most rapid growth

125
Q

When does the brain form?

A

Out of neural tube at 3 1/2 weeks

126
Q

What is the Fetus period?

A

30 weeks, “growth and finishing” phase, month 3 till birth

127
Q

What is the 3rd month period?

A

Organs, muscles, and nervous systems start to become organized and connected, lungs begin to expand and contract

128
Q

What is the 2nd trimester?

A

many organs are well-developed. by 20 weeks, most of the brain’s neurons are in place–followed by massive weight gain-10-fold by birth

129
Q

What is the third trimester?

A

age of viability 22-26 weeks and the fetus takes on the beginnings of personality-correlated with fetal activity

130
Q

What are teratogens?

A

Toxins

131
Q

The harm done by teratogens done by?

A

dose, heredity, age, and delayed health effects may show up decades later

132
Q

What are teratogenic substances?

A

Most varieties of drugs, radiation, environmental pollution, and infectious disease

133
Q

What are some maternal factors in prenatal development?

A

Nutrition, emotional stress, Rh factor incompatibility, age, and lack of prenatal health care

134
Q

What are the stages of childbirth?

A

Dilation and effacement of the cervix, delivery of the baby, and delivery of the placenta

135
Q

What is the average appearance of a newborn?

A

20 inches and 7.5 lbs with large head and big eyes

136
Q

When is the Apgar scale taken?

A

After birth in min 1 + min 5, and 10 is the best score

137
Q

Height increases by ?

A

50% by age 1 and 75% by age 2

138
Q

Weight doubles by?

A

5 months and triples by 1 year

139
Q

How does the growth occur?

A

in spurts

140
Q

What are group differences in growth?

A

Male/female and ethnic

141
Q

What is the skeletal age?

A

The best estimate of physical maturity

142
Q

What are neurons?

A

Nerve cells that store and transmit information

143
Q

What are synapses?

A

Tiny gaps where fibers from different neurons come together but do not touch

144
Q

What are Neurotransmitters?

A

Chemicals that are released by neurons and cross the synapse

145
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex?

A

The region of the cerebral cortex responsible for thought undergoes rapid growth in the preschool and school years, and adolescence

146
Q

What is the Left hemisphere?

A

Verbal abilities, positive emotion, Sequential, analytic processing

147
Q

What is the right hempisphere?

A

Spatial abilities,negative emotion, holistic integrative processing

148
Q

what is brain Plasticity?

A

At birth hemispheres have begin to specialize, highly plastic cerebral cortex has high capacity for learning, if other parts of cortex is damaged, other areas can take over its tasks, and older children and adults retain come plasticity, but less than in young children

149
Q

What are influences on early growth?

A

Heredity, Nutrition, Malnutrition

150
Q

What are infant and toddler ability to learn?

A

Classical and operant conditioning

151
Q

What is reinforcer?

A

Increases probability that behavior will occur again by presenting desirable stimulus and removing unpleasant stimulus

152
Q

What is punishment?

A

Reduces probability that behavior will occur again by presenting unpleasant stimulus and removing desirable stimulus

153
Q

What is habituation?

A

Ignoring irrelevant stimuli or getting bored

154
Q

what is vision?

A

Supported by rapid maturation of eyes and visual centers in brain

Western Civ 1: Exam 1 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions