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Foundations of Oral Health > Exam 1- Epidiemology > Flashcards

Exam 1- Epidiemology Flashcards

1
Q

Strength of association

A

association between exposure and outcome

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2
Q

Temporality

A

MOST IMPORTANT; an exposure must precede the occurence of a disease

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3
Q

Biological gradient

A

risk of disease being related to degree of exposure

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4
Q

Plausibilty

A

biological plausibility of hypothesis, biological mechanism to explain

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5
Q

Coherence

A

Should not conflict with what is known of natural history

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6
Q

analogy

A

one drug causes a defect, similar will to…

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7
Q

Specificity

A

LEAST IMPORTANT; exposure should lead to a single effect

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8
Q

Experimental Evidence

A

Reduction in exposure is associated with reduction in risk and vise versa

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9
Q

Prevalence

A

Number of EXISTING CASES at a specified time

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10
Q

Incidence

A

number of NEW CASES

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11
Q

Relative Risk

A

measure of association in cohort studies because incidence can be measured in them, how common disease is among the exposed

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12
Q

RR=1

A

null association, no difference in disease between the two groups

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13
Q

RR > 1

A

means exposure increases risk

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14
Q

RR<1

A

exposure decreases risk

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15
Q

Odds Ratio

A

measure of association in CASE CONTROL and CROSS-SECTIONAL studies; indirect estimate of RR as incidence cannot be measured in these studies; tells how common the exposure is among the diseased

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16
Q

Can measure incidence

A

cohort studies

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17
Q

cannot measure incidence

A

Case control and cross-sectional

18
Q

OR=1

A

no difference in exposure history between cases and controls

19
Q

OR<1

A

exposure history is less common

20
Q

OR >1

A

exposure history is more common among cases

21
Q

Attributable risk

A

absolute risk difference or the percentage of cases due to a given exposure

22
Q

how much long cancer can actually be attributed to smoking

A

attributed risk

23
Q

Attributable proportion

A

proportion of people who developed disease due to exposure

24
Q

Bias

A

a systemic error in conduct of study based on selection of groups not being comparable, differences in information collected from study groups

25
Q

Confounding

A

the observed relationship between the dependent and independent variables is due to a third varibale

26
Q

gray hair associated to heart disease, really it is

A

age- confounding variable

27
Q

counterfactual model

A

comparing the experience of a population exposed to a factor with the experience of the same population at the same time but without the exposure (can’t, so use substitute population)

28
Q

ways to control confounding

A
  • randomization, restriction
  • matching; forces distribution of matching factors to be identical in various study groups
  • analysis: look at the OR, multivariable analysis
29
Q

descriptive studies

A

Case reports, case series, and cross-sectional;

you cannot assert causation; not a true experimental study

30
Q

Case reports and case series

A

types of descriptive studies, with no controls so you cannot assert causation; not a true experimental study

31
Q

Cross sectional

A

a type of descriptive study; made at ONE POINT in time so temporality is NOT known and hence causation cannot be ascertained (think snapshot view)

32
Q

Cohort studies

A

follow exposed and unexposed people around, expensive, based on independent predictor variable; include prospective and Retro

33
Q

Prospective Cohort study

A

follow subjects without disease (see if they get it)

34
Q

Retrospective cohort study

A

both exposure and disease have happened in the past

35
Q

Case Control Studies

A

ID people with disease and suitable non disease individuals as controls (Retrospective design, must have controls with similar chance of exposure, Incidence CANNOT be measured)

36
Q

Experimental studies/clinical trials

A

researcher assigns exposure; these people provide highest level of epidemiological evidence; Blinding and randomization; includes validity (ext and int) and reliability

37
Q

Internal validity

A

study is done without methodological problems

38
Q

external validity

A

study accurately reflecting events that would occur in real situation

39
Q

Meta Analysis and Systemic Reviews

A

studies of studies; PROVIDE the HIGHEST level of confidence

40
Q

Provide the highest level of evidence

A

systemic reviews

41
Q

Co-relational/ecological

A

individual exposure level not available (study populations)-type of descriptive study

Foundations of Oral Health (6 decks)

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