Exam 1; Edema/Congestion/Hemostasis

Question 1

This causative agent of edema can be caused by impaired venous return (mechanical obstruction, congestive heart failure)

Answer 1

increased hydrostatic pressure

Question 2

This causative agent of edema can be caused by reduced protein synthesis (cirrhosis) and and increased loss of protein (nephrotic syndrome)

Answer 2

reduced plasma osmotic pressure

Question 3

This causative agent of edema can be caused by fibrosis, parasites, cancer, and compression

Answer 3

lymphatic obstruction

Question 4

This causative agent of edema can be caused by acute impairment of renal function and decreased renal perfusion with release of renin (CHF)

Answer 4

sodium and water retention

Question 5

This causative agent of edema can be caused by increased vascular permeability, necrosis, or angiogenesis

Answer 5

inflammation

Question 6

This term refers to generalized and usually severe increase in fluid

Answer 6

anasarca

Question 7

This type of edema impairs gas exchange

Answer 7

pulmonary edema

Question 8

This type of edema causes compression and herniation of critical areas, decreases blood flow

Answer 8

cerebral

Question 9

This is the collection of fluid in a body cavity or space

Answer 9

effusion

Question 10

This is an increased tissue blood volume secondary to neurogenic mechanisms or inflammation (active)

Answer 10

hyperemia

Question 11

This is the increased tissue blood volume secondary to improved venous return (passive)

Answer 11

congestion

Question 12

What are some examples of congestion

Answer 12

acute pulmonary congestion
chronic pulmonary congestion with hemosiderin; laden macrophages
chronic hepatic congestion produces the gross appearance of “nutmeg” pattern due to blood in the centrizonal sinusoids
acute hepatic congestion can lead to ischemic necrosis of centrizonal hepatocytes

Question 13

This is the loss of blood secondary to vessels injury or physical disruption

Answer 13

hemorrhage

Question 14

This type of hemorrhage is a large mass (tumor) of blood

Answer 14

hematoma

Question 15

What are the measurements of ecchymosis, purport, petechia

Answer 15

ecchymosis; ≥1 cm (bruise)
purpura; 0.3-0.9 cm (3-9mm)
petechia; 1-2 mm (pinpoint)

Question 16

This can lead to shock

Answer 16

acute hemorrhage of >20% of blood volume

Question 17

Chronic blood loss can lead to what

Answer 17

iron deficiency anemia

Question 18

This is the rapid arrest of blood loss at the site of injury

Answer 18

hemostasis

Question 19

What are the three properties of the endothelium component of hemostasis

Answer 19

anticoagulant
antithrombotic
prothrombic

Question 20

What are the characteristics of the anti-thrombotic properties of endothelium

Answer 20

barrier from ECM

prostacyclin inhibits platelet adhesion

Question 21

What are the characteristics of the anti-coagulant properties of endothelium

Answer 21

heparin-like molecules allows anti-thrombin III to inactivate thrombin, Xa, and other factors
thromomodulin binds to thrombin and this complex activates protein C
synthesis of protein S
synthesis of tissue plasminogen activator

Question 22

What are the characteristics of the pro-thrombic properties of endothelium

Answer 22

von Willebrand factor is a cofactor for binding platelets to collagen
tissue factor is secreted after exposure to cytokines (referred to endothelial activation) and initiates the extrinsic clotting pathway
inhibits plasminogen activity

Question 23

What are the three phases of the platelet characteristic of homestasis

Answer 23

adhesion
secretion
aggregaition

Question 24

This phase is mediated by von Willebrand factor which bridges collagen and a surface platelet receptor (glycoprotein Ib)

Answer 24

adhesion

Question 25

This phase is when there is the release of contents from both types of granules.

Answer 25

secretion

Question 26

This mediates platelet aggregation and Ca is required for the coagulation cascade

Answer 26

ADP

Question 27

There is surface expression of this which is a binding site for calcium and coagulation factors

Answer 27

phospholipid complex

Question 28

This is stimulated by ADP and thromboxane A2; thrombin derived from the coagulation cascade binds to a platelet surface receptor enhancing this property and platelet contraction

Answer 28

aggregation

Question 29

This binds the platelet surface receptor GP IIb-IIIa and the platelet plus becomes cemented by fibrin

Answer 29

fibrinogen

Question 30

This is a series of enzymatic conversion of inactive proenzymes to activated enzymes

Answer 30

coagulation cascade

Question 31

The binding of calcium, active enzyme cofactor and substrate (the proenzyme) occurs where

Answer 31

at the phospholipid complex on platelet membranes

Question 32

This is activated by tissue factor

Answer 32

extrinsic system

Question 33

This is activated by factor XII

Answer 33

intrinsic system

Question 34

What are the final products to the extrinsic and intrinsic systems

Answer 34

thrombin and fibrin

Question 35

What controls excess coagulation

Answer 35

anti-thrombins, they inhibit the activity of thrombin and other coagulation factors, and protein C and S which inactivate factors Va and VIIIa

Question 36

This occurs by the activation of plasmin from plasminogen by TPA

Answer 36

fibrinolysis

Question 37

This breaks down fibrin to form fibrin split products

Answer 37

plasmin