Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

TRI 4 - Integ > Exam 1 content > Flashcards

Exam 1 content Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two layers of the skin

A

Epidermis - Avascular superficial area we see

Dermis - vascular deep layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 5 functions of the skin

A 
Protection
Sensation
Fluid maintenance
Immunity
Thermoregulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 5 layers of the Epidermis from deep to superficial and what is significant about each layer

A

Stratum Basale - where skin cells are born
Stratum Spinosum - thickest layer, protects against shear forces and friction
Stratum Granulosum - prevents water loss with lipids
Stratum Lucidum - thick environmental protection
Stratum Corneum - old dead cells on the periphery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the significance of Melanocytes and where are they located

A

Give skin pigment

Located between Basale and spinosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the dermis

A

Vasculature near basement membrane
Binds epidermis to subcutaneous tissue
Contains Encapsulated nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do Meissner’s and Pacinian corpuscles do and where are they located

A

Meissner’s - light touch
Pacinian - Deep pressure and vibration
Both are located in the Dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe Erosion

A

Epidermal skin loss only
Redness, minimal to no bleeding
Ex. first degree burns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe Partial thickness wounds

A

Loss of epidermis and dermis
Bleeding
Ex. 2nd degree burns, skin tears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe full thickness wounds

A

Loss of epidermis, dermis and hypodermis
Exposure of bone, ligaments, ,muscle
Surgical incisions, wounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 4 stages of the healing response

A

Hemostasis
inflammation
Proliferation
Remodeling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe Hemostasis

A

less than 1 hour
Clot formation
Inflammation and edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe Inflammation

A

1hr - 4 days
Vasodilation, angiogenesis, autolytic debridement
Increased body temp, rubor, tumor, dolor, calor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe proliferation

A

4-12 days
collagen synthesis, granulation tissue formation
Beefy red granulation tissue, re-epithelialization after granulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe Remodeling

A

Wound closure
Increased tensile strength
Collagen replacement
Blanching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How strong are wounds after they heal

A

80% pre injury strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is recidivism

A

re-tear of a wound due to a decrease in original tensile strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe Primary wound response

A

Minimal loss of tissue and good approximation
Rapid healing
No scab
Resolves in 2 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe secondary wound response

A

Usual wound healing for non-surgical wounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe Tertiar wound response

A 
Delayed primary healing
Debris or pathogens in the wound
Granulation occurs
Inflammatory response
Closed surgically once deemed free of pathogens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What makes up the extracellular matrix

A

Collagen
Elastin
Proteoglycans
Adhesive Glycoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the most common type of chronic wounds

A

Venous insufficiency ulcers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What causes chronic wounds and how long do they take to heal

A

Foreign debris
Pathogen
Disease
Months to years to close

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are some impeding factors to wound healing

A 
Infection
Medications
Comorbidities
Cancer / radiation
Autoimmune disorders
Stress
Modifiable factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the normal value and consequence of increased and decreased levels of WBC

A

N - 4.5 - 11
In - wound fails to progress
Dec - decreased immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the normal value and consequence of increased and decreased levels of hemoglobin
Normal - 12-18 In - wound fails to progress Dec - wound fails to progress / pale appearance
26
What is the normal value and consequence of increased and decreased levels of Hematocrit
N - 36-50% In - sign of thrombi / emboli Dec - wound fails to progress / pale
27
What is the normal value and consequence of increased and decreased levels of Prothrombin
N - 2.5 seconds In - bleeds easily Dec - increased clotting
28
What is the normal value and consequence of increased and decreased levels of HbA1C
N - <5.7 | In - delayed wound healing
29
What is the normal value and consequence of increased and decreased levels of Glucose
Normal < 100mg/dl | In - delayed wound healing
30
What do Red, Yellow and Black wounds mean
Red - Clean, healing, granulating Yellow - Possible infection, need to be cleaned, possible necrotic tissue Black - Is necrotic and needs healing
31
What are the Wagner ulcer grades
``` 0 - Pre-ulcerative lesions 1 - Superficial ulcer 2 - may expose underlying tissue 3 - Infection of the bone 4 - Gangrene of digit 5 - gangrene of entire foot ```
32
Describe tunneling
Between two wounds | May be tunnel with no exit
33
Describe eschar
Nonviable Necrotic tissue Black or brown in appearance Varies in texture
34
Describe Slough
Non-viable subcutaneous tissue Result of autolytic debridement Soft and yellow
35
What is granulation tissue comprised of
Capillaries and ECM
36
Describe hyper granulation tissue
Abnormal healing | unable to heal as edges are not able to approximate due to excess granulation
37
Describe the terms for amount of drainage
``` Scant - Small remnant of drainage Minimal - 25% dressing covered Moderate - 50% dressing covered Heavy - 100% covered Copious - Multiple layers covered Strike through - drainage visible through last layer ```
38
Describe the terms for types of drainage
``` Serous - clear Sanguineous - bloody Serosanguinous - pinkish Purulent - thick pus, may have smell, yellow Infected - Malodorous ```
39
What is ecchymosis
Bruising
40
What are the various types of odors
Pseudomonas - sweet odor, corn tortilla Malignancy - various odors Wet gangrene - foul odor
41
What is PAD
Peripheral arterial disease Arterial insufficiency Slowing of blood flow
42
What is claudication
Heavy legs | Cramping pain during exertion that dissipates at rest
43
What are the first three Arterial wound risk factors
Arterio / atherosclerosis Smoking Obesity
44
What are the second three Arterial wound risk factors
DM HTN Hypercholesterolemia
45
What are the final two Arterial wound risk factors
Family history | Nutrition
46
What are some non invasive screening tools for arterial insufficiency
ABI Angiography CT Rubor of dependency test
47
Describe the ABI
Ratio of ankle systolic pressure to brachial systolic pressure
48
Describe ABI interpretation and implications
< .49 - Severe occlusion - (Compression contraindicated) .5 - .79 - Moderate Occlusion (Compression no greater than 23-30) .8 - .9 - Mild occlusion (Compression no greater than 30-40) .91 - .99 - Borderline occlusion 1 - 1.4 - Normal > 1.4 - abnormal
49
Describe the rubor of dependency test
Elevate limbs to 30 off table in supine Sit patient up with legs dangling Abnormal - Bright red - Dilation of arteries attempting to repurfuse the extremity
50
Describe the characteristics of an arterial insufficiency wound
``` Round small with smooth borders Looks like hole punch Pink periwound Hair loss Muscle atrophy ```
51
How do you treat Arterial insufficiency wounds
PRAFO boots Heel cushions Pressure relief Clean / sterile bandaging
52
What are some surgical options for arterial insufficiency wounds
Revascularization surgery Endovascular interventions Surgical debridement
53
Describe some factors of normal Venous flow
Valves prevent retrograde flow | Skeletal muscle pump helps to return blood to the heart
54
Describe the presentation of venous insufficiency wounds
``` Above the malleolus insidious onset Uneven edges, shallow little eschar Moderate to copious serous, purulent drainage Minimal pain ```
55
How do you treat a venous insufficiency wound
Compression | but not when there is extreme arterial insufficiency or heart failure
56
Describe the 4 layers of compression wrapping
1 - soft for body protection 2 - elastic layer 3 - long stretch layer 4 - self adhering bandage
57
How often is a compression wrap to be changed
Every 3-7 days
58
What populations experience pressure injuries the most
SCI Acute pediatric Cardiovascular Neonatal
59
What is the cost of managing a full thickness pressure ulcer
70,000
60
What are the proposed pathophysiology's associated with pressure injuries
Ischemia Impaired lymphatic flow Impaired reperfusion Deformation of tissue
61
Describe the timeline of pressure injuries
30 mins - local hyperemia 2-6 hours - ischemia 6 hours - necrosis 2 weeks - Ulceration
62
Describe the stage classification system of pressure injuries
1 - nonblanchable erythema of skin 2 - partial thickness loss with exposed dermis 3 - full thickness loss, fat may be visible, necrotic tissue means automatic classification 4 - exposure of deep structures Unstageable - obscured full thickness loss, covered with slough or eschar
63
Describe a deep tissue injury
Nonblanchable deep red, maroon or purple discoloration
64
What are some risk factors for pressure injuries
Immobility Inactivity Sensory loss Shear / friction force
65
What are some interventions for pressure injuries
PRAFO's Pressure redistribution support surfaces Care for moisture prone areas
66
Describe the Braden scale
Sunscales of sense, moisture, activity, mobility, nutiotion, friction and shear Low scores are bad
67
Describe the Norton scale
>17/20 = low risk
68
What are the advantages of debridement
Removal of dead, damaged or devitalized tissue Encourages wound healing process reduces chronic inflammation by removing necrotic tissue Promotes keratinocyte growth
69
What are the first 3 contraindications to debridement
ABI of .4or lower Dry gangrenous wounds Elevated temperature
70
What are the second 3 contraindications to debridement
Cellulitis Wound failure to progress Visible exposure of bone tendon or prosthetic device
71
What are the last 2 contraindications to debridement
Extreme abscesses or extreme undermining | Stable eschar in arterial insufficiency or diabetes
72
Describe the types of debridement
``` Biological agents - maggots Autolytic - natural healing Enzymatic - chemicals Mechanical - outside force Sharp - scalpels ```
73
Describe autolytic debridement
Cleansing More rapid Slow
74
Describe enzymatic breeding
Apply enzyme 1-2 times per day Selective Costly
75
Describe mechanical debridement
Ultrasound is an example Decreased bacteria Painful, nonselective
76
Describe Sharp debridement
Most rapid form selective and speeds Painful
77
How do you treat excess bleeding
Pressure for 5 - 10 minutes Elevation Topical agents
78
Define desiccation
Dry
79
Describe an Unna boot
Compression dressing

TRI 4 - Integ (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions