Exam 1 (Communication)

Question 1

Nonverbal communication

Answer 1

acial expressions, tones of voice, gestures, eye contact, spatial arrangements (proxemics), patterns of touch (haptics) and expressive movement

Question 2

Proxemics

Answer 2

the meaning of spatial arrangements

Question 3

Concepts for describing and thinking about Language

Answer 3

1. Phonemes
2. Morphemes
3. Orthography
4. Grammar/Syntax
5. Semantics
6. Pragmatics

Question 4

Phoneme

Answer 4

sounds that signal a difference in meaning. The smallest unit of sound in speech that will indicate a difference in meaning, the sounds that native speakers recognize as distinct

Question 5

Morpheme

Answer 5

the smallest units of meaning (Suffix, Prefix)

Question 6

Orthography

Answer 6

The written script used to communicate language

Question 7

Semantics

Answer 7

the study of meaning

Question 8

Pragmatics

Answer 8

the study of language in the context of its use (field of sociolinguistics)

Question 9

Linguistic context

Answer 9

the other words in the utterance

Question 10

Non-linguistic context

Answer 10

physical surroundings, recent

thoughts, the whole life of the speaker, the culture of the speaker.

Question 11

Ethnopragmatics

Answer 11

using ethnography to explain how speech both reflects and influences social relationships

Question 12

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Answer 12

there is a systematic relationship between the grammatical categories of the language that a person speaks and how that person thinks about, and acts in, the world

Question 13

cultural emphasis

Answer 13

Vocabulary tends to emphasize words that are adaptively important in a culture

Question 14

Language

Answer 14

Symbolic system of sounds that conveys meaning when put together according to a set of rules

Question 15

Features of language

Answer 15

1. Duality of Patterning
2. Productivity
3. Interchangeability
4. Arbitrariness
5. Displacement in time, space, role…
6. Specialization
7. Cultural Transmission

Question 16

Duality of Patterning

Answer 16

associates a system of sounds with a system

of meanings, repeated re-organized use of sounds ex. cat/act/tack

Question 17

Productivity

Answer 17

a finite set of symbols and rules can be combined into an infinite set of novel messages (openness 2&3)

Question 18

Interchangeability

Answer 18

any human native speaker can send and receive any message in that language

Question 19

Arbitrariness

Answer 19

there is no fundamental association between a word and its meaning.
(sound and meaning, sound and grammar, word size and thing size ex. microorganism) onomatopoeia is an exception ex. buzz, bang

Question 20

Displacement (in time, space, role, etc.)

Answer 20

language can be used to talk about topics not currently being experienced
ex yesterday, in China, she or I did.

Question 21

Specialization

Answer 21

language only serves the purpose of

communication

Question 22

Cultural Transmission

Answer 22

specifics of the language must be learned

anew by each person (though brain and voicebox/mouth/lungs are hardwired for it)

Question 23

language revitalization

Answer 23

the restoration of natural intergenerational transmission

Question 24

Pidgin

Answer 24

a contact language that emerges when different languages come together in close proximity and need to communicate

Question 25

Creole

Answer 25

language descended from pidgin but with its own native speakers and rules (syntax)

Question 26

Monolingualism

Answer 26

the ability of an individual or a group to speak only one language

Question 27

Bilingualism and multilingualism

Answer 27

the ability of an individual or a group to speak more than one language

Question 28

Code switching

Answer 28

The practice of blending two languages

simultaneously in the same utterance

Question 29

Codes

Answer 29

waysofspeaking;vocab.,grammar,tone

Question 30

Linguistic competence

Answer 30

mastery of grammar

Question 31

Communicative competence

Answer 31

mastery of rules

Question 32

Language shift

Answer 32

rate of assimilation or the progressive process whereby a speech community changes to speaking another language

Question 33

Sociolinguistics

Answer 33

The study of variations in language use depending on the social situation or context