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Anatomy > Exam 1: CNS > Flashcards

Exam 1: CNS Flashcards

1
Q

PGC’s are visible in the yolk sac during which weeks of gestation?

A

4-6

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2
Q

When do PGC’s become gonocytes?

A

When they reach the gonads

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3
Q

When PCG’s reach the gonads and become gonocytes, which supporting cells are secreted?

A

Sertoli cells (male) granulosa cells (female)

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4
Q

What is the era of spermatogenesis?

A

Puberty to death

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5
Q

What regulates spermatogenesis?

A

Testosterone and androgen receptors

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6
Q

Does spermatogenesis create spermatozoa through mitosis or meiosis?

A

Meiosis

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7
Q

How long does spermatogenesis take?

A

2 months

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8
Q

The 2nd meiotic division occurs…

A

hours before ovulation occurs

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9
Q

Does a teratogen affect all the body systems at the same time?

A

No, not all body systems develop at the same time so a teratogen can affect 1 without affecting the others

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10
Q

What happens during week 1?

A

Fertilization and zygote formation

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11
Q

What happens during week 2?

A

Implantation, bilaminar disc forms, placenta forms, amniotic fluid forms

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12
Q

What happens during week 3?

A

Gastrulation, neural crest formations, and embryonic folding

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13
Q

Where does implantation usually occur?

A

Posterior uterus wall

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14
Q

Important for blood cell, germ cell, and gut development?

A

Yolk sac

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15
Q

Transfers nutrients during the early stages of development?

A

Yolk sac

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16
Q

How are chorionic villi formed?

A

By extension of the cytotrophoblast and then grow into the syncytiotrophoblast

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17
Q

Polyhydramnios

A

Too much amniotic fluid

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18
Q

Oligohydramnios

A

Too little amniotic fluid

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19
Q

What is special about the buccopharyngeal (oropharyngeal) and cloacal membranes?

A

They do not trilaminate. They remain bilaminar

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20
Q

The primitive streak is formed by the proliferation & movement of which cells to the median plane?

A

Epiblast

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21
Q

Cells that travel through the primitive streak first & displace the hypoblast?

A

Endoderm

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22
Q

Which structure induces the overlying ectoderm to form the central nervous system

A

Notochord

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23
Q

When does the primitive streak disappear?

A

At the end of week 4

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24
Q

Neural crest cells arise directly from:

A

Dorsal part of the neural tube

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25
Q

Ectomesenchyme develops directly from:

A

Neural crest cells

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26
Q

A sacrococcygeal teratoma forms by:

A

Remnants of the primitive streak

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27
Q

Which type of folding forms the stomodeum?

A

Longitudinal

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28
Q

The stomodeum is a:

A

Ectoderm pouch located between the future brain & developing heart

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29
Q

What is the embryonic stage at which implantation occurs?

A

Blastocyst day 7

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30
Q

Which structure induces the neural tube to form?

A

The notochord

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31
Q

What event must occur in order to form the gut tube?

A

Gastrulation

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32
Q

Which structure is formed by epiblast cells which migrate through the primitive streak?

A

The notochord

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33
Q

Which structure forms all three germ layers during gastrulation?

A

Epiblast

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33
Q

The neural tube is commonly referred to as:

A

The CNS

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34
Q

Where does the ectomesenchyme come from?

A

Neural crest cells which arise from the ectoderm

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35
Q

Describe the structure of motor neurons (multipolar)

A

2 or more dendrites and a single axon

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36
Q

Describe the structure of sensory neurons (pseudounipolar)

A

Short apparently single, but actually double, process

37
Q

Central Process

A

Cell body to CNS

38
Q

Distal Process

A

Receptor organ to cell body

39
Q

Where does the spinal cord run?

A

Medulla to L1 vertebrae

40
Q

The dorsal root (spinal) ganglion is a collection of cell bodies located:

A

Outside CNS

41
Q

What is gray matter made up of?

A

Cell bodies of neurons

42
Q

What is white matter made up of?

A

Axons of neurons

43
Q

Axonal pathways within white matter:

A

Funiculus, tract, lemniscus, bundle, fasciculus

44
Q

Where does CSF drain to?

A

Subarachnoid space then to venous system

45
Q

Location of upper motor neurons?

A

cerebral cortex

46
Q

Location of lower motor neurons?

A

brainstem or spinal cord

47
Q

Explain the difference between 1st/2nd/3rd order neurons and upper/lower neurons?

A

1st/2nd/3rd order refers to sensory afferent neurons while upper/lower refers to motor efferent neurons

48
Q

How many enlargements does the spinal cord have and where are they located?

A

2; cervical and lumbar

49
Q

Explain why cell bodies are divided up into nuclei and ganglion?

A

Nuclei refer to cell bodies within the CNS; ganglion refer to cell bodies outside the CNS

50
Q

Explain why axons are divided up into tracts and nerves?

A

Tract refers to axons within the CNS; nerve refers to axons outside the CNS

51
Q

Dorsal (Posterior Horn)

A

Pain, temp, proprioception

52
Q

Lateral Horn

A

Autonomic NS (parasympathetic and sympathetic)

53
Q

Ventral (Anterior) Horn

A

Motor function to trunk and limbs (lower motor neurons)

54
Q

Dorsal (Posterior) Funiculi

A

Discriminative touch, proprioception, and vibration; fasciculus gracilis (legs) and fasciculus cutaneus (arms)

55
Q

Lateral Funiculi

A

Pain, + temp (lateral spinothalamic), motor to limbs (lateral corticospinal), balance (spinocerebellar)

56
Q

Ventral (Anterior) Funiculi

A

Crude touch + pressure (anterior spinothalamic), somatic motor to trunk (anterior corticospinal)

57
Q

List the function of the medulla

A

Respiration, cardio-inhibitory, vasomotor, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, swallowing

58
Q

List the nuclei of the medulla

A

Nucleus gracilis, nucleus cuneatus, dorsal vagal motor, pyramids, reticular formation

59
Q

List the tracts of the medulla

A

medial lemniscus, lateral spinothalamic, pyramidal

60
Q

List the function of the pons

A

Micturition, sleep + arousal, respiration

61
Q

List the nuclei of the pons

A

Reticular formations

62
Q

List the tracts of the pons

A

Medial lemniscus, lateral spinothalamic, pyramids

63
Q

List the function of the midbrain

A

Vision, hearing, motor control, sleep + arousal, alertness, temp regulation

64
Q

List the nuclei of the midbrain

A

Reticular formation

65
Q

List the tracts of the midbrain

A

Medial lemniscus, lateral spinothalamic, pyramids

66
Q

Describe the function of the pyramidal tract

A

Axons convey motor innervation to skeletal muscles

67
Q

Describe the function of the medial lemniscus tract

A

Axons conveying discriminative touch

68
Q

Describe the function of the lateral spinothalamic tract

A

Axons conveying pain + temp from the body

69
Q

Describe the function of the cerebellum

A

Coordination of movement, sets rate + force
*indirect motor pathway

70
Q

Describe the function of the basal ganglia

A

Grey matter deep + superficial with white matter in the middle, permits/suppresses movement

71
Q

Broca’s area

A

Non-fluent aphasia, difficulty speaking + finding words; limited to L hemisphere

72
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Problems solving, planning, voluntary movement, personality, concentration

73
Q

Precentral Gyrus

A

In frontal lobe, primary MOTOR cortex, projects contralateral

74
Q

Superolateral

A

Upper limb

75
Q

Inferolateral

A

Head

76
Q

Medial

A

Lower Limb

77
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

pain, temp, touch, emotional language, understanding speech

78
Q

Postcentral gyrus

A

In the parietal lobe, primary somatosensory cortex, projects contralateral

79
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Comprehension affected, can speak but words don’t make sense

80
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Auditory processing, memory, language, emotional processing

81
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Vision

82
Q

Insular Lobe

A

Within lateral cerebral sulcus, taste, smell, balance, pain

83
Q

Ventral Lateral/Ventral Anterior

A

motor

84
Q

Ventral Posterior Lateral (VPL)

A

pain, temp, touch from BODY

85
Q

Ventral Posterior Medial (VPM)

A

pain, temp, touch from HEAD

86
Q

Medial Geniculate Nucleus

A

Auditory

87
Q

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

A

Vision

88
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Homeostasis, hormones

89
Q

Limbic System

A

Regulates behaviors & instincts essential for survival

Anatomy (4 decks)

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