Exam 1 Class Notes Flashcards
Module 1 Skip Chapter 3 Textbook: Ch 1 & 2 Classnotes
ACPE
Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education:
ACPE is a national agency responsible for accrediting pharmacy education programs in the United States. It ensures that pharmacy schools meet specific standards for quality and effectiveness in education.
NABP
National Association of Boards of Pharmacy
NABP is a professional organization that represents state pharmacy boards in the U.S. It plays a crucial role in promoting the safety and competency of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians.
NAPLEX
The NAPLEX is the licensing examination required for pharmacists in the United States and Canada. It assesses a candidate’s competence to practice pharmacy safely and effectively.
State Board of Pharmacy
The State Board of Pharmacy is a regulatory body in each U.S. state responsible for granting pharmacy licenses, regulating pharmacy practice, and ensuring public safety in the provision of pharmaceutical services.
Healthcare Spending in the U.S.
The United States spends approximately $3.6 trillion annually on healthcare, equating to roughly $11,172 per person. This spending accounts for 17.7% of the national GDP, which is about $4 trillion.
Premium Payments
Premium payments are the regular, periodic payments individuals make to maintain their health insurance policies. These payments are often made on a monthly basis.
Out-of-Pocket (OOP) Costs
Out-of-pocket costs refer to the expenses individuals pay directly for receiving healthcare services. This includes copayments, coinsurance (a percentage of the total cost), and deductibles (the initial amount individuals pay before insurance coverage begins).
Access to Healthcare
Access to healthcare involves factors such as affordability, timeliness of care, physical/geographical proximity to healthcare facilities, and other structural and process-related aspects. It encompasses the ability of individuals to obtain necessary healthcare services.
Quality of Healthcare
The quality of healthcare is assessed based on the structure of healthcare systems, the processes involved in delivering care, and the outcomes achieved in terms of patient health and satisfaction.
Specialty Drugs
Specialty drugs are pharmaceuticals that are typically classified as high-cost, high-complexity, and often high-touch medications. Many specialty drugs are biologics, which are derived from living organisms or contain components of living organisms.
Biologic Drugs (Biologics)
Biologic drugs, or biologics, are products produced from living organisms or containing components of living organisms. They encompass a wide range of pharmaceuticals derived from human, animal, or microbial sources using biotechnology.
Pharmacy Desert
A pharmacy desert refers to neighborhoods or areas where the average distance to the nearest pharmacy is one mile or more. These areas may face challenges in accessing prescription medications and healthcare services.
Gene Therapy Products
Gene therapy products are medical interventions that involve the introduction, alteration, or removal of genetic material within a person’s cells to treat or prevent diseases. These therapies hold potential for treating various genetic and acquired disorders.
MUA
Medically Underserved Areas
MUA refers to geographical areas where residents have limited access to healthcare services, often due to a shortage of healthcare providers or facilities. These areas may face challenges in receiving adequate medical care.
Primary Care
Primary care, also known as outpatient care, is typically provided by healthcare professionals trained in fields such as internal medicine, family practice, and pediatrics. They offer comprehensive, preventative, and curative healthcare services and serve as the first point of contact for patients.
Example: A family physician providing routine check-ups and managing common health issues is an example of primary care.
Secondary Care
Secondary care consists of specialized medical services that require a referral from a primary care practitioner. Examples include surgical procedures, cardiology, gastroenterology, and radiology.
Example: A patient with heart disease may be referred to a cardiologist for specialized cardiac care.
Tertiary Care
Tertiary care represents highly specialized and advanced healthcare services provided by academic medical centers or specialized hospitals. These services often involve complex diagnostic, therapeutic, and rehabilitative procedures.
Example: Organ transplant surgeries and experimental medical procedures are commonly associated with tertiary care.
Primary Care Provider (PCP)
A Primary Care Provider is a healthcare professional who serves as a patient’s first point of contact in the healthcare system. PCPs coordinate care, provide continuity of care, and may refer patients to specialists when necessary.
Inpatient Care
Inpatient care refers to healthcare services that require a patient to stay overnight or for an extended period in a healthcare facility. Secondary and tertiary care often involve inpatient services.
Paradoxes of the U.S. Healthcare System
The U.S. healthcare system exhibits paradoxes, such as having the highest healthcare standards and advanced technology while also having the highest per capita expenditure. These paradoxes highlight disparities and complexities in the healthcare system.
Example: The U.S. spends more on healthcare per capita than any other country, yet healthcare access and outcomes vary widely.
FDA (Food and Drug Administration)
The FDA is a U.S. government agency responsible for regulating and ensuring the safety and efficacy of drugs, medical devices, and other healthcare products.
Health Disparity
Health disparities refer to preventable differences in the burden of disease, injury, violence, or opportunities for optimal health experienced by socially disadvantaged racial, ethnic, and other population groups and communities.
Social Determinants of Health
Social determinants of health are factors that influence a person’s health, including healthcare access and quality, education, social and community context, economic stability, and neighborhood and built environment.
Palliative Care
Palliative care is specialized medical care provided to individuals with serious illnesses, focusing on improving their quality of life and providing comfort. It is often given when someone is nearing the end of life.
COC
Continuity of Care
Continuity of care refers to the coordination and consistent provision of healthcare services to a patient across various healthcare settings and providers. It ensures seamless care and communication.
EOB
(Explanation of Benefits)
An Explanation of Benefits is a statement sent by health insurers to policyholders explaining the costs, services, and payments related to a medical claim. It details what the insurance plan covers and what the patient may owe.
Case Managers
Case managers are healthcare professionals who are designated to oversee and coordinate the care of individuals with complex medical needs. They work to ensure that patients receive appropriate and timely healthcare services, navigate the healthcare system effectively, and achieve optimal health outcomes.
Orthodox Physicians (Allopathic or Regulars)
Orthodox physicians, also known as Allopathic or Regular physicians, typically have formal medical education or apprenticeship training. They practiced what was referred to as “heroic” medicine, involving active interventions such as drugs and procedures.
Sectarians (Irregulars)
Sectarians were practitioners who followed alternative medical practices, including homeopathy and folk medicines. They often lacked formal medical training and were known for using unconventional approaches to healing.
Heroic Medicine
Heroic medicine refers to a medical practice in the 19th century that relied on aggressive and often invasive interventions, such as bloodletting and the use of powerful drugs, to treat illnesses. It was commonly associated with orthodox physicians.
