Chapter 1 Notes & Slides

Question 1

Blue Cross

Answer 1

A health insurance program that primarily covers hospital services initially for teachers.

Question 2

Blue Shield

Answer 2

A health insurance program that primarily covers physician and medical services.

Question 3

Charitable hospitals

Answer 3

Hospitals that provide healthcare services to underserved or indigent populations often as part of their charitable mission.

Question 4

Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP)

Answer 4

A federal-state program that provides healthcare coverage to low-income children and pregnant women

Question 5

Children’s Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act

Answer 5

Legislation that reauthorized and expanded the CHIP program, increasing access to healthcare for children.

Question 6

Chronic disease

Answer 6

A long-lasting medical condition that requires ongoing management and care.

Question 7

Comprehensive health care

Answer 7

Healthcare that includes a wide range of services to address all aspects of a person’s health.

Question 8

Dispensary

Answer 8

A facility where medications and medical supplies are prepared, dispensed, and distributed.

Question 9

Flexner report

Answer 9

A landmark report that led to improvements in medical education and the standardization of medical training.

Question 10

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

Answer 10

Legislation that protects the privacy and security of individuals’ healthcare information.

Question 11

Health Maintenance Organization Act (HMO Act)

Answer 11

Legislation that promoted the establishment of Health Maintenance Organizations to provide managed healthcare.

Question 12

Heroic medical therapy

Answer 12

Aggressive and often experimental medical treatments used in the past, sometimes with harmful effects.

Question 13

Hill-Burton Act (National Hospital Survey and Construction Act)

Answer 13

Legislation that funded the construction of hospitals and healthcare facilities, especially in underserved areas.

Question 14

Humoralism

Answer 14

An ancient medical theory that believed health was determined by the balance of bodily fluids or humors.

Question 15

Incremental healthcare reform

Answer 15

The gradual and phased approach to making changes and improvements in healthcare systems.

Question 16

Infectious disease

Answer 16

Illnesses caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, or parasites.

Question 17

Medical home

Answer 17

A primary care model that provides comprehensive, coordinated, and patient-centered care.

Question 18

Medicare

Answer 18

A federal health insurance program primarily for seniors and certain disabled individuals.

Question 19

Medicare Part D

Answer 19

A Medicare program that provides prescription drug coverage.

Question 20

Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act

Answer 20

Legislation that established Medicare Part D and made other changes to the Medicare program.

Question 21

Medicaid

Answer 21

A joint federal and state program that provides health coverage for low-income individuals and families.

Question 22

Medication therapy management

Answer 22

A service that helps individuals manage their medications for better health outcomes.

Question 23

Orthodox physicians

Answer 23

Conventional or mainstream medical practitioners.

Question 24

Patent medicines

Answer 24

Historical term for unregulated, often ineffective, and sometimes dangerous medical remedies.

Quack medicines

Question 25

Patient-centered care

Answer 25

Healthcare that prioritizes the needs and preferences of the patient.

Question 26

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA)

Answer 26

Landmark healthcare reform legislation aimed at improving access to healthcare and controlling costs.

Question 27

Pharmaceutical care

Answer 27

The practice of pharmacists providing patient-focused medication therapy management.

Question 28

Quackery

Answer 28

The promotion of medical treatments or products that lack scientific support and may be fraudulent.

Question 29

Sectarians

Answer 29

Individuals or groups practicing alternative or non-mainstream forms of healthcare.

Question 30

Self-dosing

Answer 30

The practice of individuals determining their own medication dosages without medical guidance.

Question 31

Social healers

Answer 31

Individuals or groups focused on addressing social determinants of health to improve overall well-being.

Question 32

Paradoxes of the U.S. Health Care System

Answer 32

Despite having the highest healthcare standards, advanced technology, and the highest per capita expenditure (approximately 17% of GDP), the U.S. healthcare system faces issues such as fragmentation, a high rate of medical errors, socioeconomic and racial disparities in outcomes, and inadequate health insurance coverage for all.

High rate of medical errors (44-98K deaths/year), socioeconomic and racial disparities in outcomes, and incomplete health insurance coverage for all.

Question 33

Health Values, Therapeutics, and Practitioners in 19th-Century America

Answer 33

In 19th-century America, healthcare was influenced by Galen’s humoralism, emphasizing the body’s interconnected balance. Health practitioners adhered to humoralism, treating disease as an imbalance. Drugs were seen as adjusting the body’s equilibrium.

Question 34

Types of 19th-Century Practitioners

Answer 34

In the 19th century, there were two types of practitioners - orthodox physicians (allopathic or regulars) who had some medical education and used depletive or strengthening measures, and sectarians (irregulars) who practiced alternative methods without formal training.

Question 35

Fee-for-Service in 19th-Century Healthcare

Answer 35

In the 19th century, both orthodox physicians and sectarian practitioners often required payment at the time of service, following a fee-for-service model. Many Americans, especially those of lower economic classes, initially relied on home remedies to avoid these costs.

Question 36

Changes in Healthcare at the Turn of the 20th Century

Answer 36

At the turn of the 20th century, healthcare underwent significant changes, including reforms in medical education inspired by the Flexner report of 1910. These reforms aimed to raise accreditation standards, admission criteria, and standardized curricula for medical schools.

Question 37

Golden Age of Medicine and Transformation

Answer 37

The golden age of medicine occurred in the early 20th century, but it was replaced by transformations in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, including shifts in healthcare delivery, patient care, and professionalization.

Question 38

Professionalization of Medicine and Pharmacy

Answer 38

In the late 19th and 20th centuries, both medicine and pharmacy pursued professionalization, setting higher standards, educational requirements, and codes of ethics. These professions continued to define themselves in the 21st century.

Question 39

Factors Influencing Decline of Infectious Diseases

Answer 39

Improved public health practices, lifestyles (diet, housing, personal hygiene), and advancements in medical practice played key roles in reducing infectious diseases and increasing life expectancy at the turn of the 20th century.

Question 40

Government Policies Affecting Healthcare (20th-21st Century)

Answer 40

Over the 20th and early 21st centuries, government policies have significantly shaped healthcare delivery, including the implementation of public and private health insurance systems, regulation of providers, and healthcare financing.

Question 41

Key Healthcare Policies and Acts

Answer 41

Key healthcare policies and acts include the implementation of Medicare and Medicaid in the 1960s, the Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, the Children’s Health Insurance Program of 1997, and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010.

Question 42

Medicare Part D Drug Plan

Answer 42

The Medicare Part D Drug Plan provides prescription drug coverage to Medicare beneficiaries. It offers benefits by helping seniors afford medications but also has costs, including premiums, deductibles, and potential coverage gaps.

Question 43

Problems with Incremental Healthcare Reform

Answer 43

: Incremental healthcare reform faces challenges like resistance to change, complexity, and fragmented improvements, hindering its effectiveness in addressing comprehensive healthcare system issues.

Question 44

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA)

Answer 44

The ACA is a significant healthcare reform law that aims to expand coverage, control costs, and improve care quality. It includes provisions like insurance exchanges, Medicaid expansion, and consumer protections.

Question 45

Affordable Care Act provisions

Answer 45

Provisions include:
– Most individuals required to have health insurance beginning in
2014
– Health Insurers prohibited from imposing lifetime limits on
coverage and prohibited from rescinding coverage, except in
cases of fraud
– Young adults allowed to remain on parent’s health insurance up
to age 26

Question 46

Health Maintenance Organization Act (HMO Act)

Answer 46

Enacted in 1973, the HMO Act required employers with over 25 employees to offer HMO options in their health plans. By 1995, over half of the U.S. population was covered by HMOs or less-structured PPOs.

Question 47

State Children’s Health Insurance Plan (S-CHIP)

Answer 47

Established in 1997, S-CHIP provides health insurance coverage for children in low-income families who do not qualify for Medicaid but cannot afford private insurance.

Question 48

Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act (MMA)

Answer 48

In 2003, MMA created Medicare Part D, providing prescription drug coverage to Medicare beneficiaries.

Question 49

Incremental Health Reform

Answer 49

Incremental healthcare reform involves gradual changes and improvements to the healthcare system. Examples include employer mandates, expanding eligibility for Medicare and Medicaid, and initiatives like Health Savings Accounts.

Question 50

Comprehensive Health Reform

Answer 50

Comprehensive health reform seeks to achieve universal healthcare coverage. It includes approaches like single-payer systems (government-run healthcare) and health care vouchers, promoting choice and competition.