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Adult Nursing I (NUR 240) > Exam 1 (Chapters 8, 9, 26, 32, 36 -- 3, 5, 21, 25, 30 -- 2, 28, 34, 35) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (Chapters 8, 9, 26, 32, 36 -- 3, 5, 21, 25, 30 -- 2, 28, 34, 35) Flashcards

1
Q

Aggressive Behavior

(ch. 8)

A

standing up for one’s rights in a negative manner that violates the rights of others

  • tension, anger, condescending, threatening
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2
Q

Assertive Behavior

(ch. 8)

A

ability to stand up for oneself and others using open, honest, direct communication

  • “I” statements
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3
Q

Interpersonal Communication

(ch. 8)

A

communication between 2+ people

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4
Q

Intrapersonal Communication

(ch. 8)

A

communication techniques or self-talk

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5
Q

Rapport

(ch. 8)

A

feeling of mutual trust experienced by people in a satisfactory relationship

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6
Q

I-SBAR-R

(ch. 8)

A

I: introduction

S: situation
B: background
A: assessment
R: recommendations

R: readback (respond to questions)

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7
Q

What type of relationship is important to develop between nurses and patients?

(ch. 8)

A

Therapeutic Relationship:
* unequal sharing of information
* built on patient’s needs (NOT needs of the nurse)

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8
Q

Phases of the Therapeutic Relationship

(ch. 8)

A

1.) Orientation: goals & duration of relationship; location, frequency, & length of contact; developing trust

2.) Working: identification & exploration; health promotion & education

3.) Termination: resolution (identifying goals that were accomplished or are in progress; verbalize feelings about termination)

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9
Q

Empathy

(ch. 8)

A

ability to understand & share the feeling of others

  • putting yourself in the other person’s shoes
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10
Q

Sympathy

(ch. 8)

A

understanding / feeling for someone else’s situation; involves compassion & kindness

  • shifts emphasis from patient to the nurse

nurse shares personal concerns & feelings

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11
Q

Andragogy

(ch. 9)

A

Study of teaching adults

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12
Q

Ausculatory Gap

(Ch. 26)

A

period of diminished or absent korotkoff sounds

  • occurs during the manual measurement of BP in the latter part of phase I & during phase II
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13
Q

Diastolic Pressure

(Ch. 26)

A

Least amount of pressure exerted on arterial walls when the heart is at rest

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14
Q

Eupenea

(Ch. 26)

A

normal respirations

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15
Q

Systolic Pressure

(Ch. 26)

A

highest point of pressure on arterial walls when the ventricles contract

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16
Q

What is the primary source of heat in the body?

(Ch. 26)

A

Metabolism

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17
Q

What are the 4 types of heat loss?

(Ch. 26)

A

Dissemination of heat by…

  • Radiation: electromagnetic waves
  • Convection: motion between areas of unequal density
  • Evaporation: conversion of liquid to vapor
  • Conduction: transfer fo heat to another object during direct contact
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18
Q

What are the main vital signs?

(Ch. 26)

A
  • Temperature (T)
  • Pulse (P)
  • Respiration (R)
  • Blood Pressure (BP)
  • Pain (often included as 5th vital sign – subjective)
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19
Q

Range of Normal Temperature

(Ch. 26)

A
  • 35.8 °C to 37.5 °C
  • 96.4 °F to 99.5 °F
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20
Q

Normal Pulse Rate

(Ch. 26)

A

60 - 100 BPM

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21
Q

Normal Respirations

(Ch. 26)

A

12 - 20 breaths per minute

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22
Q

Normal Blood Pressure

(Ch. 26)

A

less than 120/80

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23
Q

Are vital signs subjective or objective?

A

Objective (measurable)

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24
Q

What are the 4 different types of fevers?

(Ch. 26)

A
  • Intermittent: occurs every so often
  • Remittent: temperature elevates & stays elevated
  • Sustained or Continuous: remains the same
  • Relapsing or Recurrent: temperature returns to normal and then elevates again; there can be days in between the temperature elevations
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25
Q

Normal Oral Temperature

(Ch. 26)

A

37 °C OR 98.6 °F

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26
Q

What is the primary source of heat loss?

(Ch. 26)

A

skin

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27
Q

What is the term for the heat that is lost when a person goes out in the cold without a hat?

a. convection
b. radiation
c. evaporation
d. conduction

A

b. radiation

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28
Q

What factors affect body temperature?

(Ch. 26)

A
  • circadian rhythyms
  • age & gender
  • physical activity
  • state of health
  • environmental temperature
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29
Q

How do parasympathic & sympathetic stimulation alter the heart rate?

(Ch. 26)

A
  • Parasympathetic Stimulation: decreases heart rate
  • Sympathetic Stimulation: increases heart rate
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30
Q

True or False: the normal pulse rate for adolescents & adults ranges from 60 to 100 beats per minute.

(Ch. 26)

A

True

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31
Q

What are the main characteristics of peripheral pulses?

(Ch. 26)

A
  • Rate: normal, tachycardic, bradycardic (BPM)
  • Amplitude & Quality: strenth of pulse (strong or weak)
  • Rhythym: pattern (smooth, even?)

0 = no pulse
+1 = weak pulse
+2 = normal
3+ = bounding, working hard

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32
Q

What is diffusion?

(Ch. 26)

A

diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide betewen the alveoli of lungs & circulating blood

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33
Q

What is perfusion?

(Ch. 26)

A

exchange of oxygen and carbon dixoide between circulating blood & tissue cells

  • occurs within the blood
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34
Q

What is ventilation?

(Ch. 26)

A

movement of air in & out of the lungs

Inhalation = breath in
Exhalation = breath out

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35
Q

What is the most powerful respiratory stimulant?

(Ch. 26)

A

INCREASED carbon dioxide

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36
Q

Eupnea

(Ch. 26)

A

normal, unlabored respiration

  • normal respiration rate = 12 - 20 breaths per minute
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37
Q

Tachypnea

(Ch. 26)

A

increased respiratory rate

may occur due to increased metabolic rate

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38
Q

Bradypnea

(Ch. 26)

A

decreased respiratory rate

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39
Q

Apnea

(Ch. 26)

A

periods when no breathing occurs

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40
Q

Dyspnea

(Ch. 26)

A

difficult or labored breathing

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41
Q

Orthopnea

(Ch. 26)

A

changes in breathing when sitting or standing

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42
Q

What factors can affect blood pressure?

A
  • age, gender, race
  • circadian rhythym
  • food intake
  • exercise
  • weight
  • emotional status
  • body position
  • drugs or medications
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43
Q

Factors Affecting Personal Hygiene

(Ch. 32)

A
  • culture
  • socioeconomic status
  • developmental level
  • spiritual practices
  • health state
  • personal preferences
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44
Q

Factors to Consider when Examening Skin

(Ch. 32)

A
  • temperature
  • color
  • turgor
  • moisture
  • sensation
  • vascularity
  • evidence of lesions
  • cleanliness
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45
Q

What vital signs can be elevated due to pain?

(Ch. 36)

A

Blood Pressure & Heart Rate

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46
Q

Sources of Pain

(Ch. 36)

A
  • cutaneous
  • somatic
  • visceral
  • referred
  • nociceptive
  • neuropathic
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47
Q

What is the cause of nociceptive pain?

(Ch. 36)

A

external injury

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48
Q

A patient who has bone cancer is most likely experiencing which of the following types of pain?

a.) cutaneous
b.) somatic
c.) visceral
d.) referred

A

b.) somatic

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49
Q

What are the 4 steps of the pain process?

(Ch. 36)

A

1.) Transduction: activation of pain receptors

2.) Transmission: conduction along pathways

3.) Perception of Pain: awareness of the characteristics of pain

4.) Modulation: inhibition or modification of pain

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50
Q

What is transduction regarding the pain process (4 steps)?

(Ch. 36)

A

activation of pain receptors

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51
Q

What is transmission regarding the pain process (4 steps)?

(Ch. 36)

A

conduction along pathways

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52
Q

What is perception of pain regarding the pain process (4 steps)?

(Ch. 36)

A

awareness of the characteristics of pain

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53
Q

Nociceptors are the ___a.)________ that transmit pain

(Ch. 36)

A

a.) peripheral nerve fibers

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54
Q

Factors Affecting Pain Experience

(Ch. 36)

A
  • culture
  • ethnic variables
  • family, gender, & age variables
  • religous beliefs
  • environment & support people
  • anxiety & other stressors
  • past pain experience
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55
Q

What is the Gate Control Theory of Pain?

(Ch. 36)

A

describes the transmission of painful stimuli & recognizes a relationship between pain & emotions

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56
Q

What is health?

(Ch. 3)

A

a state of complete physical, mental, & social well-being

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57
Q

What is the goal of nurses when it comes to health, wellness, & health disparities?

(Ch. 3)

A
  • promote health
  • reduce health disparities
  • educate patients
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58
Q

What is wellness?

Ch 3

A

what you do to take care of yourself to maintain your state of wellness

  • physical activity
  • diet you follow
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59
Q

What is acute illness?

Ch 3

A
  • rapid onset
  • usually less than 6 months
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60
Q

What is chronic illness?

Ch 3

A
  • alterations in health
  • slow onset
  • may have periods of remission and exacerbations
  • permanent change
  • irreversible alterations in normal A&P
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61
Q

Risk Factors for Illness

Ch 3

A
  • age
  • genetic factors
  • physiologic factors
  • health habits & lifestyle
  • environment
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62
Q

Stages of Illness Behavior

Ch 3

A
  • Stage 1: experiencing symptoms
  • Stage 2: assuming sick role
  • Stage 3: assume dependent role
  • Stage 4: recovery & rehabilitation
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63
Q

What is Stage 1 of Illness Behavior?

Ch 3

A

experiencing symptoms

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64
Q

What is Stage 2 of Illness Behavior?

Ch 3

A

assuming the sick role

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65
Q

What is Stage 3 of Illness Behavior

Ch 3

A

Assuming a dependent role

  • calling the doctor
  • seeking care for treatment
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66
Q

What is Stage 4 of Illness Behavior?

A

recovery & rehabilitation

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67
Q

Factors that influence Health Disparities

Ch 3

A
  • racial & ethnic groups
  • poverty
  • gender & age
  • mental health
  • educational level
  • disabilities
  • sexual orientation
  • health insurance & access to healthcare
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68
Q

What factors affect health & illness?

Ch 3

A
  • basic human needs (food, water, shelter, sleep)
  • human dimensions (physical, emotional, intellectual, environmental, sociocultural, spiritual)
  • self concept / self-image
  • risk factors for illness or injury (very old or very young; major life-events; stress; pregnancy; etc.)
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69
Q

Two main things we do as nurses regarding health & wellness

Ch 3

A
  • health promotion
  • illness prevention
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70
Q

What are the 3 leels of Health Promotion & Illness Prevention?

Ch 3

A

1.) Primary: focuses on prevention of disease & illness (before you’re sick)

2.) Secondary: early detection once a disease has been found

3.) Tertiary: reduce the level of disability & helping with rehabilitation

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71
Q

What is Primary prevention of health promotion & prevention?

Ch 3

A

focuses on prevention of disease & illness

  • before you are sick
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72
Q

What is Secondary prevention of health promotion & prevention?

Ch 3

A

early detection of a disease with prompt diagnosis & treatment

Ex: colonoscopy or mammogram

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73
Q

What is Tertiary prevention of health promotion & prevention?

Ch 3

A

reduce the level of disability & helping via rehabilitation

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74
Q

What is the Health Promotion Model (Pender)?

Ch 3

A

developed to illustrate how people interact with their environment regarding health-related habits

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75
Q

What is the Revised Health Promotion Model?

Ch 3

A

Activity-related affect (glass half-full or half empty)

reducing caffine by going from espresso to regular coffee, then to decaf

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76
Q

What is the Agent-Host-Environment Model?

Ch 3

A

cause of disease is: interaction between external agent, susceptible host, & the environment

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77
Q

What is the Health-Illness Continuum?

Ch 3

A

health is constantly changing state with high-level wellness & health on oposite sides of a continuum / spectrum

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78
Q

What is cultural diversity?

Ch 5

A

Coexistance of different groups within one social unit

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79
Q

What is culture?

Ch 5

A

shared beliefs, values, & behavioral expectations, customs, rituals learned from one’s family

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80
Q

Cultural Assimilation (acculturation)

Ch 5

A

values of minorities are replaced by the values of the dominant culture

  • they lose the characteristics that made them different or distinct
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81
Q

Culture Shock

Ch 5

A

feeling person experiences when placed in a different culture

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82
Q

Ethnicity

Ch 5

A

sense of identification with a collective cultural group

  • what you’re exposed to / grow up
  • share unique cultural & social beliefs
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83
Q

Race

Ch 5

A

typically based ons pecific characteristics
* skin pigmentation, body stature, facial features, hair texture, etc.

American Indian or Alaksa Native
Asian
Black
Pacific Islander
White

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84
Q

Stereotyping

Ch 5

A

assumption that all members of a culture or ethnic gorup act alike

  • positive or negative
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85
Q

Cultural Imposition

Ch 5

A

belief that everyone should conform to the majority belief system

86
Q

Cultural Blindness

Ch 5

A

ignores differences & proceeds as if they did not exist

87
Q

Ethnocentrism

Ch 5

A

beleif that one’s ideas, beliefs, & practice are the best or superior or most preferred to the beliefs, ideas, & practices of others

88
Q

Factors that Influence Growth & Development

Ch 22

A
  • genetic history
  • prenatal, individual, & caregiver factors
  • environment & nutrition
  • health-illness state
  • culture
89
Q

Genomics

Ch 22

A

study of structure & interactions between all the genes in the human body

90
Q

Epigentics

Ch 22

A

study of the changes that occur in organisms due to modification of gene expression & hereditability (NOT a change in DNA sequence)

91
Q

Theories of Development

Ch 22

A
  • Freud: psychoanalytic development
  • Piaget: cognitive development
  • Erickson: psychosocial development
92
Q

Which one of the following developmental theorists expanded the work of Freud to include cultural & social influences in addition to biologic processes?

a.) Erikson
b.) Havighurst
c.) Gould
d.) Piaget

Ch 22

A

a.) Erikson

93
Q

Asepsis

Ch 25

A

absence of disease-causing micro-organisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, mold, etc.)

94
Q

Infection Cycle

Ch 25

A

There are many areas within the cycle where we can stop or delay the cycle

95
Q

Give an example of something that can break the infection cycle

Ch 25

A

Hand Hygiene can stop / break the infection cycle between the portals of entry & susceptible host

96
Q

What are the 4 stages of infection?

Ch 25

A

1.) Incubation period
2.) Prodromal stage
3.) full stage of illness
4.) convalescent period

97
Q

What is the incubation period regarding the stages of infection?

Ch 25

A

organisms grow & multiply

98
Q

What is the prodromal stage regarding the stages of infection?

Ch 25

A

person is most infectious, vauge & nonspecific signs of disease

99
Q

What is the full stage of illness regarding the stages of infection

Ch 25

A

presence of specific signs & symptoms of diease

100
Q

What is the convalescent period regarding the stages of infection?

Ch 25

A

recovery from infection

101
Q

Cardinal Signs of Acute Infection

Ch 25

A
  • erythema (redness)
  • calor (heat)
  • edema (swelling)
  • pain
  • loss of function
102
Q

What is leukocytosis?

Ch 25

A

elevated WBCs

103
Q

What is the normal range for WBC count?

Ch 25

A

5,000 - 10,000 (mm^3)

104
Q

What do elevated lymphocytes indicate?

Ch 25

A

viral infection

105
Q

What do elevated eosinophils indicate?

Ch 25

A

allergic reaction or parasite

106
Q

Transient Bacterial Flora

Ch 25

A
  • attached loosely on skin
  • removed with relative ease
107
Q

Resident Bacterial Flora

Ch 25

A
  • found in creases of skin
  • requires friction with brush to move
108
Q

4 Categories Responsible for Majority of Hosital-Acquired Infections (HAIs)

Ch 25

A
  • CAUTI: catheter-associated urinary tract infection
  • SSI: surigcal site infection
  • CLABSI: central-line associated bloodstream infection
  • VAP: ventilator-associated pneumonia
108
Q

4 Categories Responsible for Majority of Hosital-Acquired Infections (HAIs)

Ch 25

A
  • CAUTI: catheter-associated urinary tract infection
  • SSI: surigcal site infection
  • CLABSI: central-line associated bloodstream infection
  • VAP: ventilator-associated pneumonia

often due to low quality nursing care

109
Q

Nosocomial

Ch 25

A

Hospital acquired infection

110
Q

What determines nosocomial vs community infection?

Ch 25

A

Nosocomial: occurs AFTER 48 hours

Community: occurs BEFORE 48 hours

111
Q

What type of isolation is a patient with Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) put into?

Ch 25

A

Contact Isolation

112
Q

What is the difference in medical & surgical asepsis?

Ch 25

A

Medical: clean technique (not sterile)

Surgical Asepsis: sterile technique

113
Q

When do you use surgical asepsis as a bedside nurse?

Ch 25

A
  • urinary catheter insertion
  • sterile dressing change
114
Q

Responsibilities of Medication Administration as a Nurse

Ch 30

A
  • know what your state allows
  • know the 7 rights
  • assess the patients after medication intervention
115
Q

What is an elixir?

Ch 30

A

clear liquid containing water, alcohol, sweeteners, & flavor

116
Q

Pharmaceutical class

Ch 30

A

refers to mechanism of action (MOA), physiologic effect (PE), & chemical structure (CS) of the drug

117
Q

Therapeutic Class

Ch 30

A

clinical indication for the drug or therapeutic action

analgesic, antibiotic, antihypertensive, etc.

118
Q

Pharmacokinetics

Ch 30

A

movement of the drug throughout the body

  • aborption
  • distribution
  • metabolism
  • excretion
119
Q

What factors affect aborption of medications?

Ch 30

A
  • route of administration (IV, injection, oral, etc.)
  • lipid solubility
  • pH
  • blood flow
  • local conditions at the site of administration
  • drug dosage
120
Q

Pharmacodynamics

Ch 30

A

how the drugs alter cell physiology & affect the body

drugs turn on, turn off, promote, or block responses

121
Q

Therapeutic Range

Ch 30

A

concentration of drug in the blood serum that produces deisred effect without causing toxicity

122
Q

Trough Level

Ch 30

A

the point when the drug is at its lowest concentration, indicating the rate of elimination

123
Q

Half-Life

Ch 30

A

time it takes for 50% of blood concentration of a drug to be eliminated from the body

time it takes for drug’s active substance in the blood is reduced by 50%

124
Q

Types of Medication Orders

Ch 30

A
  • Standing Order: routine, carried out until it’s cancled
  • PRN: as needed
  • Single / One-Time Order
  • Stat Order: carried out immediately
125
Q

What needs to be in a medication order?

Ch 30

A
  • patient name (NEED 2 patient identifiers)
  • date & time order is written
  • name of drug
  • dose
  • route
  • frequency
  • signature
126
Q

What information is REQUIRED for controlled substances?

Ch 30

A
  • patient name (& second identifier)
  • amount of narcotic
  • hour it was given
  • name of prescriber
  • name of nurse administering narcotic
127
Q

What are the 3 checks of medication administration ?

Ch 30

A
  • read lable of the container or unit dose package
  • read lable & compare it to eMAR/MAR after retrieval (or compared wiht the eMAR/MAR immediately before pouring from a multi-dose container)
  • before giving the medication to the patient (or when replacing the multi-dose container in the drawer or shelf)
128
Q

How do you handle medication errors?

Ch 30

A

1.) check patient’s condition
2.) notify nurse manger or PCP

  • write description of error & remedial steps taken on medical record
  • complete form used for reporting errors
129
Q

What are the 7 Rights of Medication Administration?

Ch 30

A

Right:
* medication
* patient
* dose
* route
* time
* reason
* documentation

Patient has right to refuse – MPDRTRD

130
Q

Types of Oral Medication Administration

Ch 30

A

Oral route: swallow the drug
Enteral route: administering through an enteral tube (intestine or stomach)
Sublingual administration: place drug under tongue
Buccal administration: placing drug between tongue & cheek

131
Q

Sites for Intramuscular Injections

Ch 30

A
  • ventrogluteal (upper outer hip)
  • vastus lateralis (outer thigh)
  • deltoid muscle

dorsogluteal is NOT recommended (too close to sciatic nerve)

132
Q

Common sites for subcutaneous injections

Ch 30

A
  • abdomen
  • outer aspect of upper arm
  • anterior aspect of the thigh
  • upper ventral or dorsogluteal area
  • upper back (rare)
133
Q

Give examples of topical administration of medications

Ch 30

A
  • skin applications
  • eye & ear instillations & irrigations
  • nasal instillations
  • vaginal applications
  • rectal instilations
134
Q

What are the 3 sources of knowledge?

Ch 2

A
  • Traditional
  • Authoratative
  • Scientific
135
Q

What is traditional knowledge?

Ch 2

A

Passed down from generation to generation

136
Q

What is authoritative knowledge

Ch 2

A

comes from an expert, accepted as truth based on one’s perceived expertise

137
Q

What is scientific knowledge?

Ch 2

A

obtained through research

138
Q

What did Florence Nightingale do?

Ch 2

A
  • every patient has a right to basic hygiene
  • coined the term “art & science of nursing”
  • established nursing as a separate entity from medicine
139
Q

**True or False?

Traditional & authoritative knowledge are practical to implement, but are often based on subjective data, limiting their usefulness in a wide variety of settings

Ch 2

A

True

Both are practical to implement, but often based on subjective data

140
Q

What is the difference in theory & concept?

Ch 2

A
  • Theory: gorup of concepts that describe a pattern of reality
  • Concepts: conceptual framework or model; abstract impressions organized into symbols of reality
141
Q

What is Deductive Reasoning?

Ch 2

A

examines general ideas & considers specific actions or ideas

breaks ideas into parts

142
Q

What is Inductive Reasoning?

Ch 2

A

builds from specific ideas or actions to conclusion about general ideas

143
Q

What is Inductive Reasoning?

Ch 2

A

builds from specific ideas or actions to conclusion about general ideas

144
Q

Does nursing utilize deductive or inductive reasoning?

Ch 2

A

inductive

conclusion about general ideas

145
Q

What is General Systems Theory?

Ch 2

A
  • theory for universal application
  • break whole things into parts to see how they work together in systems
146
Q

What is Adaptation Theory?

Ch 2

A

adjustment of living matter to other living things & environment

147
Q

What is Developmental Theory?

Ch 2

A

orderly & predictable growth & development from conception to death

focuses on human growth & development

148
Q

Which of the following is the central theme in theoretical frameworks of nursing?

a.) the person receiving the care
b.) the health care environment
c.) the nursing care plan
d.) the person providing the care

Ch 2

A

**a.) **the person receiving the care

149
Q

What are Goals fo Theoretical Frameworks?

Ch 2

A
  • holistic patient care
  • individualized care to meet needs of patients
  • promotion of health
  • prevention or treatment of illness
150
Q

What is the goal of research?

Ch 2

A
  • develop explanations (in theories)
  • find solutions to problems
151
Q

What are goals of nursing research?

Ch 2

A
  • improve care of people in clinical setting
  • study people & the nursing process (education, policy development, ethics, nursing history)
  • develop greater autonomy & strengthen the profession
  • provide evidence-based nursing practice
152
Q

What is PICOT Format?

Ch 2

A
  • P: patient, population, or problem of interest
  • I: intervention of interest
  • C: comparison of interst
  • O: outcome of interst
  • T: time (how much time did you spend)

What you want to include in research

153
Q

What is the focus of safety assessments?

Ch 28

A
  • person
  • environment
  • specific risk factors
154
Q

When looking at a patient’s history, what should you focus on?

Ch 28

A
  • hx of falls or accidents
  • note any assistive devices
  • EtOH or drug abuse
  • obtain knowledge of family support system & home environment
155
Q

What is the leading cause of injury fatality among older adults?

Ch 28

156
Q

What factors should be assessed during a physical exam regarding safety?

Ch 28

A
  • mobility
  • ability to communicate
  • level of awareness or orientation
  • sensory perception
  • idenfity potential safety hazards
  • recognize manifestations of domestic violence or neglect
157
Q

What are some factors that can contribute to falls?

Ch 28

A
  • lower body weakness
  • poor vision
  • gait and/or balance issues
  • problems with feet and/or shores
  • use of psychoactive medications
  • postural dizziness
  • hazards in the home (& community)
158
Q

Indications of a Concussion

Ch 28

A
  • Physical: headache, vomiting, problems with balance, fatigue, dazed or stunned appearance
  • Cognitive: mentally foggy, difficulty concentrating & remembering, confusion, forgets recent activities
  • Emotional: irritability, nervousness, very emotional behavior
  • Sleep: drowsniness, difficulty falling asleep, sleeping more or less than usual
159
Q

Why are older adults at higher risk for drug toxicity?

Ch 28

A
  • Fewer Proteins: to metabolize the drugs
  • Altered body composition: less water in the body to help flush drugs out of the body

Drugs remain in the body for longer in older individuals

160
Q

What is the acronym for fire safety?

Ch 28

A
  • R: Rescue anyone in immediate danger
  • A: Activate the fire code & notify approperiate person
  • C: Confine the fire by closing doors & windows
  • E: Evacuate patients & other people to safe area
161
Q

Procedure-Related Accidents / Possible Errors

Ch 28

A
  • Medication Errors
  • Transfering a patient (could injure patient or yourself)
  • Changing a dressing (breaking sterile field; cause infection, etc.)
  • Applying external heat (could cause a burn)
162
Q

What is the primary way our body produces heat?

A

Metabolism

muscles can also help produce heat

163
Q

Isotonic

Ch 34

A

muscle shortening & active movement

jogging

164
Q

Isometric

Ch 34

A

muscle contraction without shortening

165
Q

Isokinetic

Ch 34

A

muscle contraction resistence

166
Q

How does exercise benefit the cardiovascular system?

Ch 34

A
  • ↑ efficiency of the heart
  • ↓ HR & BP
  • ↑ blood flow (to all parts of the body)
  • ↑ venous return
  • ↑ circulating fibrinolysin (substance that breaks up small clots)
167
Q

How does exercise benefit the respiratory system?

Ch 34

A
  • ↑ alveolar ventilation
  • ↓ work of breathing
  • ↑ diaphragmatic excursion
168
Q

What is included in physical assessment for mobility?

Ch 34

A
  • general ease of movement & gait
  • alignment
  • joint structure & function
  • muscle mass, tone, & strength
  • endurance
169
Q

What is rest?

Ch 35

A
  • when the body is in a decreased state of activity
  • feeling of being refreshed

watching tv

170
Q

What is sleep?

Ch 35

A
  • state of rest accompanied by altered consciousness & relative inactivity

difference in rest & sleep = sleep alters consciousness

171
Q

What is the job of the Reticular Activating System (RAS)?

Ch 35

A
  • facilitates reflex & voluntary movements
  • controls cortical activities related to state of alertness
172
Q

What part of the brain is considered the sleep & wake control center?

Ch 35

A

Hypothalamus

173
Q

What are the stages of Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM)?

Ch 35

A
  • Stage I & II: 5% - 50% of sleep, light sleep
  • Stage III & IV: 10% of sleep, deep-sleep states (delta sleep)
174
Q

What is Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep?

Ch 35

A
  • 20 - 25% of a person’s nightly sleep time
175
Q

In which stage of NREM sleep does the person fall into a stage of sleep but can be aroused with relative ease?

a.) Stage I
b.) Stage II
c.) Stage III
d.) Stage IV

Ch 35

A

b.) Stage II

176
Q

Factors affecting sleep

Ch 35

A
  • caffeine
  • nicotine
  • developmental considerations
  • culture
  • lifestyle & habits
  • enviornmental factors
  • psychological stress
  • illness
  • medications
177
Q

Illnesses associated with sleep disturbances

Ch 35

A
  • GERD
  • CAD
  • Epilepsy
  • Liver disease & encephalitis
  • Hypothyroidism
  • ESRD
178
Q

What are the 7 major classes of sleep disorders as determined by the ICSD?

Ch 35

A
  • Insomnia
  • Sleep-related breathing disorders: Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)
  • Central Disorders of Hypersomnolence: idiopathic hypersomnia, narcolepsy
  • Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders
  • Parasomnias
  • Sleep-related movement disorders
  • other sleep disorders
179
Q

Insomnia

Ch 35

A
  • difficulty falling asleep, intermittent sleep or difficulty maintaining sleep (despite adequate opportunity & circumstances to sleep)
180
Q

What are Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders?

Ch 35

A

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA):

  • absence of breathing [apnea]
  • diminished breathing efforts [hypopnea]
  • respiratory effort-related arousals during sleep accompanied by sleepiness, fatigue, insomnia, snoring
  • subjective nocturnal respiratory disturbance
  • observed apnea & associated health disorders
181
Q

What are Central Disorders of Hypersomnolence?

Ch 35

A
  • Idiopathic Hypersomnia: excessive sleep, particularly during the day
  • Narcolepsy: excessive daytime sleepiness & frequent overwhelming urges to sleep or inadvertent daytime lapses into sleep
182
Q

What are primary causes of Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders?

Ch 35

A
  • alteration in internal circadian timing system or misalignment between the internal circadian rhythm & the sleep-wake schedule desired or required
  • a sleep-wake disturbance
  • associated distress or impairment (lasting for a period of at least 3 months
183
Q

What are Parasomnias?

Ch 35

A
  • Somnambulism
  • REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)
  • Sleep terrors
  • Nightmare disorders
  • Sleep enuresis
  • Sleep-related eating disorders
184
Q

What Sleep Characteristics should be assessed?

Ch 35

A
  • restlessness
  • sleep postures
  • sleep activities
  • snoring
  • leg jerking
185
Q

What information should be included in a sleep diary?

Ch 35

A
  • time patient tries to fall asleep & time they actually fall asleep (approximately)
  • time of any awakening during the night & resumption of sleep
  • time of awakening in the morning
  • presence of any stressors, worries, or anxieties affecting sleep
  • record food, drink, or medication affecting sleep
  • record physical & mental activities
  • record activities performed 2-3 hours before bed
186
Q

What should you look for in a physical assessment when assessing someone’s sleep?

Ch 35

A
  • energy level
  • facial characteristics
  • behavioral characteristics
  • physical data suggestive of sleep problems
187
Q

Abduction

Ch 34

A

movement of a limb away from the body

188
Q

Adduction

Ch 34

A

Movement of a limb toward the body

ADD to the body

189
Q

Circumduction

Ch 34

A

limb moves in a circular movement

190
Q

Flexion

Ch 34

A

bending to decrease the angle between the body parts

191
Q

Extension

Ch 34

A

straghtening to increase the angle between body parts

192
Q

Hyperextension

Ch 34

A

extension of a limb beyond the normal limit to have an increase the angle that is greater than normal

angle is between the body parts

193
Q

Dorsiflexion

Ch 34

A

Backward bending / contracting

flexing the foot or hand up

194
Q

Plantar Flexion

Ch 34

A

pointing the foot

flexing the foot or toes downward toward the sole

195
Q

Rotation

Ch 34

A

turning / moving the body around its axis

196
Q

Internal Rotation

Ch 34

A

turning a limb inward TOWARD the body

bending arm into stoamch or chest

197
Q

External Rotation

Ch 34

A

turning a limb outward / AWAY from the body

rotating the elbow OUTWARD away from the stomach

198
Q

Supination

Ch 34

A

palms are rotated to face upward (anatomical position)

holding a cup of soup in your palm

199
Q

Pronation

Ch 34

A

palms are rotated to face down

200
Q

Inversion

Ch 34

A

turning inward / toward the body’s midline

bottom of foot points to midline (ankle on ground)

201
Q

Eversion

Ch 34

A

turning / pointing outward or away from the body’s midline

bottom of the foot points away from the body

202
Q

Isotonic Exercises

Ch 34

A
  • Muscleshortening
  • Active movement
203
Q

Isometric Exercises

Ch 34

A

Muscle Contraction WITHOUT shortening

204
Q

Isokinetic Exercises

Ch 34

A

Muscle Contraction WITH resistance

205
Q

Fowler’s Position

Ch 34

A
  • Sitting
  • Bed between 45 - 60 degree angle
206
Q

Protective Supine Position

Ch 34

A

lying flat on back, face up

207
Q

Protective Side-Lying or Lateral Position

Ch 34

A

lying on your side

positioned on your lateral side

208
Q

Protective Sims’ Position

Ch 34

A
  • lying on left side
  • L knee: slightly tilted (almost completely straight)
  • R knee: bent
209
Q

Protective Prone Position

Ch 34

A

lying flat on your stomach, face down

Adult Nursing I (NUR 240) (6 decks)

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