Exam 1 (Chapters 8, 9, 26, 32, 36 -- 3, 5, 21, 25, 30 -- 2, 28, 34, 35) Flashcards
1
Q
Aggressive Behavior
(ch. 8)
A
standing up for one’s rights in a negative manner that violates the rights of others
- tension, anger, condescending, threatening
2
Q
Assertive Behavior
(ch. 8)
A
ability to stand up for oneself and others using open, honest, direct communication
- “I” statements
3
Q
Interpersonal Communication
(ch. 8)
A
communication between 2+ people
4
Q
Intrapersonal Communication
(ch. 8)
A
communication techniques or self-talk
5
Q
Rapport
(ch. 8)
A
feeling of mutual trust experienced by people in a satisfactory relationship
6
Q
I-SBAR-R
(ch. 8)
A
I: introduction
S: situation
B: background
A: assessment
R: recommendations
R: readback (respond to questions)
7
Q
What type of relationship is important to develop between nurses and patients?
(ch. 8)
A
Therapeutic Relationship:
* unequal sharing of information
* built on patient’s needs (NOT needs of the nurse)
8
Q
Phases of the Therapeutic Relationship
(ch. 8)
A
1.) Orientation: goals & duration of relationship; location, frequency, & length of contact; developing trust
2.) Working: identification & exploration; health promotion & education
3.) Termination: resolution (identifying goals that were accomplished or are in progress; verbalize feelings about termination)
9
Q
Empathy
(ch. 8)
A
ability to understand & share the feeling of others
- putting yourself in the other person’s shoes
10
Q
Sympathy
(ch. 8)
A
understanding / feeling for someone else’s situation; involves compassion & kindness
- shifts emphasis from patient to the nurse
nurse shares personal concerns & feelings
11
Q
Andragogy
(ch. 9)
A
Study of teaching adults
12
Q
Ausculatory Gap
(Ch. 26)
A
period of diminished or absent korotkoff sounds
- occurs during the manual measurement of BP in the latter part of phase I & during phase II
13
Q
Diastolic Pressure
(Ch. 26)
A
Least amount of pressure exerted on arterial walls when the heart is at rest
14
Q
Eupenea
(Ch. 26)
A
normal respirations
15
Q
Systolic Pressure
(Ch. 26)
A
highest point of pressure on arterial walls when the ventricles contract
16
Q
What is the primary source of heat in the body?
(Ch. 26)
A
Metabolism
17
Q
What are the 4 types of heat loss?
(Ch. 26)
A
Dissemination of heat by…
- Radiation: electromagnetic waves
- Convection: motion between areas of unequal density
- Evaporation: conversion of liquid to vapor
- Conduction: transfer fo heat to another object during direct contact
18
Q
What are the main vital signs?
(Ch. 26)
A
- Temperature (T)
- Pulse (P)
- Respiration (R)
- Blood Pressure (BP)
- Pain (often included as 5th vital sign – subjective)
19
Q
Range of Normal Temperature
(Ch. 26)
A
- 35.8 °C to 37.5 °C
- 96.4 °F to 99.5 °F
20
Q
Normal Pulse Rate
(Ch. 26)
A
60 - 100 BPM
21
Q
Normal Respirations
(Ch. 26)
A
12 - 20 breaths per minute
22
Q
Normal Blood Pressure
(Ch. 26)
A
less than 120/80
23
Q
Are vital signs subjective or objective?
A
Objective (measurable)
24
Q
What are the 4 different types of fevers?
(Ch. 26)
A
- Intermittent: occurs every so often
- Remittent: temperature elevates & stays elevated
- Sustained or Continuous: remains the same
- Relapsing or Recurrent: temperature returns to normal and then elevates again; there can be days in between the temperature elevations
25
**Normal Oral Temperature**
| (Ch. 26)
37 °C **OR** 98.6 °F
26
**What is the primary source of heat loss?**
| (Ch. 26)
skin
27
**What is the term for the heat that is lost when a person goes out in the cold without a hat?**
**a.** convection
**b.** radiation
**c.** evaporation
**d.** conduction
**b.** radiation
28
What factors affect body temperature?
| (Ch. 26)
* circadian rhythyms
* age & gender
* physical activity
* state of health
* environmental temperature
29
How do parasympathic & sympathetic stimulation alter the heart rate?
| (Ch. 26)
* **Parasympathetic Stimulation:** decreases heart rate
* **Sympathetic Stimulation:** increases heart rate
30
**True or False: the normal pulse rate for adolescents & adults ranges from 60 to 100 beats per minute.**
| (Ch. 26)
True
31
**What are the main characteristics of peripheral pulses?**
| (Ch. 26)
* **Rate:** normal, tachycardic, bradycardic (BPM)
* **Amplitude & Quality:** strenth of pulse (strong or weak)
* **Rhythym:** pattern (smooth, even?)
| 0 = no pulse
+1 = weak pulse
+2 = normal
3+ = bounding, working hard
32
What is diffusion?
| (Ch. 26)
diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide betewen the **alveoli of lungs & circulating blood**
33
What is perfusion?
| (Ch. 26)
exchange of oxygen and carbon dixoide between **circulating blood & tissue cells**
* **occurs within the blood**
34
What is ventilation?
| (Ch. 26)
movement of air in & out of the lungs
| Inhalation = breath in
Exhalation = breath out
35
**What is the most powerful respiratory stimulant?**
| (Ch. 26)
INCREASED carbon dioxide
36
Eupnea
| (Ch. 26)
normal, unlabored respiration
* normal respiration rate = 12 - 20 breaths per minute
37
Tachypnea
| (Ch. 26)
increased respiratory rate
| may occur due to increased metabolic rate
38
Bradypnea
| (Ch. 26)
decreased respiratory rate
39
Apnea
| (Ch. 26)
periods when no breathing occurs
40
Dyspnea
| (Ch. 26)
difficult or labored breathing
41
Orthopnea
| (Ch. 26)
changes in breathing when sitting or standing
42
What factors can affect blood pressure?
* age, gender, race
* circadian rhythym
* food intake
* exercise
* weight
* emotional status
* body position
* drugs or medications
43
**Factors Affecting Personal Hygiene**
| (Ch. 32)
* culture
* socioeconomic status
* developmental level
* spiritual practices
* health state
* personal preferences
44
**Factors to Consider when Examening Skin**
| (Ch. 32)
* temperature
* color
* turgor
* moisture
* sensation
* vascularity
* evidence of lesions
* cleanliness
45
**What vital signs can be elevated due to pain?**
| (Ch. 36)
Blood Pressure & Heart Rate
46
**Sources of Pain**
| (Ch. 36)
* cutaneous
* somatic
* visceral
* referred
* nociceptive
* neuropathic
47
**What is the cause of nociceptive pain?**
| (Ch. 36)
external injury
48
**A patient who has bone cancer is most likely experiencing which of the following types of pain?**
**a.)** cutaneous
**b.)** somatic
**c.)** visceral
**d.)** referred
**b.)** somatic
49
**What are the 4 steps of the pain process?**
| (Ch. 36)
**1.) Transduction:** activation of pain receptors
**2.) Transmission:** conduction along pathways
**3.) Perception of Pain:** awareness of the characteristics of pain
**4.) Modulation:** inhibition or modification of pain
50
**What is transduction regarding the pain process (4 steps)?**
| (Ch. 36)
activation of pain receptors
51
**What is transmission regarding the pain process (4 steps)?**
| (Ch. 36)
conduction along pathways
52
**What is perception of pain regarding the pain process (4 steps)?**
| (Ch. 36)
awareness of the characteristics of pain
53
**Nociceptors are the ___a.)________ that transmit pain**
| (Ch. 36)
a.) peripheral nerve fibers
54
**Factors Affecting Pain Experience**
| (Ch. 36)
* culture
* ethnic variables
* family, gender, & age variables
* religous beliefs
* environment & support people
* anxiety & other stressors
* past pain experience
55
**What is the Gate Control Theory of Pain?**
| (Ch. 36)
describes the transmission of painful stimuli & recognizes a relationship between pain & emotions
56
**What is health?**
| (Ch. 3)
a state of **complete** physical, mental, & social well-being
57
**What is the goal of nurses when it comes to health, wellness, & health disparities?**
| (Ch. 3)
* promote health
* reduce health disparities
* educate patients
58
**What is wellness?**
| Ch 3
what you do to take care of yourself to maintain your state of wellness
* physical activity
* diet you follow
59
**What is acute illness?**
| Ch 3
* rapid onset
* usually less than 6 months
60
**What is chronic illness?**
| Ch 3
* alterations in health
* slow onset
* may have periods of remission and exacerbations
* **permanent change**
* **irreversible alterations in normal A&P**
61
**Risk Factors for Illness**
| Ch 3
* age
* genetic factors
* physiologic factors
* health habits & lifestyle
* environment
62
**Stages of Illness Behavior**
| Ch 3
* **Stage 1:** experiencing symptoms
* **Stage 2:** assuming sick role
* **Stage 3:** assume dependent role
* **Stage 4:** recovery & rehabilitation
63
What is **Stage 1** of Illness Behavior?
| Ch 3
experiencing symptoms
64
What is **Stage 2** of Illness Behavior?
| Ch 3
assuming the sick role
65
What is **Stage 3** of Illness Behavior
| Ch 3
Assuming a dependent role
* **calling the doctor**
* **seeking care for treatment**
66
What is **Stage 4** of Illness Behavior?
recovery & rehabilitation
67
**Factors that influence Health Disparities**
| Ch 3
* racial & ethnic groups
* poverty
* gender & age
* mental health
* educational level
* disabilities
* sexual orientation
* health insurance & access to healthcare
68
**What factors affect health & illness?**
| Ch 3
* basic human needs **(food, water, shelter, sleep)**
* human dimensions **(physical, emotional, intellectual, environmental, sociocultural, spiritual)**
* self concept / self-image
* risk factors for illness or injury (very old or very young; major life-events; stress; pregnancy; etc.)
69
**Two main things we do as nurses regarding health & wellness**
| Ch 3
* **health promotion**
* **illness prevention**
70
**What are the 3 leels of Health Promotion & Illness Prevention?**
| Ch 3
**1.) Primary:** focuses on prevention of disease & illness **(before you're sick)**
**2.) Secondary:** early detection once a disease has been found
**3.) Tertiary:** reduce the level of disability & helping with rehabilitation
71
What is **Primary** prevention of health promotion & prevention?
| Ch 3
**focuses on prevention of disease & illness**
* *before* you are sick
72
What is **Secondary** prevention of health promotion & prevention?
| Ch 3
early detection of a disease with prompt diagnosis & treatment
| Ex: colonoscopy or mammogram
73
What is **Tertiary** prevention of health promotion & prevention?
| Ch 3
reduce the level of disability & helping via rehabilitation
74
**What is the Health Promotion Model (Pender)?**
| Ch 3
developed to illustrate how people interact with their environment regarding health-related habits
75
**What is the Revised Health Promotion Model?**
| Ch 3
Activity-related affect (glass half-full or half empty)
| reducing caffine by going from espresso to regular coffee, then to decaf
76
**What is the Agent-Host-Environment Model?**
| Ch 3
**cause of disease is:** interaction between external agent, susceptible host, & the environment
77
**What is the Health-Illness Continuum?**
| Ch 3
health is constantly changing state with high-level wellness & health on oposite sides of a continuum / spectrum
78
**What is cultural diversity?**
| Ch 5
Coexistance of different groups within one social unit
79
**What is culture?**
| Ch 5
shared beliefs, values, & behavioral expectations, customs, rituals learned from one's family
80
**Cultural Assimilation (acculturation)**
| Ch 5
**values of minorities are replaced by the values of the dominant culture**
* they lose the characteristics that made them different or distinct
81
**Culture Shock**
| Ch 5
feeling person experiences when placed in a different culture
82
**Ethnicity**
| Ch 5
sense of identification with a collective cultural group
* what you're exposed to / grow up
* share unique cultural & social beliefs
83
**Race**
| Ch 5
**typically based ons pecific characteristics**
* skin pigmentation, body stature, facial features, hair texture, etc.
| American Indian or Alaksa Native
Asian
Black
Pacific Islander
White
84
**Stereotyping**
| Ch 5
assumption that all members of a culture or ethnic gorup act alike
* positive or negative
85
**Cultural Imposition**
| Ch 5
belief that everyone should **conform to the majority** belief system
86
**Cultural Blindness**
| Ch 5
ignores differences & proceeds as if they did not exist
87
**Ethnocentrism**
| Ch 5
beleif that one's ideas, beliefs, & practice are the best or superior or most preferred to the beliefs, ideas, & practices of others
88
**Factors that Influence Growth & Development**
| Ch 22
* genetic history
* prenatal, individual, & caregiver factors
* environment & nutrition
* health-illness state
* culture
89
**Genomics**
| Ch 22
study of structure & interactions between all the genes in the human body
90
**Epigentics**
| Ch 22
study of the changes that occur in organisms due to modification of gene expression & hereditability (NOT a change in DNA sequence)
91
**Theories of Development**
| Ch 22
* **Freud:** psychoanalytic development
* **Piaget:** cognitive development
* **Erickson:** psychosocial development
92
**Which one of the following developmental theorists expanded the work of Freud to include cultural & social influences in addition to biologic processes?**
**a.)** Erikson
**b.)** Havighurst
**c.)** Gould
**d.)** Piaget
| Ch 22
**a.)** Erikson
93
**Asepsis**
| Ch 25
**absence of disease-causing micro-organisms** (bacteria, viruses, fungi, mold, etc.)
94
**Infection Cycle**
| Ch 25
There are many areas within the cycle where we can **stop or delay the cycle**
95
**Give an example of something that can break the infection cycle**
| Ch 25
**Hand Hygiene** can stop / break the infection cycle between the portals of entry & susceptible host
96
**What are the 4 stages of infection?**
| Ch 25
**1.)** Incubation period
**2.)** Prodromal stage
**3.)** full stage of illness
**4.)** convalescent period
97
What is the **incubation** period regarding the stages of infection?
| Ch 25
organisms grow & multiply
98
What is the **prodromal stage** regarding the stages of infection?
| Ch 25
person is **most infectious**, vauge & nonspecific signs of disease
99
What is the **full stage of illness** regarding the stages of infection
| Ch 25
presence of specific signs & symptoms of diease
100
What is the **convalescent period** regarding the stages of infection?
| Ch 25
recovery from infection
101
**Cardinal Signs of Acute Infection**
| Ch 25
* **erythema** (redness)
* **calor** (heat)
* **edema** (swelling)
* pain
* loss of function
102
**What is leukocytosis?**
| Ch 25
elevated WBCs
103
**What is the *normal* range for WBC count?**
| Ch 25
5,000 - 10,000 (mm^3)
104
**What do elevated lymphocytes indicate?**
| Ch 25
viral infection
105
**What do elevated eosinophils indicate?**
| Ch 25
allergic reaction or parasite
106
**Transient** Bacterial Flora
| Ch 25
* attached loosely on skin
* removed with relative ease
107
**Resident** Bacterial Flora
| Ch 25
* found in creases of skin
* requires friction with brush to move
108
**4 Categories Responsible for Majority of Hosital-Acquired Infections (HAIs)**
| Ch 25
* **CAUTI:** catheter-associated urinary tract infection
* **SSI:** surigcal site infection
* **CLABSI:** central-line associated bloodstream infection
* **VAP:** ventilator-associated pneumonia
108
**4 Categories Responsible for Majority of Hosital-Acquired Infections (HAIs)**
| Ch 25
* **CAUTI:** catheter-associated urinary tract infection
* **SSI:** surigcal site infection
* **CLABSI:** central-line associated bloodstream infection
* **VAP:** ventilator-associated pneumonia
| often due to low quality nursing care
109
**Nosocomial**
| Ch 25
Hospital acquired infection
110
**What determines nosocomial vs community infection?**
| Ch 25
**Nosocomial:** occurs AFTER **48 hours**
**Community:** occurs BEFORE 48 hours
111
**What type of isolation is a patient with Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) put into?**
| Ch 25
Contact Isolation
112
**What is the difference in medical & surgical asepsis?**
| Ch 25
**Medical:** clean technique (not sterile)
**Surgical Asepsis:** *sterile* technique
113
**When do you use surgical asepsis as a bedside nurse?**
| Ch 25
* urinary catheter insertion
* sterile dressing change
114
**Responsibilities of Medication Administration as a Nurse**
| Ch 30
* know what your state allows
* **know the 7 rights**
* assess the patients after medication intervention
115
**What is an elixir?**
| Ch 30
clear liquid containing water, alcohol, sweeteners, & flavor
116
**Pharmaceutical class**
| Ch 30
refers to **mechanism of action (MOA), physiologic effect (PE), & chemical structure (CS)** of the drug
117
**Therapeutic Class**
| Ch 30
clinical indication for the drug or therapeutic action
| analgesic, antibiotic, antihypertensive, etc.
118
**Pharmacokinetics**
| Ch 30
movement of the drug throughout the body
* aborption
* distribution
* metabolism
* excretion
119
**What factors affect aborption of medications?**
| Ch 30
* route of administration (IV, injection, oral, etc.)
* lipid solubility
* pH
* blood flow
* local conditions at the site of administration
* drug dosage
120
**Pharmacodynamics**
| Ch 30
how the drugs alter cell physiology & affect the body
| drugs turn on, turn off, promote, or block responses
121
**Therapeutic Range**
| Ch 30
concentration of drug in the blood serum that produces deisred effect without causing toxicity
122
**Trough Level**
| Ch 30
the point when the drug is at its **lowest concentration**, indicating the rate of elimination
123
**Half-Life**
| Ch 30
**time** it takes for **50% of blood concentration of a drug to be eliminated from the body**
| time it takes for drug's active substance in the blood is reduced by 50%
124
**Types of Medication Orders**
| Ch 30
* **Standing Order:** routine, carried out until it's cancled
* **PRN:** as needed
* **Single / One-Time Order**
* **Stat Order:** carried out immediately
125
**What needs to be in a medication order?**
| Ch 30
* **patient name** (NEED 2 patient identifiers)
* **date & time order is written**
* **name of drug**
* **dose**
* **route**
* **frequency**
* **signature**
126
**What information is REQUIRED for controlled substances?**
| Ch 30
* **patient name** (& second identifier)
* **amount of narcotic**
* **hour it was given**
* **name of prescriber**
* **name of nurse administering narcotic**
127
**What are the *3 checks of medication administration* ?**
| Ch 30
* **read lable of the container or unit dose package**
* **read lable & compare it to eMAR/MAR after retrieval** (or compared wiht the eMAR/MAR immediately before pouring from a multi-dose container)
* **before giving the medication to the patient** (or when replacing the multi-dose container in the drawer or shelf)
128
**How do you handle medication errors?**
| Ch 30
**1.) check patient's condition**
**2.)** notify nurse manger or PCP
* write description of error & remedial steps taken on medical record
* complete form used for reporting errors
129
**What are the 7 Rights of Medication Administration?**
| Ch 30
**Right:**
* medication
* patient
* dose
* route
* time
* reason
* documentation
| Patient has right to refuse -- **MPDRTRD**
130
**Types of Oral Medication Administration**
| Ch 30
**Oral route:** swallow the drug
**Enteral route:** administering through an enteral tube (intestine or stomach)
**Sublingual administration:** place drug under tongue
**Buccal administration:** placing drug between tongue & cheek
131
**Sites for Intramuscular Injections**
| Ch 30
* **ventrogluteal** (upper outer hip)
* **vastus lateralis** (outer thigh)
* **deltoid muscle**
| dorsogluteal is NOT recommended (too close to sciatic nerve)
132
**Common sites for subcutaneous injections**
| Ch 30
* abdomen
* outer aspect of upper arm
* anterior aspect of the thigh
* upper ventral or dorsogluteal area
* upper back (rare)
133
**Give examples of topical administration of medications**
| Ch 30
* **skin** applications
* **eye & ear** instillations & irrigations
* **nasal** instillations
* **vaginal** applications
* **rectal** instilations
134
**What are the 3 sources of knowledge?**
| Ch 2
* Traditional
* Authoratative
* Scientific
135
**What is traditional knowledge?**
| Ch 2
Passed down from generation to generation
136
**What is authoritative knowledge**
| Ch 2
comes from an expert, accepted as truth based on one's perceived expertise
137
**What is scientific knowledge?**
| Ch 2
obtained through research
138
**What did Florence Nightingale do?**
| Ch 2
* every patient has a right to basic hygiene
* coined the term "art & science of nursing"
* established nursing as a separate entity from medicine
139
**True or False?
**Traditional & authoritative knowledge are practical to implement, but are often based on subjective data, limiting their usefulness in a wide variety of settings**
| Ch 2
True
| Both are practical to implement, but often based on subjective data
140
**What is the difference in theory & concept?**
| Ch 2
* **Theory:** gorup of concepts that *describe a pattern of reality*
* **Concepts:** **conceptual framework or model;** abstract impressions organized into symbols of reality
141
**What is Deductive Reasoning?**
| Ch 2
examines general ideas & considers specific actions or ideas
| breaks ideas into parts
142
**What is Inductive Reasoning?**
| Ch 2
builds from specific ideas or actions to conclusion about general ideas
143
**What is Inductive Reasoning?**
| Ch 2
builds from specific ideas or actions to conclusion about general ideas
144
**Does nursing utilize deductive or inductive reasoning?**
| Ch 2
inductive
| conclusion about general ideas
145
**What is General Systems Theory?**
| Ch 2
* theory for universal application
* break whole things into parts to see how they work together in systems
146
**What is Adaptation Theory?**
| Ch 2
adjustment of living matter to other living things & environment
147
**What is Developmental Theory?**
| Ch 2
orderly & predictable growth & development from conception to death
| **focuses on human growth & development**
148
**Which of the following is the central theme in theoretical frameworks of nursing?**
**a.)** the person receiving the care
**b.)** the health care environment
**c.)** the nursing care plan
**d.)** the person providing the care
| Ch 2
**a.) **the person receiving the care
149
**What are Goals fo Theoretical Frameworks?**
| Ch 2
* holistic patient care
* individualized care to meet needs of patients
* promotion of health
* prevention or treatment of illness
150
What is the goal of research?
| Ch 2
* develop explanations (in theories)
* find solutions to problems
151
**What are goals of nursing research?**
| Ch 2
* improve care of people in clinical setting
* study people & the nursing process (education, policy development, ethics, nursing history)
* develop greater autonomy & strengthen the profession
* provide evidence-based nursing practice
152
**What is PICOT Format?**
| Ch 2
* **P:** patient, population, or problem of interest
* **I:** intervention of interest
* **C:** comparison of interst
* **O:** outcome of interst
* **T:** time (how much time did you spend)
| What you want to include in research
153
**What is the focus of safety assessments?**
| Ch 28
* person
* environment
* specific risk factors
154
**When looking at a patient's history, what should you focus on?**
| Ch 28
* hx of falls or accidents
* note any assistive devices
* EtOH or drug abuse
* obtain knowledge of family support system & home environment
155
**What is the leading cause of injury fatality among older adults?**
| Ch 28
Falls
156
**What factors should be assessed during a physical exam regarding safety?**
| Ch 28
* **mobility**
* ability to **communicate**
* level of **awareness** or **orientation**
* **sensory perception**
* idenfity **potential safety hazards**
* recognize manifestations of **domestic violence or neglect**
157
What are some factors that can contribute to falls?
| Ch 28
* lower body weakness
* poor vision
* gait and/or balance issues
* problems with feet and/or shores
* use of psychoactive medications
* postural dizziness
* hazards in the home (& community)
158
**Indications of a Concussion**
| Ch 28
* **Physical:** headache, vomiting, problems with balance, fatigue, dazed or stunned appearance
* **Cognitive:** mentally foggy, difficulty concentrating & remembering, confusion, forgets recent activities
* **Emotional:** irritability, nervousness, very emotional behavior
* **Sleep:** drowsniness, difficulty falling asleep, sleeping more or less than usual
159
**Why are older adults at higher risk for drug toxicity?**
| Ch 28
* **Fewer Proteins:** to metabolize the drugs
* **Altered body composition:** less water in the body to help flush drugs out of the body
| Drugs remain in the body for longer in older individuals
160
What is the acronym for fire safety?
| Ch 28
* **R:** Rescue anyone in immediate danger
* **A:** Activate the fire code & notify approperiate person
* **C:** Confine the fire by closing doors & windows
* **E:** Evacuate patients & other people to safe area
161
Procedure-Related Accidents / Possible Errors
| Ch 28
* **Medication Errors**
* **Transfering a patient** (could injure patient or yourself)
* **Changing a dressing** (breaking sterile field; cause infection, etc.)
* **Applying external heat** (could cause a burn)
162
**What is the primary way our body produces heat?**
**Metabolism**
| muscles can also help produce heat
163
**Isotonic**
| Ch 34
muscle **shortening** & active movement
| jogging
164
**Isometric**
| Ch 34
muscle contraction **without** shortening
165
**Isokinetic**
| Ch 34
muscle contraction resistence
166
**How does exercise benefit the cardiovascular system?**
| Ch 34
* ↑ efficiency of the heart
* ↓ HR & BP
* ↑ blood flow (to all parts of the body)
* ↑ venous return
* ↑ circulating fibrinolysin (substance that breaks up small clots)
167
**How does exercise benefit the respiratory system?**
| Ch 34
* ↑ alveolar ventilation
* ↓ work of breathing
* ↑ diaphragmatic excursion
168
**What is included in physical assessment for mobility?**
| Ch 34
* general ease of movement & gait
* alignment
* joint structure & function
* muscle mass, tone, & strength
* endurance
169
**What is rest?**
| Ch 35
* when the body is in a **decreased state of activity**
* feeling of being refreshed
| watching tv
170
**What is sleep?**
| Ch 35
* state of rest accompanied by **altered consciousness** & relative inactivity
| difference in rest & sleep = sleep alters consciousness
171
**What is the job of the Reticular Activating System (RAS)?**
| Ch 35
* facilitates reflex & voluntary movements
* controls cortical activities related to state of alertness
172
**What part of the brain is considered the sleep & wake control center?**
| Ch 35
Hypothalamus
173
**What are the stages of Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM)?**
| Ch 35
* **Stage I & II:** 5% - 50% of sleep, light sleep
* **Stage III & IV:** 10% of sleep, deep-sleep states (delta sleep)
174
**What is Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep?**
| Ch 35
* 20 - 25% of a person's nightly sleep time
175
**In which stage of NREM sleep does the person fall into a stage of sleep but can be aroused with relative ease?**
**a.)** Stage I
**b.)** Stage II
**c.)** Stage III
**d.)** Stage IV
| Ch 35
**b.)** Stage II
176
**Factors affecting sleep**
| Ch 35
* caffeine
* nicotine
* developmental considerations
* culture
* lifestyle & habits
* enviornmental factors
* psychological stress
* illness
* medications
177
Illnesses associated with sleep disturbances
| Ch 35
* GERD
* CAD
* Epilepsy
* Liver disease & encephalitis
* Hypothyroidism
* ESRD
178
**What are the 7 major classes of sleep disorders as determined by the ICSD?**
| Ch 35
* **Insomnia**
* **Sleep-related breathing disorders:** Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)
* **Central Disorders of Hypersomnolence:** idiopathic hypersomnia, narcolepsy
* **Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders**
* **Parasomnias**
* **Sleep-related movement disorders**
* other sleep disorders
179
**Insomnia**
| Ch 35
* difficulty falling asleep, intermittent sleep or difficulty maintaining sleep (despite adequate opportunity & circumstances to sleep)
180
**What are Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders?**
| Ch 35
**Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA):**
* absence of breathing [apnea]
* diminished breathing efforts [hypopnea]
* respiratory effort-related arousals during sleep accompanied by sleepiness, fatigue, insomnia, snoring
* subjective nocturnal respiratory disturbance
* observed apnea & associated health disorders
181
**What are Central Disorders of Hypersomnolence?**
| Ch 35
* **Idiopathic Hypersomnia:** excessive sleep, particularly during the day
* **Narcolepsy:** excessive daytime sleepiness & frequent overwhelming urges to sleep or inadvertent daytime lapses into sleep
182
**What are primary causes of Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders?**
| Ch 35
* alteration in internal circadian timing system or misalignment between the internal circadian rhythm & the sleep-wake schedule desired or required
* a sleep-wake disturbance
* associated distress or impairment (lasting for a period of at least 3 months
183
**What are Parasomnias?**
| Ch 35
* Somnambulism
* REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)
* Sleep terrors
* Nightmare disorders
* Sleep enuresis
* Sleep-related eating disorders
184
**What Sleep Characteristics should be assessed?**
| Ch 35
* restlessness
* sleep postures
* sleep activities
* snoring
* leg jerking
185
**What information should be included in a sleep diary?**
| Ch 35
* time patient tries to fall asleep & time they actually fall asleep (approximately)
* time of any awakening during the night & resumption of sleep
* time of awakening in the morning
* presence of any stressors, worries, or anxieties affecting sleep
* record food, drink, or medication affecting sleep
* record physical & mental activities
* record activities performed 2-3 hours before bed
186
**What should you look for in a physical assessment when assessing someone's sleep?**
| Ch 35
* energy level
* facial characteristics
* behavioral characteristics
* physical data suggestive of sleep problems
187
**Abduction**
| Ch 34
movement of a limb **away** from the body
188
**Adduction**
| Ch 34
Movement of a limb **toward** the body
| **ADD** to the body
189
**Circumduction**
| Ch 34
limb moves in a **circular** movement
190
**Flexion**
| Ch 34
**bending** to **decrease** the angle between the body parts
191
**Extension**
| Ch 34
**straghtening** to **increase** the angle between body parts
192
**Hyperextension**
| Ch 34
extension of a limb beyond the normal limit to have an **increase the angle that is greater than normal**
| angle is between the body parts
193
**Dorsiflexion**
| Ch 34
Backward bending / contracting
| flexing the foot or hand up
194
**Plantar Flexion**
| Ch 34
**pointing the foot**
| flexing the foot or toes downward toward the sole
195
**Rotation**
| Ch 34
turning / moving the body around its axis
196
**Internal Rotation**
| Ch 34
**turning** a limb **inward TOWARD** the body
| bending arm into stoamch or chest
197
**External Rotation**
| Ch 34
**turning** a limb **outward / AWAY** from the body
| rotating the elbow OUTWARD away from the stomach
198
**Supination**
| Ch 34
palms are rotated to face upward (anatomical position)
| holding a cup of soup in your palm
199
**Pronation**
| Ch 34
palms are rotated to face down
200
**Inversion**
| Ch 34
turning inward / toward the body's midline
| bottom of foot points to midline (ankle on ground)
201
**Eversion**
| Ch 34
turning / pointing outward or away from the body's midline
| bottom of the foot points away from the body
202
**Isotonic Exercises**
| Ch 34
* Muscle**shortening**
* **Active** movement
203
**Isometric Exercises**
| Ch 34
Muscle **Contraction WITHOUT** shortening
204
**Isokinetic Exercises**
| Ch 34
Muscle **Contraction WITH** resistance
205
**Fowler's Position**
| Ch 34
* **Sitting**
* Bed between 45 - 60 degree angle
206
**Protective Supine Position**
| Ch 34
lying flat on back, face up
207
**Protective Side-Lying or Lateral Position**
| Ch 34
lying on your side
| positioned on your lateral side
208
**Protective Sims' Position**
| Ch 34
* lying on left side
* **L knee:** slightly tilted (almost completely straight)
* **R knee:** bent
209
**Protective Prone Position**
| Ch 34
lying flat on your stomach, face down
