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PSY 100- Psychology > Exam 1/Chapter 3- Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Exam 1/Chapter 3- Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

messages from the senses

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2
Q

Perception

A

process of making sensations into meaningful experiences

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3
Q

Sensory Receptors

A

specialized cells that detect sensory stimuli

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4
Q

Transduction

A

translation of physical properties into electrical signals to be sent to the brain

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5
Q

List the general 4 steps from sensation–>perception.

A
  1. Stimulus energy (light, sound, smell, etc.) - Sensation
  2. Sensory receptors (eye, ears, nose, etc.)- Sensation
  3. Neural impulses- Sensation
  4. Brain (visual, auditory, olfaction areas)- Perception
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6
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

the smallest amount of a stimulus that can be detected (50% of the time)

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7
Q

Who came up with absolute threshold?

A

Gustav Fechner

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8
Q

Difference Threshold

A

the amount of difference between two stimuli required for detection (Just noticeable difference (JND))

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9
Q

Who came up with difference threshold?

A

Weber

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10
Q

State Weber’s Law.

A

the amount of change in stimulation needed to produce a noticeable difference is a constant proportion of the original stimulus

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11
Q

What is the unit for Weber’s Fraction for Different Stimuli?

A

(K)

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12
Q

Subliminal perception

A

below the threshold of awareness

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13
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

sensitivity decreases over time

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14
Q

Habituation

A

ignoring a stimulus

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15
Q

Do the receptors change in sensory adaption?

A

YES

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16
Q

Do the receptors change in habituation?

A

NO

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17
Q

What is stimulation for vision?

A

electromagnetic radiation

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18
Q

Is visible light a small or large part of the spectrum?

A

Small

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19
Q

What are the properties of light waves?

A
  1. Wavelength
  2. Amplitude
  3. Saturation
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20
Q

Wavelength can be described as what?

A

Color/Hue

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21
Q

Amplitude can be described as what?

A

Brightness

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22
Q

Saturation can be described as what?

A

Purity

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23
Q

On a diagram, wavelength would determine the _____ of the line.

A

Color/Hue

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24
Q

On a diagram, aptitude would determine the _____ of the line.

A

height of the waves on the line (higher amplitude= higher waves)

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25
Q

Pure colors have how many wavelengths?

A

1

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26
Q

Impure colors have how many wavelengths?

A

Many

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27
Q

What controls accommodation?

A

Tiny muscles in the lens

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28
Q

To focus on distance objects the lens will do what?

A

Lessens curvature (flatten)

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29
Q

To focus on close objects the lens will do what?

A

Increases curvature

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30
Q

In normal vision where is vision focused?

A

On the retina

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31
Q

What is myopia?

A

Nearsightedness

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32
Q

What is hyperopia?

A

Farsightedness

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33
Q

In nearsightedness (myopia) where is the image focused?

A

Infront of the retina

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34
Q

In farsightedness (hyperopia) where is the image focused?

A

Behind the retina

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35
Q

What does the retina consist of?

A
  1. Photoreceptors (rods & cones)
  2. Bipolar cells
  3. Ganglion cells
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36
Q

Rods and cones are considered to be what?

A

Photoreceptors

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37
Q

From front to back, who are the cells of the retina arranged?

A
  1. Ganglion Cells
  2. Bipolar cells
  3. Photoreceptors
38
Q

What 3 cell types are within the bipolar layer?

A
  1. Amacrine cells
  2. Bipolar cells
  3. Horizontal cells
39
Q

Where does transduction occur with vision?

A

In photoreceptor cells

40
Q

Where are cone cells found?

A

The fovea of the retina

41
Q

Where are rod cells found?

A

the rest of the retina (besides the fovea)

42
Q

What are cone cells used for?

A
  1. Day vision
  2. Color vision
  3. Fine discrimination
43
Q

What are cone rod cells used for?

A

Primarily for night vision

44
Q

Describe the general steps that the path of light takes.

A
  1. Light enters the eye: triggering changes in photoreceptor cells (rods and cones)
  2. Neural impulse travels back through bipolar cells and then ganglion cells
  3. Axon from each ganglion cell becomes one fiber in optic nerve
  4. Neural impulse travels to brain (occipital lobe- visual processing center)
45
Q

Define dark adaptation.

A

Increase in light sensitivity when illumination decreases (gets dark)

46
Q

How do rods and cones adapt to darkness?

A

Rods & cones adapt to darkness at different rates, to different degrees

47
Q

What part of the brain processes visual information?

A

Visual cortex (occipital lobe)

48
Q

Each eye is connected to _____ hemispheres.

A

BOTH

49
Q

What is the point of crossover in the brain of our eyes called?

A

Optic Chiasm

50
Q

What does the optic chiasm allow for?

A

3D perception

51
Q

Feature Detectors

A

Neurons that respond to specific features of the visual stimulus

52
Q

What are the theories for color perception?

A
  1. Trichromatic Theory

2. Opponent-Process Theory

53
Q

Who was the trichromatic theory developed by?

A

Developed by Young & Helmholtz

54
Q

The trichromatic theory suggest that the eyes have how many types of color receptors?

A

3

55
Q

What are the 3 types of color receptors suggested by the trichromatic theory?

A

Primary colors:

  1. Red
  2. Green
  3. Blue (blue-violet)
56
Q

What are color receptors now called?

A

Cones

57
Q

What does the trichromatic theory suggest allows us to see different colors?

A

A response pattern

58
Q

What does the trichromatic theory fail to account for?

A

afterimages

59
Q

What are afterimages?

A

Persistence of a visual sensation after the stimulus is gone

60
Q

What does the opponent-process theory suggest about color receptors?

A

Instead of having 3 color receptors, it suggest we have 3 PAIRS OF OPPOSING COLOR RECEPTORS

61
Q

What are the 3 pairs of opposing color receptors suggested by the opponent-process theory?

A
  1. Red-Green
  2. Blue-Yellow
  3. Black-White
62
Q

What does the opponent-process theory suggest about seeing these colors?

A

When one color is activated, other is inhibited

63
Q

Which theory is correct the trichromatic theory or opponent-process theory?

A

Both theories are needed to account for the complexity of

visual sensations of color

64
Q

What are the 3 types of color vision/blindness?

A
  1. Trichromats
  2. Monochromats
  3. Dichromats
65
Q

What can trichromats see?

A

any hue (not color blind)

66
Q

What can monochromats see?

A

totally color blind

67
Q

What can dichromats see?

A

partially color blind

68
Q

How many % of men and women are dichromats?

A
  1. Men- 8%

2. Women- 1%

69
Q

When talking about perception, and “putting it all together”, what is the bottom-up analysis?

A

start with basic elements

70
Q

When talking about perception, and “putting it all together”, what is the Top-down analysis?

A

Start at more complex levels (may use previously learned information)


71
Q

What are Gestalt’s principles?

A

Figure (shapes) and Ground (backdrop)

72
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

Stable in size, shape, & brightness

73
Q

What are the 3 types of constancies?

A
  1. Size constancy
  2. Shape constancy
  3. Brightness constancy
74
Q

Size constancy

A

remain the same size (despite retinal image)

75
Q

Shape constancy

A

normal shape regardless of the angle

76
Q

Brightness constancy

A

maintain brightness

77
Q

What is depth perception?

A

Perception of the relative distance of objects

78
Q

What is the development of depth perception?

A

Visual cliff

79
Q

Binocular cues require input from _____ eye(s).

A

Both

80
Q

Define Retinal disparity.

A

Degree of difference between two retinas

81
Q

Define Convergence.

A

Degree eyes turn inward

82
Q

Monocular cues require input from _____ eye(s).

A

One

83
Q

What are the types of binocular cues?

A
  1. Retinal disparity

2. Convergence

84
Q

What are the types of monocular cues?

A
  1. Accommodation
  2. Motion Parallax
  3. Interposition
  4. Relative size
  5. Linear perspective
  6. Elevation
  7. Texture gradient
85
Q

Define motion parallax.

A

tendency to perceive ourselves going in…

86
Q

What direction is motion parallax for close objects?

A

Opposite direction

87
Q

What direction is motion parallax for farther objects?

A

Same direction

88
Q

Define Interposition.

A

Overlap

89
Q

Give 2 examples of relative size.

A
  1. Big things = closer

2. Small things = farther away

90
Q

Give an example of elevation.

A

Higher = farther

91
Q

Give an example of texture gradient.

A

Closer = more detail

92
Q

What is an illusion?

A

A perception of a physical stimulus differing from measurable reality or what is commonly expected

PSY 100- Psychology (2 decks)

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