Exam 1/Chapter 2- Biological Perspectives Flashcards
The nervous system is a network of ____ ____.
Specialized Cells
The nervous system carries information ____ __ ____.
around the body
What is neuroscience?
Study of the NS relating to behavior and mental processes
Neuron
Basic cell of the NS
What are the parts of a neuron?
- Dendrites
- Soma
- Axon
What is the function of dendrites?
receive messages
What is the function of axons?
transmits messages
What is the some also known as?
the cell body
What are the two types of neurons?
- Sensory Neurons (Afferent)
2. Motor Neurons (Efferent)
What is the major difference between the two types of neurons?
Direction of activity
What is the function of sensory neurons?
Sense organs to CNS
What is the function of motor neurons?
CNS to body (muscles & glands)
Glial cells are ___ ___ cells.
Grey Fatty
What are 4 functions of glial cells?
- Provide support
- Deliver nutrients
- Produce myelin
- Cleans up (waste (e.g., dead neurons))
During resting potential, the ions inside neurons are ______ charged.
Negatively
During resting potential, the ions outside neurons are ______ charged.
Positively
Action potential is generally the ____ ___.
neural impulse
Action potential works on the ___-__-__ principle.
All-or-none
Action potential occurs when what enters the cell?
Sodium ions
Steps in the neural impulse (very general):
- Resting potential
- Action potential
- _____________
Returns to resting potential
When sodium ions enter the cell during action potential, the inside is briefly now ___ ____.
Positively charged
When the sodium ions enter the cell during action potential this is called what?
Depolarization
After the action potential, what happens?
A refractory period
Can another action potential fire during the refractory period?
No
What is happening during the refractory period?
The neuron is re-polarizing to its resting potential state
Describe specifically what happens when 2 neurons communicate.
- AP shoots down the axon of first neuron
- Neurotransmitters are released into the synapse between the first and second neurons, thus changing the membrane potential of the dendrite of the second neuron
- If the depolarization is strong enough it will spread down the dendrite and across cell body of the second neuron
- If the threshold is reached, the cell fires shooting an action potential down the axon of the second neuron
What does an excitatory neurotransmitter do?
Tells next cell to FIRE
What does an Inhibitory neurotransmitter do?
Tells next cell to STOP
Chemical substances can act as ______ neurotransmitters.
“fake”
Chemical substances that are agonist do what?
mimic or enhance
Chemical substances that are antagonist do what?
block or reduce
What are the 3 ways agonist chemical substances affect synaptic transmission?
- Drug induces increase in synthesis of NT
- Drug increases release of NT
- Drug activates receptors that normally respond to NT (literally is imitating the NT)
What are the 3 ways antagonist chemical substances affect synaptic transmission?
- Drug interferes with the release of NT
- Drug acts as false NT occupying receptor sites normally sensitive to NT
- Drug causes leaking of NT from the synaptic vesicles it is stored in
What is the NT Acetylcholine involved in?
- Muscle action
- Learning
- Memory
What is the NT dopamine involved in?
- Movement
- Attention
- Learning
What is the NT serotonin involved in?
- Regulation of mood
- Regulation of sleep
- Regulation of arousal
What is the NT norepinephrine involved in?
Control of alertness & wakefulness
What is the NT GABA involved in?
- Major inhibitory NT
2. Associated w/ sleep & eating disorders
What is the NS divided into?
CNS & PNS
What is the CNS divided into?
Brain and Spinal Cord
What is the PNS divided into?
- Autonomic NS
2. Somatic NS
What is the ANS divided into?
- Sympathetic division (fight or flight)
2. Parasympathetic division
The somatic NS is the division of the PNS that is involved with ______ actions.
Voluntary
The autonomic NS is the division of the PNS that is involved with ______ actions.
Involuntary
List what the parasympathetic division of the ANS does to the body.
- Constricts pupils
- Inhibits tear glands
- Slows heart rate
- Increases salivation
- Constricts bronchi
- Increases digestive functions of stomach, pancreas, and intestines
- Allows bladder contraction
List what the sympathetic division of the ANS does to the body.
- Dilates pupils
- Stimulates tear glands
- Increases heart rate
- Decreases salivation
- Dilates bronchi
- Decreases digestive functions of stomach, pancreas, and intestines
- Inhibits bladder contraction