Exam 1/Chapter 2- Biological Perspectives Flashcards
1
Q
The nervous system is a network of ____ ____.
A
Specialized Cells
2
Q
The nervous system carries information ____ __ ____.
A
around the body
3
Q
What is neuroscience?
A
Study of the NS relating to behavior and mental processes
4
Q
Neuron
A
Basic cell of the NS
5
Q
What are the parts of a neuron?
A
- Dendrites
- Soma
- Axon
6
Q
What is the function of dendrites?
A
receive messages
7
Q
What is the function of axons?
A
transmits messages
8
Q
What is the some also known as?
A
the cell body
9
Q
What are the two types of neurons?
A
- Sensory Neurons (Afferent)
2. Motor Neurons (Efferent)
10
Q
What is the major difference between the two types of neurons?
A
Direction of activity
11
Q
What is the function of sensory neurons?
A
Sense organs to CNS
12
Q
What is the function of motor neurons?
A
CNS to body (muscles & glands)
13
Q
Glial cells are ___ ___ cells.
A
Grey Fatty
14
Q
What are 4 functions of glial cells?
A
- Provide support
- Deliver nutrients
- Produce myelin
- Cleans up (waste (e.g., dead neurons))
15
Q
During resting potential, the ions inside neurons are ______ charged.
A
Negatively
16
Q
During resting potential, the ions outside neurons are ______ charged.
A
Positively
17
Q
Action potential is generally the ____ ___.
A
neural impulse
18
Q
Action potential works on the ___-__-__ principle.
A
All-or-none
19
Q
Action potential occurs when what enters the cell?
A
Sodium ions
20
Q
Steps in the neural impulse (very general):
- Resting potential
- Action potential
- _____________
A
Returns to resting potential
21
Q
When sodium ions enter the cell during action potential, the inside is briefly now ___ ____.
A
Positively charged
22
Q
When the sodium ions enter the cell during action potential this is called what?
A
Depolarization
23
Q
After the action potential, what happens?
A
A refractory period
24
Q
Can another action potential fire during the refractory period?
A
No
25
What is happening during the refractory period?
The neuron is re-polarizing to its resting potential state
26
Describe specifically what happens when 2 neurons communicate.
1. AP shoots down the axon of first neuron
2. Neurotransmitters are released into the synapse between the first and second neurons, thus changing the membrane potential of the dendrite of the second neuron
3. If the depolarization is strong enough it will spread down the dendrite and across cell body of the second neuron
4. If the threshold is reached, the cell fires shooting an action potential down the axon of the second neuron
27
What does an excitatory neurotransmitter do?
Tells next cell to FIRE
28
What does an Inhibitory neurotransmitter do?
Tells next cell to STOP
29
Chemical substances can act as ______ neurotransmitters.
"fake"
30
Chemical substances that are agonist do what?
mimic or enhance
31
Chemical substances that are antagonist do what?
block or reduce
32
What are the 3 ways agonist chemical substances affect synaptic transmission?
1. Drug induces increase in synthesis of NT
2. Drug increases release of NT
3. Drug activates receptors that normally respond to NT (literally is imitating the NT)
33
What are the 3 ways antagonist chemical substances affect synaptic transmission?
1. Drug interferes with the release of NT
2. Drug acts as false NT occupying receptor sites normally sensitive to NT
3. Drug causes leaking of NT from the synaptic vesicles it is stored in
34
What is the NT Acetylcholine involved in?
1. Muscle action
2. Learning
3. Memory
35
What is the NT dopamine involved in?
1. Movement
2. Attention
3. Learning
36
What is the NT serotonin involved in?
1. Regulation of mood
2. Regulation of sleep
3. Regulation of arousal
37
What is the NT norepinephrine involved in?
Control of alertness & wakefulness
38
What is the NT GABA involved in?
1. Major inhibitory NT
| 2. Associated w/ sleep & eating disorders
39
What is the NS divided into?
CNS & PNS
40
What is the CNS divided into?
Brain and Spinal Cord
41
What is the PNS divided into?
1. Autonomic NS
| 2. Somatic NS
42
What is the ANS divided into?
1. Sympathetic division (fight or flight)
| 2. Parasympathetic division
43
The somatic NS is the division of the PNS that is involved with ______ actions.
Voluntary
44
The autonomic NS is the division of the PNS that is involved with ______ actions.
Involuntary
45
List what the parasympathetic division of the ANS does to the body.
1. Constricts pupils
2. Inhibits tear glands
3. Slows heart rate
4. Increases salivation
5. Constricts bronchi
6. Increases digestive functions of stomach, pancreas, and intestines
7. Allows bladder contraction
46
List what the sympathetic division of the ANS does to the body.
1. Dilates pupils
2. Stimulates tear glands
3. Increases heart rate
4. Decreases salivation
5. Dilates bronchi
6. Decreases digestive functions of stomach, pancreas, and intestines
7. Inhibits bladder contraction
47
What techniques are used in clinical studies of the brain?
1. Deep lesioning
2. Electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB)
3. Human brain damage
48
What are 5 brain imaging techniques?
1. Electroencephalograph (EEG)
2. Computed tomography (CT)
3. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
4. Functional MRI (fMRI)
5. Positron emission tomography (PET)
49
The brain stem includes what structures?
1. Medulla oblongata
2. Pons
3. Reticular formation (RF) (this isn't true, but it's in lecture)
4. Cerebellum (this isn't true, but it's in lecture)
50
What is the medulla oblongata involved in?
life-sustaining functions
51
What is the pons involved in?
1. alertness
2. coordination
3. arousal
52
What is the reticular formation (RF) involved in?
selective attention
53
What is the cerebellum involved in?
movement
54
What is the limbic system involved in?
1. Learning
2. Emotion
3. Memory
4. Motivation
55
What structures of the brain are considered to be a part of the limbic system?
1. Thalamus
2. Olfactory bulbs
3. Hypothalamus
4. Hippocampus
5. Amygdala
56
In the limbic system, what is the function of the thalamus?
relay station
57
In the limbic system, what is the function of the olfactory bulbs?
receptors of smell
58
In the limbic system, what is the function of the hypothalamus?
1. Motivational behavior
| 2. Controls the pituitary gland (master endocrine gland).
59
In the limbic system, what is the function of the hippocampus?
memory
60
In the limbic system, what is the function of the amygdala
Emotional center of fear (fear responses and fear memory)
61
What is the cerebral cortex responsible for?
1. Higher thought processes
| 2. Interpretation of sensation
62
Describe corticalization.
Wrinkling of the cortex, to increase it's surface area (because it can't make our head bigger, our skull is not elastic, so it has to fold)
63
What are the right and left cerebral hemispheres connected by?
The corpus callosum
64
The occipital lobe houses the _______ centers of the brain.
Visual
65
Within the occipital lobe there is the what?
1. Primary visual cortex (processes visual input)
| 2. Visual association cortex
66
The parietal lobes houses the centers for what?
1. Touch (including tactile sensations)
2. Taste
3. Temperature
67
Within the parietal lobe there is what cortex(s)?
Somatosensory cortex
68
The temporal lobes are responsible for what?
Hearing and meaningful speech (processing hearing)
69
Within the temporal lobes there are what cortex(s)?
1. Primary auditory cortex
| 2. Auditory association cortex
70
The frontal lobe are responsible for what?
1. Complex mental processes and decision making
2. Producing fluent speech
3. Movement
71
Within the frontal there is what cortex(s)?
Motor cortex
72
The occipital lobe processes ______.
Vision
73
What area of the brain is the Broca's area located in?
Frontal lobe
74
What is the Broca's area responsible for?
Production of speech
75
What area of the brain is the Wernicke's area located in?
Temporal lobe
76
What is the Wernicke's area responsible for?
Meaningfulness of speech
77
Someone suffering from Broca's aphasia would be experiencing what symptoms?
1. Unable to speak fluently
2. Mispronounce words
3. Speak haltingly
4. (Telegraphic speech)
78
Someone suffering from Wernicke's aphasia would be experiencing what symptoms?
1. Unable to UNDERSTAND language
| 2. Unable to PRODUCE MEANINGFUL language
79
What is spatial neglect?
Damage to an association area (right side)
80
What does spatial neglect cause?
neglect or inability to identify information/ objects
81
What is an example of something that can cause spatial neglect syndrome?
Stroke in the right hemisphere
82
If someone had a stroke in their right hemisphere, and thus suffered from spatial neglect syndrome, and were asked to draw a picture, which side of the picture would they probably ignore/not recognize? Why?
1. Left side
| 2. Because our brain controls opposite side of body
83
Define lateralization.
Division of functions between right and left hemispheres
84
A patient suffering from life threatening epilepsy would have what done to them? What are these patients called?
1. Corpus callosum cut
| 2. Split-brain patients
85
What 3 things does split brain research involve?
1. Study of patients with severed corpus callosum
2. Involves sending messages to only one side of the brain.
3. Demonstrates right and left brain specialization
86
The left hemisphere controls the _____ visual field.
Right
87
The right hemisphere controls the _____ visual field.
Left
88
In a normal person, an image in the left visual field would appear in the _____ hemisphere when looking straight ahead.
Right
89
Would a split brain patient be able to describe something in the left visual field?
No
90
In a normal person, an image in the right visual field would appear in the _____ hemisphere when looking straight ahead.
Left
91
Would a split brain patient be able to describe something in the right visual field?
Yes
92
Is the left hemisphere the verbal or non-verbal hemisphere?
Verbal (can speak)
93
Is the right hemisphere the verbal or non-verbal hemisphere?
Non-verbal (cannot speak)
94
The left side of the brain seems to control what?
1. Language
2. Writing
3. Logical thought
4. Analysis
5. Mathematical abilities
95
The right side of the brain seems to control what?
1. Emotional expression
2. Spatial perception
3. Recognition of faces
4. Patterns
5. Melodies
96
The left side of the brain processes information ______.
Sequentially
97
The right side of the brain processes information ______.
Globally
98
What are endocrine glands?
Glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream
99
What are two functions of hormones?
1. Affect behavior and emotions
| 2. Control muscles and organs
100
What are 6 general endocrine glands?
1. Pituitary gland
2. Pineal gland
3. Thyroid gland
4. Pancreas
5. Gonads
6. Adrenal glands
101
What are the gonads? What are the 2 "divisions"?
1. Sex glands
| 2. Ovaries (female)/Testes (male)
102
What can the adrenal glands be split into?
1. Adrenal cortex (outer)
| 2. Adrenal medulla (inner)
103
What controls the pituitary gland?
Hypothalamus
104
What does the thyroid gland control?
Metabolic rate
105
What does the pancreas do?
1. Controls insulin/glucagon levels
| 2. Regulates sugar metabolism
106
What does the adrenal cortex do?
Regulates carbohydrate and salt metabolism
107
What does the adrenal medulla do?
Prepares the body for action (fight or flight)
108
What do the testes affect in males?
1. Physical development
2. Reproductive organs
3. Sexual behavior
109
What do the ovaries affect in females?
1. Physical development
2. Reproductive organs
3. Sexual behavior
110
What is the pituitary gland responsible for?
1. Regulates growth
2. Controls the thyroid, ovaries/testes, pancreas, and adrenal cortex
3. Regulates water and salt metabolism
111
What hormone does the pituitary gland stimulate the adrenal glands to secrete?
Adrenaline
112
What hormone does the pituitary gland stimulate the thyroid glands to secrete?
Thyroxin
113
What hormone does the pituitary gland stimulate the testes to secrete?
Testosterone
114
What hormone does the pituitary gland stimulate the ovaries to secrete?
1. Progesterone
| 2. Estrogens
115
What is the function of the pineal gland?
The pineal gland secretes a hormone called melatonin, which helps track day length (and seasons) and essentially controls the circadian rhythm (sleep/wake cycle)
