Exam 1- Chapter 1 Flashcards
Who are the women of nursing in history?
Florence Nightingale
Dorothea Dix
Clara Barton
Lillian Wald and Mary Brewster
Early hospitals were founded by what?
Religious Groups
What is the Goldmark report?
Advocating financial support of university-based schools of nursing
What is The Institute of Medicine
A report: leading change and advancing health
Ancient History of Nursing
Need for nurses.
Boundary between nursing and medicine often blurred.
Christianity improved nursing by attracting intelligent people and establishing military nursing orders.
Who was Florence Nightingale and why is she important?
- “Mother of Nursing”
- Founder of modern nursing
- Improved health laws (hand washing)
- Reformed hospitals/organized military medical services
- Established nursing as a profession
- Published Notes on Nursing (1859)
- Started Nightingale Training School for Nurses
- Sick nursing versus healthy nursing
Who founded Nurse Corps of the US Army, expanding nursing roles? (Civil War)
Dorothea Dix
Who founded the American Red Cross? (Civil War)
Clara Barton
What significant things happened in nursing during the Spanish war?
- Volunteer Nurse Corps established and becomes the Army Nurse Corps
- Navy Nurse Corps established
What significant thing happened in nursing during WWII?
Black nurses first admitted into military service.
What professional Nursing Organizations and Journals emerged in the Early 20th Century?
- American Nurses Association (ANA)
- National League for Nursing (NLN)
- American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN)
- American Journal of Nursing
What changes are associated with nursing in the 21-st Century?
- Nurses need to be able to render care in a wide range of settings.
- Adapt to needs of diverse patients.
- Be knowledgable of emerging technologies.
What is socialization?
A process involving learning both theory and skills and also internalizing an identity appropriate to a specific role.
What is the Criteria of a Profession?
Having a specific body of knowledge and a set of values and skills that differentiate members of a profession from others.
What is Skill Proficiency in Nursing?
Patricia Benner (1984) identified five levels of proficiency in acquiring and developing nursing skills: Novice, Advanced Beginner, Competent, Proficient and Expert.
What is Continuing education within nursing?
Some states require acquisition of continuing education for ongoing licensure.
What is a Certification?
A voluntary process that provides professional recognition of the knowledge, skills, and abilities within a practice area.
What are Standards of Practice? (Standards of Care)
The minimum acceptable guidelines for providing and evaluating nursing care. The ANA designates professional nursing responsibilities such as assessment, diagnosis, outcome identification, planning, implementation, and evaluation.
What is Scope of Practice?
The legislation describing what nurses are legally authorized to do. The Nurse Practice Act of each state defines the scope of practice of nursing within the state.
What are the ANA Standards of Practice or Care? (Nursing Process)
- Assessment
- Diagnosis
- Outcome identification
- Planning
- Implementation
- Evaluation
What does each states Nurse Practice Act define?
The practice of nursing within its jurisdiction.
What does the American Nurses Association (ANA) do?
Sets the standards of practice for nurses and makes decisions about the functions, activities, and goals of the nursing profession.
What does Sigma Theta Tau International (STTI), Honor Society of Nursing do?
Provides leadership and scholarship in practice, education, and research to enhance the health of all people.
What is the National Student Nurses’ Association (NSNA)?
An autonomous organization that is financed and administered by students that serve as the voice of nursing students.
What are nursing responsibilities?
-Caregiver
-Patient Advocate
-Educator
-Decision Maker
-Manager and coordinator
-Communicator
(Goal is to do no harm)
The Quality and Safety Education for nurses (QSEN) initiative identified what key quality and safety competencies for nurses?
- Patient-centered care
- Teamwork and Collaboration
- Evidence-Based Practice
- Quality Improvement
- Safety
- Informatics
What are the four central concepts in nursing practice that are defined and described in nursing theories?
- Person
- Environment
- Health
- Nursing
What are the non-nursing theories used or adapted by nursing?
- General Systems Theory (Von Bertalanffy)
- Human Needs Theory (Maslow)
- Change Theory (Lewin)
What is the General Systems Theory?
Major assumptions of this theory include:
-All systems must be goal directed.
-A system is more than sum of its parts.
-A system is ever changing and any change in one part affects the whole.
-Boundaries are implicit, and human systems are open and dynamic.
(Roy, Neuman, Johnson, Parse)
What is Maslows Hierarchy of Human Needs Theory?
(Most important needs to be met to least important)
- Physiologic needs
- Safety needs
- Love needs
- Esteem needs
- Self-actualization needs
What are Physiologic needs?
The need for oxygen, food, water, elimination, activity, red, temperature maintenance, and sexuality.
What are Safety needs?
The need to be physically safe and free from fear and anxiety resulting from lack of security and protection.
What are Love needs?
The feeling of belonging and being loved to avoid loneliness and isolation.
What are Esteem needs?
Composed of esteem derived from others (respect) and self-esteem.
What are Self-actualization needs?
The need to maximize one’s potential.
What is Lewin’s Change Theory?
Offers insight into expected behaviors when significant change occurs within an environment. There are three recognized states:
- Unfreezing
- Movement
- Refreezing
What is unfreezing in Lewin’s Change Theory?
Recognition of the need for change and the dissolution of previously held patterns of behavior.
What is movement in Lewin’s Change Theory?
Shift of behavior toward a new and more healthful pattern.
What is refreezing in Lewin’s Change Theory?
Long-term solidification of the new pattern of behavior.
What are functional health patterns?
- Health perception and health management
- activity and exercise
- nutrition and metabolism
- elimination
- sleep and rest
- cognition and perception
What are additional patterns of functional health problems?
self-perception and self-concept, roles and relationships,
coping and stress tolerance, sexuality and reproduction, values and beliefs
What are issues and trends in current nursing?
(influence of healthcare setting)
- Rising costs
- Complexity of healthcare settings and services
- Expanding community health services
- Increasing use of ambulatory care services
What are some technological advances in nursing?
- Less invasive diagnostic tools and procedures.
- Computerized monitoring systems and critical care interventions
- Expense of new life-saving technology leads to question of resource allocation.
What are some issues surrounding access to health care and financial resources?
- patients ability to receive care (race, income, geographic location)
- dollar amounts assigned to services and relate to patient outcomes
- rising costs debate quality versus quantity of life
