Exam 1 Chapter 1

Question 1

5 Broad Periods of Development

Answer 1

1. Prenatal Period
2. Infancy
3. Early Childhood
4. Middle Childhood
5. Adolescence

Question 2

4 Domains of Development

Answer 2

1. Social
2. Emotional
3. Cognitive (Intellectual)
4. Physical

Question 3

4 Central Issues of development

Answer 3

1. Sources of development:
2. Plasticity:
3. Continuity/Discontinuity:
4. Individual Differences:

Question 4

1. Sources of development:

Answer 4

How biology, the environment, and child’s interests interact to produce new ways of thinking, feeling and behaving

Question 5

2. Plasticity:

Answer 5

The extent and conditions of plastic development—change that is caused deliberately or by chance

Question 6

3. Continuity/Discontinuity:

Answer 6

Developmental being a gradual continuous process of change or development being marked by distinct stages of rapid change and emergence of new thinking and behavior

Question 7

4. Individual Differences:

Answer 7

How a person comes to have the characteristics that makes them different from everyone else, stability?

Question 8

Plasticity—Critical & Sensitive Periods

Answer 8

• Plasticity = time of development when it is open to change and intervention
• Critical period = period of growth during which a specific kind of experience must occur for a particular ability or behavior to develop
• Sensitive periods = times in an organisms development during which a particular experience has a more pronounced effect on the organism than does exposure to that same experience at another time

Question 9

Continuity vs. Discontinuity

Answer 9

Extent of development being a gradual accumulation of small changes or being a series of abrupt radical transformations

Question 10

Quantitative vs. Qualitative

Answer 10

Quantitative
o Ex: growth of the # of connections of brain cells

Qualitative
o New patterns of behaviors
o New patterns are called developmental stages

Question 11

Social Learning Theories

Answer 11

Explain development in terms of the associations that children make between behaviors and their consequences

Emphasize the behavior-consequence associations learned by observing and interacting with others in social situations

Self efficacy: beliefs about own abilities to effectively meet standards and achieve goals

Question 12

Modeling

Answer 12

• Process by which children observe and imitate others

* Valuable for understanding of gender role

Question 13

Constructivist Theory

Answer 13

Cognitive development is a result of children constructing higher levels of knowledge by actively striving to master their environments

Children do not discover the world, they actively construct an understanding of the world based on their experiences with it

Question 14

3 Fundamental Concerns of Ethical Guidelines

Answer 14

1. Freedom from harm: no physical or psychological harm
2. Informed consent: voluntarily agree to participate, no force or coercion, parental consent for kids
3. Confidentiality: confined to scientific use, not publically available to embarrass or harm