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BIO 101 > Exam 1 Ch. 2 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Ch. 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is chemistry?

A

Life; BIO is based on chemistry

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2
Q

What is an element?

A

Species of atoms with the same # of protons

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3
Q

What is an atom?

A

fundamental building block of all substances

hydrogen, oxygen, carbon

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4
Q

What are the 3 subatomic particles and what are their locations and charges?

A

Protons (+positive)
Neutron (neutral)
Electron (- negative)

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5
Q

Example
Atomic #
Atomic mass
how many protons, neutrons, and electrons

A 
Nitrogen (N)
top #-7 protons which means there are 7 electrons. 
(protons and electrons always the same)
bottom #- 14.00674 atomic mass
14-7=7 neutrons
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6
Q

What are isotopes?

A

form an element that differ in the # of neutrons their atoms carry; change mass # but not the charge

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7
Q

What are radioisotopes?

A

Isotope with an unstable nucleus such as Carbon 14 (14c)

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8
Q

What are valence electrons? (also see drawings for examples; will have to draw one on exam)

A

Electrons in the outermost shell

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9
Q

What are ions?

A

Atoms with a different # of protons and electrons; may carry a charge

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10
Q

Which elements are likely to form ionic bonds?

A

Lithium and fluorine;

Na (sodium) and Cl (chlorine)

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11
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A

an attraction between 2 atoms that already participate in other chemical bonds.

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12
Q

What about water’s structure allows it to be so versatile?

A

Hydrogen bonding; water can be solid, liquid, gas. (cohesion and adhesion) Water maintains stable temp

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13
Q

What are the 4 properties of water that contribute to providing a suitable environment for life?

A

Cohesive behavior, ability to moderate temp, expansion upon freezing, can be a solvent

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14
Q

What is a solvent?

A

used to dissolve; water can be a solvent

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15
Q

What is a solute?

A

what needs to be dissolved; sugar

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16
Q

What is a solution?

A

homogenous mixtures; same

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17
Q

What is hydrophobic? Example

A

water fearing; oil molecules are hydrophobic

18
Q

What is hydrophilic?

Example

A

likes water/wants to interact with water

19
Q

What is pH?

A

potential of hydrogen; measure of acidity, basicity of a solution

20
Q

How is pH measured?

A

basicity of a solution measured on a scale 0-14. 7 is neutral. below 7 is acidic and above 7 is base.

21
Q

What are acids?

A

any substance that INCREASES the H+ (hydrogen ions) concentration of a solution; gives up H+ (pH 1-6)

22
Q

What are bases?

A

any substance that DECREASES H+ concentration of a solution; accepts H+ above 7

23
Q

What does a buffer do?

A

minimize changes in concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution

24
Q

What are polymers?

A

many monomers linked together-poly means many

25
Q

What are monomers?

A

single building blocks; mono means 1

26
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

sugars, starches and fibers

27
Q

What elements are found in all carbs?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

28
Q

What are carbs used for?

A

energy and cell structure

29
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

sugars

30
Q

What disaccharides?

A

2 sugars linked together through dehydration reaction

31
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Many monomers (glucose) hooked together

32
Q

What are ionic bonds?

A

bond that form due to the transfer of electrons between atoms

33
Q

What are non-polar covalent bonds?

A

a bond where atoms share the electrons EQUALLY

34
Q

What is a polar covalent bond?

A

one atom is more electronegative and the atoms DO NOT SHARE the the electrons equally

35
Q

What does electronegativity have to do with polar covalent bonds?

A

There is unequal sharing in polar covalent bond bc the more electronegative an atom is, the more it pulls shared electrons toward itself.

36
Q

What are lipids?

A

greasy, oily or waxy non-polar organic molecules with one or more fatty acid tails

37
Q

What elements are found in all lipids?

A

C and H atoms linked by non-polar covalent bonds

38
Q

What has more stored energy? Lipids or carbs?

A

Lipids

39
Q

Levels of organization of living things. Provide an example at each level and a definition of what that level encompasses.

A 
Atoms: H, C, O
Molecules: protein, DNA
Organelles: mitochondrion, chloroplast, ribosome
Cells: animal and bacteria cell
Tissues: muscle tissue
Organs: heart, stomach
Organisms: frog
40
Q

Describe how a triglyceride is put together.

A

when 3 hydroxyl (OH-) groups of a single glycerol molecule react with the carboxyl group (COOH-) of 3 fatty acids

BIO 101 (2 decks)

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