Exam 1: Ch 2, 3, 4, 6 Flashcards
Culture
The pattern of assumptions, beliefs, and practices, encompassing other products of human work and thoughts specific to members of an intergenerational group, community, or population.
Child’s self concept
Evolves from ideas about his or her social roles.
Primary groups
Characterized by intimate contact, mutual support; and no pressure from community.
Secondary groups
Have limited, intermittent contact; little mutual support; and no pressure for conformity.
Does culture influence a child’s self esteem?
Yes!
Important subcultural influences in children include:
ethnicity, social class, occupation, schools, peers, biculture, and mass media.
Minority group population
is increasing I the US, whereas the percentage of the Caucasian population is decreasing.
What plays a major role in opportunities for health promotion and wellness?
Socioeconomic influences.
What greatly influences health promotion beliefs in families?
Religious practices.
What groups of children suffer from greater physical and mental health problems?
Those living in poverty, those who are homeless, or those who have migrant families.
Drug response, food sensitivity, disease resistance, physical characteristics, and disease states may demonstrate what?
Ethnic or cultural variations.
Cultural beliefs related to cause of illness and maintenance of health may focus on:
Natural forces, supernatural forces, or imbalance of forces.
No cultural group is homogeneous
Every racial and ethnic group contains great diversity.
The development of cultural competences is:
Continual and an important concept in the nursing process.
Family
There is no agreement about the definition of family. A family is what an individual considers it to be.
3 theories that have significant application to pediatric nursing are:
- Family systems theory
- family stress theory
- Developmental theory
Traditional family structure is
nuclear or extended
Do family size and position within the family structure have a strong impact on a child’s development?
Yes!
What are 2 essential areas of focus for parents?
Interpersonal skills and a basic understanding of childhood growth and development.
Parental control tends to be predominantly one of three types:
Authoritarian
Permissive
Authoritative
3 areas of special concern to adoptive families include:
- the initial attachment process
- the task of telling the children they are adopted
- identity formation during adolescence
Children and divorce:
Marital factors within the home significantly influence a child’s development. The impact of divorce on a child depends on the child’s age, the outcome, and the quality of the parent-child relationship and parental care following the divorce.
Single parenting and step-parenting
create adjustment difficulties and add stress to the already demanding parental role. Significant numbers of children will live in a single-parent or reconstituted family at some point.
Caring for children within a community requires
a multidisciplinary approach
Healthy communities provide children with:
High-quality medical care and a nurturing, safe place to live and grow.
Community health nursing focuses on:
Promoting and maintaining the health of individuals, families, and groups in the community setting.
Epidemiology
Is the science of population health applied to the detection of morbidity and mortality in a population.
Community health programs are based on 3 levels of intervention:
- primary
- secondary
- tertiary
What do economic evaluations provide?
Objective information to establish a program’s value to society.
What does a community needs assessment involve?
Collection of subjective and objective information about the community.
Community health diagnosis
Is similar to a nursing diagnosis, with an identified problem and a defined cause.
What does program planning and implementation in a community require?
Collaboration between the nurse and community members who are in positions to promote change.
Evaluation of effective community programs includes:
Consideration of the program’s structure, process, and outcomes.
When eliciting a family health history, nurses should collect information about all family members within a minimum of:
3 generations
To effectively establish a setting for communication a nurse must:
make an appropriate introduction and ensure privacy and confidentiality.
When communicating with parents, nurses need to:
encourage parental involvement, listen carefully, use silence, and be empathetic.
Communication with children must:
reflect their developmental stage.
Nonverbal communication with children may take the form of:
writing, drawing, and play.
The objectives of performing a health history are to:
identify pertinent information, determine the chief complaint, analyze the present illness, secure the patient’s health history, review biologic systems, and record a family medical history and child psychosocial and sexual history.
Family assessment is:
the collection of data about family composition and relationships among its members. It also focuses on home and community environment, parents’ occupation and education, and cultural and religious traditions.
The family function interview examines:
interaction and roles, power, decision making, problem solving, communication, and expression of feelings and individuality.
Growth measurements during the physical examination focus on:
length or height, weight, skinfold thickness, and arm and head circumference. Assessment of growth is measured against standard growth charts to determine a child’s status in comparison with other children of the same age.
What measurements constitute the physiologic approach to assessment?
Temperature, pulse, respiration, and BP
The child’s general appearance is:
a cumulative, subjective impression of physical appearance, state of nutrition, behavior, personality, interactions with parents and nurse, posture, development, and speech.
Head assessment
inspect for shape, symmetry, mobility, and muscle control.
Ocular assessment
placement and alignment, inspection of external and internal structures, and vision testing.
Ear assessment
placement and alignment, external and internal structures, and auditory testing.
Lung assessment
examined by inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation.
Heart
Auscultation is the most important procedure for examining the heart
Abdominal assessment
follows an orderly sequence of inspection, auscultation, and palpation.
Neurologic Assessment
Addresses behavior, motor, sensory, and cerebellar functions, reflexes, and cranial nerves.
Race
genetics and biology transmitted by being passed down.
Ethnicity
an affiliation of persons who share a unique cultural, social, and linguistic heritage.
Socialization
process by which children acquire beliefs, values, and behaviors of a given society in order to function within that group.
Types of socialization
Primary: intimate face to face contact
Secondary: extended family
Subcultural influences include
Ethnocentrism Ethnic stereotyping Minority-group Membership Social Class Schools Peers cultures Mass media **The greatest subcultural influence among subculture influences is social class.**
Socioeconomic Influences
Poverty (visible or invisible)
Homelessness
Migrant families
Cultural Relativity
Any behavior must be judged in relation to the context of the culture in which is occurs.
Family (Hanson & Boyd)
Family is two or more individuals who depend on one another for emotional, physical, and/or economical support. The members are self-defined.
SBAR
Situation
Background (brief history)
Assessment
Recommendation
Pediatric patient identifiers
- Address
- MRN
- SSN (very rare)
Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST)
Screen only
Means of objectively measuring developmental functioning
Not indicative of intelligence or IQ
Pediatric physical exam: Top Priority
Pulse and respiratory rate
Psychosexual Developmental Theory (Freud)
Oral = birth - 1yr Anal = 1yr - 3yrs Phallic = 3 yrs - 6 yrs Latency = 6 yrs - 12 yrs Genital = 12 yrs and older
Psychosocial Developmental Theory (Erikson)
Trust vs mistrust ( birth to 1 year) Autonomy vs shame and doubt Initiative vs guilt industry vs inferiority identity vs role confusion
Cognitive developmental theory (Piaget)
Assimilation and accommodation Sensorimotor (birth - 2 years) Preoperational (2-7 years) Concrete operational ( 7-11 years) Formal operational (11 years & up)
Moral development (Kohlberg)
Predicts moral development but pays little attention to individual differences.
Preconventional: act morally due to punishment/consequences.
Conventional: logical. Own thoughts. Worry about happiness of others.
Postconventional : right vs wrong. Moral. Ethical.
