Exam 1 Cellular Functions

Question 1

A. What is the main component of the Plasma membrane?

B. What is that main component comprised of?

Answer 1

A. Phospholipid

B. Protein, Cholesterol (fatty acid)

Question 2

Cytoplasm

Organells

Answer 2

Aqueous solution inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
Essential components of the cell

Question 3

sodium-potassium pump

Answer 3

a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell

K ion must have higher concentration inside the cell; Na ion must

have higher concentration outside the cell

Question 4

This element irritates other cells if a higher concentration is outside the cell

Answer 4

K

Question 5

Na/K pump is maintained through what process?

Answer 5

Active transport

Question 6

active transport

Answer 6

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference (energy in the form of ATP)

these ions are moved from lower to

higher concentration by way of the Na/K Pump

Question 7

Diffusion

Osmosis

Answer 7

the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

solute and solvent from higher to lower concentration
Ex. Add meat in a Brine (salt) solution, the salt then enters the meat

Question 8

facilitated transport

Answer 8

passing of certain molecules through plasma

membrane with the assistance from a carrier protein.

a process by which material moves down a concentration gradient (from high to low concentration) using integral membrane proteins

Question 9

Which ion must have higher concentration inside the cell; Which ion must
have higher concentration outside the cell.

Answer 9

K

Na

Question 10

What is an example of facilitated transport?

Answer 10

Insulin carrying Glucose into a cell

Question 11

After you eat, glucose travels where?

Answer 11

Circulates through the blood but needs to go to cells to nourish them

Glucose cannot enter alone needs a carrier (protein)

This is also facilitated transport

Question 12

Diabetics have issues with:

Answer 12

Glucose going inside the cell

the glucose remains in the blood

thus, cells are starved

Question 13

How can the Na/K pump be altered?

What drug can alter Na/K pump?

Answer 13

Pharmacologically

Digoxin - Glycosides

Question 14

What are Glycosides?

Answer 14

For pt’s with CHF. Digoxin increasing force of contraction of heart cells by inhibiting Na+/K+ ATPase and thus increasing Ca2+ influx, reduces compensatory changes associated with CHF like heart size, rate, edema

Calcium in the cells allow for a slow but hard contraction

This slow pump allows to have Ca stay in cardiac cells

Question 15

Name 6 organelles

Answer 15

Mitochondria

Golgi apparatus

Lysosomes

ER

Ribosomes

Nucleus

Question 16

Mitochondria

ex. of how it works

Answer 16

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

Production of lactic acid (lack of O2-anaerobic)

has its own DNA

converts organic nutrients into cell energy in the form of ATP (aerobic function)

able to reproduce more whenever there is an increased need of ATP

Ex: Weight lifting stimulates the formation of increased number of mitochondria (yield more energy this needs oxygen) You are getting bigger because of the increase in mitochondria

Question 17

What are Lysosomes?

What are WBC relationship with lysosomes?

What happens when a cell lacks Lysosomes?

Answer 17

An organelle containing digestive enzymes

WBC: Macrophages -large number of lysosomes.

Neutrophils: Has lysosomes
If they cannot kill the microorganisms they release lysosomes but in doing this the Neutrophils kill themselves

Cells are unable to degrade harmful substances

Question 18

What causes Tay Sachs disease?

Answer 18

Rare genetic disorder: Excessive accumulation of gangliosides (type of lipid) leads to death by the age of 3

Question 19

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Chronic ER stress leads to:
What are some stressors?

Answer 19

Transport system:

Smooth ER is used for lipid production • Rough ER (attached to Ribosomes)- important in protein transport from ribosomes to Golgi Apparatus or other designated location

diseases, cancer, obesity , diabetes

Air pollutants, stressful work situation

Question 20

Ribosomes

Ex:

Answer 20

site of protein synthesis
These proteins can become part of the cells, enzymes, secretion.
Different cells manufacture different proteins.
Specialized cells production for specific tissues
Ex. in the pancreas; beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans- > insulin
Alpha cells-> glucagon

Question 21

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 21

Site for final packaging, processing and secretions of protein synthesized from

Ribosomes

Final check of cells before they go to specific areas to make sure there are no errors and that thy are going to the right place

Question 22

Nucleus

Answer 22

Controls Structure and function of the cell

Contains body’s genetic material- DNA

ex. makes sure organ cells are producing that specific cell. Liver cells produce liver cell and not heart cell.