Exam 1 Cellular Functions Flashcards
A. What is the main component of the Plasma membrane?
B. What is that main component comprised of?
A. Phospholipid
B. Protein, Cholesterol (fatty acid)
Cytoplasm
Organells
Aqueous solution inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
Essential components of the cell
sodium-potassium pump
a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell
K ion must have higher concentration inside the cell; Na ion must
have higher concentration outside the cell
This element irritates other cells if a higher concentration is outside the cell
K
Na/K pump is maintained through what process?
Active transport
active transport
Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference (energy in the form of ATP)
these ions are moved from lower to
higher concentration by way of the Na/K Pump
Diffusion
Osmosis
the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
solute and solvent from higher to lower concentration
Ex. Add meat in a Brine (salt) solution, the salt then enters the meat
facilitated transport
passing of certain molecules through plasma
membrane with the assistance from a carrier protein.
a process by which material moves down a concentration gradient (from high to low concentration) using integral membrane proteins
Which ion must have higher concentration inside the cell; Which ion must
have higher concentration outside the cell.
K
Na
What is an example of facilitated transport?
Insulin carrying Glucose into a cell
After you eat, glucose travels where?
Circulates through the blood but needs to go to cells to nourish them
Glucose cannot enter alone needs a carrier (protein)
This is also facilitated transport
Diabetics have issues with:
Glucose going inside the cell
the glucose remains in the blood
thus, cells are starved
How can the Na/K pump be altered?
What drug can alter Na/K pump?
Pharmacologically
Digoxin - Glycosides
What are Glycosides?
For pt’s with CHF. Digoxin increasing force of contraction of heart cells by inhibiting Na+/K+ ATPase and thus increasing Ca2+ influx, reduces compensatory changes associated with CHF like heart size, rate, edema
Calcium in the cells allow for a slow but hard contraction
This slow pump allows to have Ca stay in cardiac cells
Name 6 organelles
Mitochondria
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
ER
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Mitochondria
ex. of how it works
Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production
Production of lactic acid (lack of O2-anaerobic)
has its own DNA
converts organic nutrients into cell energy in the form of ATP (aerobic function)
able to reproduce more whenever there is an increased need of ATP
Ex: Weight lifting stimulates the formation of increased number of mitochondria (yield more energy this needs oxygen) You are getting bigger because of the increase in mitochondria
What are Lysosomes?
What are WBC relationship with lysosomes?
What happens when a cell lacks Lysosomes?
An organelle containing digestive enzymes
WBC: Macrophages -large number of lysosomes.
Neutrophils: Has lysosomes
If they cannot kill the microorganisms they release lysosomes but in doing this the Neutrophils kill themselves
Cells are unable to degrade harmful substances
What causes Tay Sachs disease?
Rare genetic disorder: Excessive accumulation of gangliosides (type of lipid) leads to death by the age of 3
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Chronic ER stress leads to:
What are some stressors?
Transport system:
Smooth ER is used for lipid production • Rough ER (attached to Ribosomes)- important in protein transport from ribosomes to Golgi Apparatus or other designated location
diseases, cancer, obesity , diabetes
Air pollutants, stressful work situation
Ribosomes
Ex:
site of protein synthesis
These proteins can become part of the cells, enzymes, secretion.
Different cells manufacture different proteins.
Specialized cells production for specific tissues
Ex. in the pancreas; beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans- > insulin
Alpha cells-> glucagon
Golgi Apparatus
Site for final packaging, processing and secretions of protein synthesized from
Ribosomes
Final check of cells before they go to specific areas to make sure there are no errors and that thy are going to the right place
Nucleus
Controls Structure and function of the cell
Contains body’s genetic material- DNA
ex. makes sure organ cells are producing that specific cell. Liver cells produce liver cell and not heart cell.
