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Path Exam 1 > Exam 1 Cancer/Genetics > Flashcards

Exam 1 Cancer/Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Malignant

A

Grow in uncoordinated fashion, proliferates erratically, cancerous , Poorly differentiated (anaplasia)
Growth rate can be slow or fast

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2
Q

Benign

A

Non cancerous, well differentiated, resembles tissue of origin, slow and progressive growth rate

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3
Q

What does it mean to Metastasize

Ex. of what type of cell can Metastasize

A

Travel through the blood stream Via Lymphatic system and bloodstream
Malignant

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4
Q

What system is used to consider neoplasm ?

A

TNM System

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5
Q

What is neoplasm?

A

An abnormal mass of tissue that forms when cells grow and divide more than they should
may be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer)

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6
Q

What are the stages of the cell cycle?

A

G0- cell is at rest / not engaged

  • G1- cell goes into cell cycle and prepares for DNA replication
  • S- synthesis of structures occur/ New DNA is formed for mitosis
  • G2- check point; DNA damage is being sensed here- > can delay the cycle/ cell will try to repair damage- if the DNA is damaged there is no repair think apoptosis
  • M- mitosis is completed and 2 daughter cells are created.
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7
Q

What is cytokinesis ?

A

Process where the parent cell divides into to daughter cells

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8
Q

Explain which part of the cell cycle does cancer cells fail

A

There is no G0, G2.
It inactivates the DNA in repair in G2
So, if there is damage the cycle continues w/o control

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9
Q

What are the stages of Carcinogenesis

A

Initiation-
Genes are altered, mutated – spontaneously; or induced by carcinogenic agents. Ex. Radiation, pollution, smoke, heated plastics

Promotion : This lengthy but reversible process.
Pre-neoplastic cells are actively proliferating. Early screening can reverse the cancer

Progression
Between pre-malignant lesions and the actual cancer cells
This is the final stage (?) of neoplastic transformation of the cell
There is rapid increase in the size of the tumor
These cells may further undergo mutation- > may invade other organs.

Metastasis
• Cancer cells invade, penetrate and destroy surrounding tissues.

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10
Q

Explain the T in the TNM system

A

Tx- tumor cannot be assessed
T0- no evidence of primary tumor
Tis- Carcinoma in situ (in the sight)
T 1-3- progressive increase in tumor size or involvement

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11
Q

Explain the N in the TNM system

A

Lymph node involvement
Nx; cannot be assessed
N0; no node involvement
N1-N3; the higher the number the worse it gets

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12
Q

Explain the M in the TNM system

A

Metastasis
Mx; cannot be assessed
M0; no metastasis
M1 distant metastasis

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13
Q

Grading Vs Staging

what type of cells are involved?

A

Grading
Cancer cell, cell, or according new growth. Graded 1-3.

Grade1: well differentiated benign

Grade2: wells moderately differentiated not sure if its benign or Malignant needs further testing, biopsy

Grade3: Cells are poorly differentiated malignant

Staging
Classifies tumor cells, to size, invasiveness, & spreading. Uses TNM

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14
Q

What is cell differentiation ?

A

The extent of which the cell resembles the parent cell

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15
Q

What are the 2 major classes of cancer genes?

A

Tumor suppressor gene
To restrain cell growth
Can become defective- > unable to restrain the growth of cells

Oncogenes
Proto-oncogene (regulates cell division) = gene that stimulates cell’s movement through the cell cycle;
If proto-oncogene is mutated- > Oncogene(cancer)

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16
Q

What is the main purpose of proto-oncogenes

A

regulate cell division

17
Q

Why do cancer cells secrete VEGF

vascular endothelial growth factor

A

VEGF develops blood vessels

more blood vessels= more nutrients to cancer cells compared to normal cells, this also starves the normal cells

18
Q

Explain Para Neoplastic Syndrome

A

Symptom complexes related to cancer’s presence and action on the body
Unexpected disorder provoked by cancer cells.
Ex. lung cancer- > can cause increased production of anti-diuretic hormone leads to fluid retention
Ex. Breast cancer can lead to hypercalcemia in the blood

19
Q

Give Key details about lung Cancer

A

• Leading cause of cancer-related death in both men and women
throughout the world • In the US, lung Ca causes more death than colorectal breast and
prostate Ca combined. • Etiology/Risk Factors:
• Cigarette smoking • Asbestos exposure • Family history • Radon exposure; arsenic exposure, history of radiation to chest area

20
Q

what is Cachexia?

A

Progressive loss of body fat and lean body, loss of appetite

Cytokines are released by WBC to fight tumors

21
Q

What is the pathophysiology of carcinogens ?

A

slowly “paralyze” the cilia of respiratory tract epithelium —-> further accumulation of carcinogens/toxins
Cilia helps coughing to release toxins/ its hairy and sweeps away toxins
• In Response -> cells undergo structural and genetic changes ->
hyperplasia -> metaplasia
Activation of oncogenes, and
Deactivation of tumor suppressor genes ->
Result: unchecked cell growth and proliferation ->
Hemotypsis (coughing blood)
mass grows leads to dyspnea & chest pain. Extends to plueral surface so lungs cant expand
hypoxia = low O2

22
Q

Common site of metastasis

A

Bone and brain

23
Q

Cell Mutation occurrence

A

Can be inherited from parents

Can occur sporadically (environmental)

24
Q

What are nucleotides made of?

A

Sugar molecules
Phosphate
Nitrogen base

25
Q

These thread like structure contain nucleic acid.,

What information does it have?

A

Chromosomes

Genetic info in the form of a gene

26
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes are there?
How many are related to body traits?
How many are related gender?

A

23
22
1

27
Q

What are alleles ?

A

Contains genes and are:
Heterozygous: Different codes, carrier of trait, visible
Homozygous
X and Y

28
Q

Dominant Vs Recessive

Genotype Vs Phenotype

A

Dominant: Visible in heterozygous
Recessive: not manifest in the presence of Dominant trait.
Genotype: Both hetero and homo genetic make up
Phenotype: how the genetic trait is show in the person
Hair, eyes, height,

29
Q

What is a carrier?

give an example

A

A person who is hetero for recessive trait

sickle cell, most diseases, hemophilia

30
Q

Explain sex linked inheritance and what is the dominant Allele?

A

When a particular trait is associated with the X chromosome (gender chromosome)
Dominant allele is X

31
Q

Explain Familial Cholesterolemia (FH)

What happens if not treated?

Tx

A

Normally: Hepatocytes take LDL- > suppresses liver synthesis of cholesterol (think of
negative feedback!) • Lack of/ or dysfunctional receptors: LDL not taken by hepatocytes- > body still thinks it
needs synthesis of cholesterol- > hepatic synthesis of LDL not suppressed- > further
cholesterol production despite high level of circulating cholesterol
This happens during food consumption

Atherosclerosis if not treated: plaque and fat build up in the arterial walls

Diet, exercise, cholesterol lowering drugs

32
Q

Explain the Defect in cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene

Which organ and system is affected?

A

CFTR- regulates the flow of ions across the surface of epithelial cells. Water isn’t being secreted leading to thick and sluggish secretions

pancreas; respiratory system

33
Q

In CF how is the Organ defected?

A

Pancreas: thick mucus- > plugs pancreatic ducts-> prevents pancreatic enzymes from reaching the small intestines

The enzyme plays an important role in absorbing carbohydrates , fats, and proteins. In CF the nutrients cant be absorbed

34
Q

In CF how is the system affected?

A

Pulmonary: thick mucus- > blocks (partially/fully) the airway- > high susceptibility to respiratory infection.
Mucus stays in the lungs, leads to pneumonia

35
Q

How does hemophilia affect females vs males

A

XXh- female is the carrier but no disease

XhY- male has the disease

Path Exam 1 (7 decks)

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