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UPR- RCM Advanced Anesthesia I > Exam 1 Cards > Flashcards

Exam 1 Cards Flashcards

This cards include all the topics used for exam number 1.

1
Q

Why is knowledge of head and neck anatomy crucial in ENT surgery?

A
  • Essential for making perioperative decisions and handling various situations during ENT procedures.
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2
Q

Why are ENT surgical procedures often performed?

A
  • Due to abnormal, distorted, or deviated anatomic structures.
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3
Q

What is important to understand before administering anesthesia in ENT surgery?

A

A working knowledge of the structures and their relationships, considering the respiratory changes caused by anesthesia.

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4
Q

What makes the head and neck anatomy complex?

A

Complex relationships of anatomic structures, including sensory and motor supply of the upper airway.

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5
Q

Which cranial nerves are involved in the sensory and motor supply of the upper airway?

A

Trigeminal, glossopharyngeal, facial, and vagus nerves.

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6
Q

Why is understanding sensory supply crucial in ENT surgery?

A

Required for providing sufficient local and regional anesthesia.

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7
Q

Why is motor function monitored during and after ENT surgeries?

A

To evaluate for possible trauma or damage to muscles.

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8
Q

Which anatomic structures are important in ENT surgery?

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx, cricoid, thyroid, and vocal cords.

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9
Q

How does knowledge of anatomic relationships assist in ENT surgery?

A

Provides a basis for directing and providing patient care during ENT surgery.

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10
Q

What makes the head and neck anatomy complex?

A

Complex relationships of anatomic structures, including sensory and motor supply of the upper airway.

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11
Q

Which cranial nerves are involved in the sensory and motor supply of the upper airway?

A

Trigeminal, glossopharyngeal, facial, and vagus nerves.

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12
Q

Why is understanding sensory supply crucial in ENT surgery?

A

Required for providing sufficient local and regional anesthesia.

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13
Q

Why is motor function monitored during and after ENT surgeries?

A

To evaluate for possible trauma or damage to muscles.

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14
Q

Which anatomic structures are important in ENT surgery?

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx, cricoid, thyroid, and vocal cords.

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15
Q

How does knowledge of anatomic relationships assist in ENT surgery?

A

Provides a basis for directing and providing patient care during ENT surgery.

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16
Q

What are the primary functions of the nose?

A

What are the primary functions of the nose?

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17
Q

What are the key anatomic structures of the nose?

A

External nose, nasal cavity, frontal, maxillary, and ethmoid sinuses.

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18
Q

Describe the nares and septum in the nasal structure.

A

Nares (nostrils) separated by the septum; lateral margins are cartilaginous.

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19
Q

How do the nares connect to the oropharynx?

A

Extend posteriorly over the hard palate to a confluence at the soft palate, leading to the oropharynx.

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20
Q

What structures are located around the oropharynx?

A

Rests superior to the epiglottis, vocal cords, larynx, and trachea

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21
Q

What are the components of the pharynx?

A

Terminal end of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx or hypopharynx, extending to the sixth cervical vertebra.

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22
Q

How does the medulla oblongata interact with the pharynx during swallowing?

A

The medulla oblongata inhibits respiration during swallowing, allowing the pharynx to function as a muscular tube for the passage of food.

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23
Q

What are the primary functions of the pharynx?

A

Facilitates the smooth passage of air and acts as a modulator for the voice

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24
Q

What does the nasopharynx connect with?

A

Continuous with the internal nasal cavities and extends to the soft palate.

25
Q

How does the nasopharynx communicate with other structures?

A

Communicates with the oropharynx and forms the posterior aspect of the throat.

26
Q

What are the major structures of the oropharynx?

A

Base of the tongue, soft palate, uvula, and lymphatic structures (tonsils).

27
Q

Which part of the oropharynx is most sensitive?

A

The tonsils are the most sensitive areas of the oropharynx.

28
Q

How is the oropharynx defined and what structures compose it?

A

Defined by the soft palate, base of the tongue, uvula, palatine tonsils, and adenoids, forming the Waldeyer tonsillar ring.

29
Q

What is the structural composition of the larynx?

A

Composed of three paired (arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform) and three unpaired cartilages (thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis), supported by the hyoid bone.

30
Q

What are the primary functions of the larynx and its location?

A

Vocalization and articulation, protection of the airway, allows respiration. Located distal to Waldeyer tonsillar ring, connecting the oropharynx to the trachea.

31
Q

What is the narrowest portion of the larynx in adults and children?

A

In adults, the vocal cords (rima glottidis); in children, the cricoid ring until approximately 10 years of age.

32
Q

Identify the Structures in the below image.

A
33
Q

Why are specific nervous system structures in the head and neck significant in surgery?

A

Their superficial location or proximity to operative sites makes them noteworthy.

34
Q

How do surgeons locate specific nerves and their branches during surgery?

A

Use of audible or visual nerve-locating devices.

35
Q

What is the consideration regarding neuromuscular blocking agents during certain surgeries?

A

Neuromuscular blocking agents may need to be avoided to accurately locate nerves during the maintenance of certain general anesthetics.

36
Q

What are the major branches of the facial nerve (VII)?

A

Six major branches: four anterior (temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular), one inferior (cervical), and one posterior (posterior auricular).

37
Q

Where is the facial nerve located and what is its function?

A

Located at the tragus of the ear, it is the motor and sensory supply to the muscles for facial expressions.

38
Q

Describe the path and function of the zygomatic branch of the facial nerve.

A

Exits the skull via the stylomastoid foramen and advances anteriorly over the maxilla.

39
Q

What is the function of the chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve?

A

Conveys taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.

40
Q

What is the role of the more superficial tribranched facial nerve?

A

Controls facial expression.

41
Q

Identify the structures of the image below:

A
42
Q

What is the origin and what are the branches of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Begins at the gasserian ganglion, dividing into three branches: V1 (ophthalmic), V2 (maxillary), V3 (mandibular).

43
Q

What areas do the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve provide sensory and motor innervation to?

A

Sensory and motor innervation to the nose, sinuses, palate, and tongue.

44
Q

What are the functions of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Aids in motor control of the face and in mastication.

45
Q

Identify the structures of the image below

A
46
Q

What areas does the glossopharyngeal nerve provide motor and sensory innervation to?

A

Motor and sensory innervation for the base of the tongue, nasopharynx, and oropharynx.

47
Q

What is the role of the glossopharyngeal nerve in reflexes?

A

Responsible for eliciting the gag reflex during instrumentation of the posterior pharynx and vallecula.

48
Q

What structures are innervated by the Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)?

A
49
Q

What are the major branches of the vagus (X) nerve?

A

The superior laryngeal nerve and recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN).

50
Q

Describe the path and branching of the superior laryngeal nerve.

A

Descends to the hyoid bone and then branches into the internal laryngeal nerve, which passes through the thyrohyoid membrane, and the exterior laryngeal nerve, which descends over the lateral thyroid cartilage to the distal trachea.

51
Q

Identify the structure of the image below

A
52
Q

Describe the path of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN).

A

Ascends from the vagus up the distal trachea, passing through the cricothyroid ligament into the proximal trachea and vocal cords.

53
Q

What are the functions of the RLN

A

Provides sensory innervation to the trachea and area below the vocal cords; affects vocal cord closure and sensory function up to the inferior aspect of the epiglottis.

54
Q

What can stimulate a vagal response related to the RLN?

A

Stimulation of the epiglottis with the tip of a straight laryngoscope, blades, suction catheters, and placement of an endotracheal tube (ETT) in the trachea.

55
Q

Identify the structures on the image below.

A
56
Q

Verbalize the paired and unparied cartilage of the laryx.

A
57
Q

Verbalize the nerver innervation from each larynx sensory nerver below:

A
58
Q

Identify the function of the Intrinsic larynx nerves below:

A
59
Q

Identify the function of the Extrinsic larynx nerves below:

A

UPR- RCM Advanced Anesthesia I (5 decks)

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