Exam 1 Book Information Flashcards
What did the Alleles in Mendel’s Pea Plants Code for?
Pea shape, one allele coded for round seeds, while the other coded for wrinkled seeds.
How Does a Genotype Affect Development?
Genotypes set boundaries for development in combination with other genes and the environment around them.
What Exactly is Inherited?
The genotype alleles. Phenotypes are not inherited directly
What is the P Generation?
Parent Generation
What is the F1 Generation?
The first filial (offspring) Generation
What Does a Capital Letter Allele Signify?
That allele is Dominant
What Does the Concept of Dominance State?
When two different alleles are present in a genotype, only the trait encoded by one of them is the dominant allele and observed in the phenotype.
What is a Backcross?
A cross between the F1 generation and the parent generation
What does Probability do?
Expresses the likelihood of the occurrence of a particular event.
How do you Calculate Probability?
Number of times the event occurs/number of possible outcomes
What is the Multiplication Rule of Probability?
The probability of two or more independent events happening together is calculated by multiplying their individual probabilities.
What is the Addition Rule of Probability?
The probability of any of two or more mutually exclusive events is calculated by adding the probabilities of of the events
What is Conditional Probability?
Probability that is affected by certain conditions that modify natural probability
What is a Wild-Type?
The most common natural allele characteristic
What are Lethal Mutations?
Mutations that cause premature death
What is a Suppressor Mutation?
Mutation that hides or suppresses the effect of another mutation
What is a Mutagen?
Any environmental agent that significantly increases the rate of mutation above the spontaneous rate is called a mutagen
What are Carcinogens?
Substances capable of causing cancer
What is a Pedigree?
A pictorial representation of family history that outlines the inheritance of one or more characteristics
What is a Proband?
The person whom a pedigree is initiated from. (P Generation)
What is Consanguinity?
Mating between two closely related people
How are X-Linked Recessive Traits Inherited?
X-Linked recessive traits are more often in males and are not passed from father to son. Men must inherit only one copy of the allele, while women must inherit two. If a woman shows that she has the trait, it will be passed to her sons
How are X-Linked Dominant Traits Inherited?
Appear in both males and females, although they appear more frequently in females than males. Affected men pass the trait to all their daughters and none of their sons. Infected women pass the trait to half of their sons and half of their daughters if they are heterozygous
How are Y-Linked Traits Inherited?
Only males are affected, and the trait is passed from father to son
What are Genetic Mosaics
Individuals in which different cells in the body have different genetic constitutions
What is Genetic Counseling?
A field that provides information to patients with genetic disorders and others who are concerned about hereditary conditions.
What does Ultrasonography Show?
Genetic conditions that can be detected through visualization of a fetus. This is used when sound waves enter the uterus and bounce off of dense tissue and material
What is Amniocentesis?
A procedure for obtaining a sample of amniotic fluid from the uterus of a pregnant woman
What is Chorionic Villus Sampling?
Collecting lager amounts of fetal tissue without the necessity of culturing the cells. This can be performed earlier in pregnancy than amniocentesis
What is a Karyotype?
A picture of a complete set of metaphase chromosomes that can be studied for chromosome abnormalities
What are Maternal Blood Screening Tests?
Increased risk if some genetic conditions can be detected by examining levels of certain substances in the blood of the mother. These tests do not identify genetic problems, they simply examine the risk of a genetic problem occuring
What are the 3 Challenges to Studying Human Genetics?
- Controlled matings are not possible
- Humans have a long generation time
- Human family size is generally small
