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BS3 > Exam 1 (Biomechanics) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (Biomechanics) Flashcards

1
Q

In what direction does the roll of a joint always occur?

A

Always occurs in the same direction as the osteokinematic motion (ex: humeral head rolls superior during shoulder flexion)

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2
Q

Where is the scapular plane?

A

30-45° anterior to frontal plane

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3
Q

Open vs Closed Pack Position

A

· Open-Packed: passive stabilizers (ligaments) on slack/loosest so mobility is increased (used to treat hypomobility)
· Closed: ligaments on tension so least amount of mobility

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4
Q

Capsular Pattern

A

· Pattern of motion loss where whole capsule is hypomobile/limited/tight
· Entire joint is effected so ALL joint motions are limited (gross motor loss)
· Ex: Adhesive Capsulitis (NOT subacromial impingement bc capsule not the issue)

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5
Q

How is supination improved at PRUJ and DRUJ if hypomobile?

A

PRUJ: glide anterior
DRUJ: glide posteriorly

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6
Q

Concave on Convex vs Convex on Concave

A

· Concave on Convex: roll and glide are in same direction
· Convex on Concave: roll and glide are in opposite directions

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7
Q

What motions would an anterior glide of the proximal radius, what motions are improved?

A

· Elbow flexion at Humeroradial joint because concave radius moves on convex capitulum of humerus
· Supination at PRUJ because convex radius moves on concave trochlear notch of ulna

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8
Q

Radius

A

· Fovea of head: concave
· Head: convex
· Distal radius: concave

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9
Q

What nerve innervates the Thenar Eminence vs Hypothenar Eminence?

A

· Thenar: Median N (“One For All”
· Hypothenar: Ulnar N (“All For One”)

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10
Q

What elbow flexors are innervated by the Musculocutaneous Nerve?

A

Biceps Brachii and Brachialis

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11
Q

What elbow flexor is innervated by the Radial N?

A

Brachioradialis

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12
Q

What head of biceps brachii produces more torque?

A

Short head because it inserts more distal thus larger IMA

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13
Q

What muscle is the primary elbow flexor vs extensor?

A

· Flexor: brachialis
· Extensor: medial head of tricep (bc only crosses one joint)

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14
Q

What muscle is the primary supinator for force production related tasks?

A

Supinator (bc only crosses one joint)

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14
Q

What muscle is a direct antagonist to the brachialis?

A

Medial head of triceps

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15
Q

In a WB position, what muscles could assist with supination of the forearm assuming the radius is in a fixed position?

A

Humerus will ER via Teres Minor

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16
Q

Why is the glenoid fossa retroverted?

A

Helps to create stability by creating more contact between the head of humerus and glenoid fossa

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17
Q

Angel of Inclination vs Angle of Torsion

A

· Angle of Inclination: angle between humeral head and shaft (~135° in frontal plane)
· Angle of Torsion: angle between humeral head and neck in relation to condyles (twist, ~30° posterior to transverse plane)

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18
Q

What is the most common position for shoulder dislocation?

A

90/90 ABD and ER (high five position)

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19
Q

What keeps the shoulder joint at 0°?

A

Coracohumeral ligament, Superior GH ligament, and vacuum created by joint capsule

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20
Q

What is the subacromial space and what does it contain?

A

· Subacromial space is the space between the coracromial arch and humeral head
· Contains long head bicep tendon, supraspinatus, and subacromial bursa

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21
Q

What happens to the subacromial space as the shoulder ABDucts?

A

Space decreases in size, structures inside can be impinged

22
Q

What muscles resist upward translation of humeral head during elevation?

A

· Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, and Subscapularis

23
Q

What structures limit anterior glide of the humerus?

A

· At 0°: Superior GH ligament
· Between 45-90°: Middle GH ligament
· At 90/90 (ABD/ER): Anterior Band of Inferior GH Ligament Complex
· Anterior GH Joint Capsule

24
Q

What structures limit posterior glide of the humerus?

A

· At 90°ABD and IR: Posterior Band of IGHLC
· Posterior GH Capsule

25
Q

What structures limit inferior glide of the humerus?

A

· At 0°: Superior GH ligament and Coracohumeral Ligament
· At 90° ABD: Axillary Pouch of IGHLC
· Glenoid rim
· Intra-articular vacuum pressure

26
Q

Why does ABD have to be coupled with ER?

A

Must be coupled in order to clear the coraromial arch or else the greater tuberosity will impinge on the arch (occurs between 60-120°)

27
Q

WHy does the clavicle rotate posteriorly during elvation

A

To put the coracoclavicular ligament on slack so can elevate more

28
Q

What is the normal resting position of the scapula?

A

IR, Anterior tilt, and upwardly rotated

29
Q

What is scapular winging and what are potential causes?

A

· Scapular Winging: Excessive IR of scapula
· Potential Causes: weak SA, Long Thoracic Nerve damage, damage to C5/6/7

30
Q

Impact of tight Pec Minor on shoulder elevation?

A

Difficulty elevating bc Pec Minor tightness would cause excessive Anterior Tilt and IR

31
Q

What is the most commonly torn RTC muscle?

A

Supraspinatus

32
Q

Muscles involved with upward vs downward rotation force couple of the shoulder

A

· Upward Rotation
1) Seratus Anterior (ER scapula)
2) Upper and Lower Traps

· Downward Rotation
1) Teres Minor
2) Infraspinatus
3) Lats
4) Rhomboids

33
Q

What muscles may contribute to scapular dyskinesia (abnormal movements during flexion and abduction) ?

A

· SA weakness (causing decreased upward rotation)
· Tight Pec Minor (causing excessive IR) and weak SA (causing decreased ER)
· Lower Trap and Subscap weakness (causing decreased posterior tilt) and tight Pec Minor (causing increased Anterior tilt)

34
Q

Doubl-V System

A

Some ligaments on stretch while others are on slack

35
Q

DISI vs VISI of wrist

A

· DISI: lunate dislocates and distal articular surface faces dorsally
· VISI: lunate dislocates and distal articular surface faces ventrally
* Both will impact arthrokinemtatics

36
Q

Impact of injuries to scapholunate ligament

A

Lunate can become unstable and will impact arthrokinematics of both carpal rows

37
Q

What muscles work synergistically to produce ulnar deviation to hit a nail with a hammer?

A

FCU and ECU

38
Q

What muscles work synergistically to radial deviate when pulling hammer up from nail?

A

FCR and ECRL

39
Q

What position of the wrist helps optimize grip?

A

Extension and ulnar deviaton of wrist (bc optimizes length-tension relationship for extrinsic finger flexors to go and grip)

40
Q

Lateral Epicondylagia Muscle Impacted Most Often

A

ECRB (bc low load and long duration muscle)

41
Q

What is the effect of the Ligamentum Flavum thickening on the spinal canal?

A

· Cervical Spine Central Stenosis causing UMN lesion (presents as hyperreflexia, positive babinski, regional pattern presentation, atrophy of hands, balance issues, etc.)

42
Q

What helps contribute to lordosis?

A

Anterior thickness of IVD in cervical and lumbar regions (IVD absorb and distribute forces)

43
Q

What functional activities put the most pressure on the IVD?

A

1) Slight forward flexion (brushing teeth)
2) Stoop lift

44
Q

Types of disc herniations

A

1) Protrusion
2) Prolapse
3) Extrusion
4) Sequestration

45
Q

What direction are disc herniations most common?

A

Postereolateral because of thinner annulus fibrosus posteriorly and PLL is not super strong

46
Q

What is an impact of bad posture of spinal curvature?

A

· Bad posture can increase thoracic kyphosis thus creating a larger EMA which means muscles will have to counteract by creating a bigger internal torque

47
Q

What positions pose a potential to occlude the vertebral artery?

A

END range motions of cervical ext, lat flexion, or rotaiton

48
Q

Damage to the Transverse Ligament may do what to the Atlantodental Interval (space between arch of atlas and dens of axis)?

A

It may increase the ADI space (structural instability)

49
Q

Impact of Degenerative Disc Disease (DDD)

A

· Discs lose height (vertebral bodies and facet joints get closer together)
· Decrease size of intervertebral foramen (causing nerve root compression)

50
Q

What position would relieve symptoms of right C5 nerve root irritation from foramenal stenosis?

A

· Left rotation
· Left SB
· Flexion

51
Q

3 Types of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

A

1) Costoclavicular Syndrome
2) Anterior Scalene Syndrome
3) Pec Minor Syndrome

52
Q

Why are disc herniations less common in the T-spine?

A

· Bc Tspine has more posterior joints that take up more space thus leaving less room for disc to bulge postereolateral (Costovertebral and Costotransverse)
· Bc Tspine has more stability

BS3 (2 decks)

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