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Health Assessment Across the Life Span (NURS 3250) > Exam 1 Abnormalities > Flashcards

Exam 1 Abnormalities Flashcards

1
Q

Vitiligo

A

the complete absence of melanin pigment in the patchy areas of white or light skins on the face, neck, hands, feet, and body folds

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2
Q

Freckles (ephelides)

A

small, flat macules of brown melanin pigment that occur on sun exposed skin

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3
Q

Mole (nevus)

A

a clump of melanocytes, tan-to-brown color, flat or raised

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4
Q

Erythema

A

intense redness of the skin is from excess blood in the dilated superficial capillaries

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5
Q

Cyanosis

A

is a bluish mottled color from decreased perfusion; the tissues have high levels of deoxygenated blood

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6
Q

Jaundice

A

a yellowish skin color that indicates rising amounts of bilirubin in the blood

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7
Q

Diaphoresis

A

profuse perspiration

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8
Q

Edema

A

is fluid accumulating in the interstitial spaces

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9
Q

Cherry (senile) angiomas

A

are small ( 1 to 5 mm), smooth, slightly raised bright red dots that commonly appear on the trunk in all adults older than 30 years

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10
Q

Mongolian spot

A

is a common variation of hyperpigmentation in Black, Asian, American Indian, and Hispanic newborns; is blue-black and usually appears on the sacram

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11
Q

Cafe au lait spot

A

is a large round or oval patch of light brown pigmentation, which is usually present at birth

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12
Q

Harlequin color change

A

occurs when a baby is in the side-lying position. The lower half of the body turns red, and the upper half blanches with a distinct demarcation line down the midline

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13
Q

Erythema toxicum

A

is a common rash that appears in the first 3 to 4 days of life (flea bite or newborn rash)

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14
Q

Acrocyanosis

A

is a bluish color around the lips, hands, and fingernails, and feet and toenails

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15
Q

Cutis marmorata

A

is a transient mottling in the trunk and extremities in response to cooler room temperatures

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16
Q

Linea nigra

A

a brownish black line down the midline of the abdomen; usually found in pregnant women

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17
Q

Striae

A

are jagged linear “strech marks” of silver-to-pink color that appear during the second trimester

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18
Q

Vascular spider

A

also called spider angioma. These lesions have tiny red centers with radiating branches and occur on the face, neck, upper chest, and arms

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19
Q

Senile lentigines

A

are common variations of hyperpigmentation; commonly called liver spots

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20
Q

Keratoses

A

are raised thickened ares of pigmentation that look crusted, scaly, and warty

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21
Q

Seborrheic keratosis

A

looks dark, greasy, and “stuck on”

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22
Q

Xerosis

A

dry skin

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23
Q

Arcochordons

A

skin tags

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24
Q

Sebaceous hyperplasia

A

consists of raised yellow papules with a central depression

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25
Q

Annular

A

lesion that is circular, begins in center and spreads to periphery

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26
Q

Confluent

A

lesions that run together

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27
Q

Discrete

A

lesions that are distinct, individual

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28
Q

Gyrate

A

lesions that are twisted, coiled spiral, snakelike

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29
Q

Grouped

A

lesions that are clusters

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30
Q

Linear

A

lesions that are straight

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31
Q

Target

A

lesions that resemble an iris of an eye

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32
Q

Zosteriform

A

lesions that are linear arrangement along a unilateral nerve route

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33
Q

Polycyclic

A

annular lesions grow together

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34
Q

Macule

A

solely a color change, flat and circumscribed, of less than 1 cm

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35
Q

Patch

A

macules that are larger than 1 cm

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36
Q

Nodule

A

solid, elevated, hard or soft, larger than 1 cm. May extend deeper into dermis than papule

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37
Q

Tumor

A

larger than a few centimeters in diameter, firm or soft, deeper into dermis

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38
Q

Papule

A

something you can feel caused by superficial thickening in epidermis

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39
Q

Wheal

A

superficial, raised, transient, and erythematous, slightly irregular shape from edema

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40
Q

Urticaria (hives)

A

wheal coalesce to from extensive reaction, intensely pruritic

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41
Q

Vesicle

A

Elevated cavity containing free fluid, up to 1 cm; a “blister”. Clear serum flows if ruptured

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42
Q

Bulla

A

larger than 1 cm diameter; usually single chambered; superficial in epidermis; thin walled and ruptures easily

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43
Q

Cyst

A

encapsulated fluid-filled cavity in dermis or subcutaeous layer, tensely elevating skin

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44
Q

Pustule

A

turbid fluid (pus) in the cavity

45
Q

Crust

A

the thickended, dried out exudate left when vesicles/pusutles burst or dry up

46
Q

Scale

A

compact, desiccated flakes of skin, dry or greasy, silvery or white, from shedding of dead excess keratin cells

47
Q

Fissure

A

linear crack with abrupt edges; extends into dermis; dry of moist

48
Q

Erosion

A

scooped out by shallow depression

49
Q

Ulcer

A

deeper depression extending into dermis, irregular shape

50
Q

Excoriation

A

self-inflicted abrasian

51
Q

Scar

A

after a skin lesion is repaired, normal tissue is lost and replaced with connective tissue (collagen)

52
Q

Atrophic scar

A

the resulting skin level is depressed with loss of tissue

53
Q

Lichenification

A

prolonged, intense scratching eventually thickens skin and produces tightly packed sets of papules

54
Q

Keloid

A

A benign excess of scar tissue beyond sites of original injury

55
Q

Stage I Pressure Ulcer

A

intact skin appears red but unbroken

56
Q

Stage II Pressure Ulcer

A

partial-thickness skin erosion with loss of epidermis or also the dermis

57
Q

Stage III Pressure Ulcer

A

Full-thickness pressure ulcer extending into the subcutaneous tissue and resembling a crater

58
Q

Stage IV Pressure Ulcer

A

full-thickness pressure ulcer involves all skin layers and extends into supporting tissue. Exposes muscle, tendon, or bone, and may show slough

59
Q

Hematoma

A

is a bruise you can feel (a bump)

60
Q

Port-Wine Stain (Nevus Flammeus

A

a large, flat, macular patch covering the scalp or face, frequently along the distribution of cranial nerve V. Is dark red, bluish, or purplish intensifies with crying, heat or cold

61
Q

Strawberry Mark

A

A raised bright red area with well-defined borders about 2 to 3 cm in diameter. It does not blanch with pressure

62
Q

Cavernous Hemangioma

A

a reddish-blue, irregularly shaped, solid and spongy mass of blood vessels

63
Q

Telangiectasia

A

caused by vascular dilation; permanently enlarged and dilated blood vessels that are visible on the skin surface

64
Q

Spider or Star Angioma

A

a fiery red, star-shaped marking with a solid circular center.

65
Q

Venous Lake

A

a blue-purple dilation of venules and capillaries in a star shape, linear, or flaring pattern

66
Q

Petechiae

A

tiny punctate hemorrhages, 1 to 3 mm, round and discrete; dark red, purple, or brown in color. caused by bleeding from supericial capillaries

67
Q

Ecchymosis

A

a purplish patch resulting from extravasation of blood into the skin, >3 mm in diameter

68
Q

Purpura

A

confluent and extensive patch of petechiae and ecchymoses; flat, red to purple, macular hemorrhage

69
Q

Diaper dermatitis

A

red, moist, maculopapular patch with poorly defined borders in diaper area, extending along inguinal and gluteal folds

70
Q

Impetigo

A

moist, thin-roofed vesicles with thin, erythematous base. Rupture to form thick, honey-colored crusts. Highly contagious bacterial infection

71
Q

Intertrigo (Candidiasis)

A

Scalding, red, moist patches with sharply demarcated borders, some loose scales. Usually in genital areas

72
Q

Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema)

A

erythematous papules and vesicles, with weeping, oozing and crusts

73
Q

Chickenpox (Varicella)

A

small, tight vesicles first appear on trunk and spread to face, arms, and legs. vesicles erupt in succeeding crops over several days; they become pustules and then crusts

74
Q

Primary Contact Dermatitis

A

local inflammatory reaction to an irritant in the envrionment or allergy

75
Q

Tinea Corporis (Ringworm)

A

scales–hyperpigmented in whites, depigmented in dark skinned people. circular lesions with clear centers

76
Q

Tinea pedis (Ringworm of the foot)

A

a fungal infection, first appears as small vesicles between toes, on sides of feet, and on soles

77
Q

Labial Herpes Simplex

A

cold sores;

78
Q

Tinea versicolor

A

fine, scaling, round patches of pink, tan, or white , caused by fungal infection

79
Q

Psoriasis

A

scaly, erythematous patch, with silvery scales on top

80
Q

Seborrheic Dermatitis (Cradel Cap)

A

Thick, yellow-to-white, greasy, adherent scales with mild erythema on scalp and forehead; very common in early infancy

81
Q

Folliculitis (razor bumps)

A

superficial inflammatory infection of hair follicles. Multiple pusutles, “whiteheads” with hair visible at center and erythematous base

82
Q

Tricholtillomania

A

traumatic self-induced hair loss usually the results of compulsive twisting or plucking

83
Q

Hirsutism

A

excess body hair in females forming a male sexual pattern; caused by endocrine or metabolic dysfunction, or occasionally is idopathic

84
Q

Furuncle

A

infected hair follicles; red, swollen, hard, tender, pus-filled lesion caused by acute localized bacterial

85
Q

Scabies

A

an intensely pruritic contagion caused by the scabies mite. Mites form a linear or curved elevated burrow on the fingers, web spaces of hands, and wrists

86
Q

Paronchia

A

red, swollen, tender inflammation of the nail folds.

87
Q

Beau line

A

transverse furrow or groove. A depression across the nail that extends down to the nail bed

88
Q

Onychomycosis

A

this is a slow, persistent fungal infection of finernails and more often, toenails, common in older adults. Fungus causes change in color texture and thickness with nail crumbling

89
Q

Splinter hemorrhages

A

red-brown streaks from damage to nail bed capillaries

90
Q

Late clubbing

A

inner edge of nail elevates; nail bed angle is greater than 180 degrees

91
Q

Pitting

A

sharply defined pitting and crumbling of nails with distal detachment often occurs with psoriasis

92
Q

Habit-Tic Dystrophy

A

depression down middle of nail or multiple horizontal ridges, caused by continous picking of cuticle by another finger of same hand

93
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

obstruction of drainage of cerebrospinal fluid results in excessive accumulation, increasing intracranial pressure, and enlargement of the the head

94
Q

Down Syndrome

A

chromosomal aberration (trisomy 21)

95
Q

Plagiocephaly

A

asymmetry of the cranium when seen from the top caused by a positional preference

96
Q

Craniosynostosis

A

premature closing of one or multiple cranial sutures results in a malformed head and a cosmetic deformity

97
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

A

narrow palpebral fissures, epicanthal folds, and midfacial hypoplasia

98
Q

Torticollis (Wryneck)

A

a hematoma in one sternomastoid muscle, probably injured intauterine malposition, results in head tilt to one side and limited neck ROM to the opposite site

99
Q

Simple Diffuse Goiter (SDG)

A

goiter, a chronic enlargement of the thyroid gland, is common in wide regions of the world where the soil is low in iodine

100
Q

Thyroid–Multinodular Goiter (MNG)

A

multiple nodes usually indicate inflammation or a multinodular goiter rather than a neoplasm

101
Q

Pilar cyst

A

this is a smooth, firm, fluctuant swelling on the scalp that contains sebum and keratin

102
Q

Parotid Gland Enlargement

A

Rapid painful inflammation of the parotid occurs with mumps

103
Q

Graves disease

A

hyperthyroidism; increased production of thryoid hormones causes an increased metabolic rate,

104
Q

Myxedema

A

hypothyroidsim; a deficiency of thyroid hormone means that the thyroid furnace is cold

105
Q

Acromegaly

A

excessive secretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland after puberty creates an enlarged skull and thickened cranial bones

106
Q

Cushing Syndrome

A

with excessive secretion of adrenocorticotrophin hormone and chronic steroid use, the person develops a plethoric, rounded, moonlike face; prominent jowls; red cheeks; hirsutism

107
Q

Bell Palsy

A

a lower motor neuron lesion producing rapid onset of cranial never VII paralysis of facial muscles; almost always unilateral

108
Q

Parkinson Syndrome

A

A deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine and degeneration of the basal ganglia in the brain. produces immobility of features produces a face that is flat and expressionless

109
Q

Cachectic appearance

A

accompanies chronic wasting disease such as cancer, dehydration and starvation. Features include sunken eyes; hollow cheeks; and exhausted, defeated expression

Health Assessment Across the Life Span (NURS 3250) (2 decks)

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