Exam 1 Abnormalities Flashcards
Vitiligo
the complete absence of melanin pigment in the patchy areas of white or light skins on the face, neck, hands, feet, and body folds
Freckles (ephelides)
small, flat macules of brown melanin pigment that occur on sun exposed skin
Mole (nevus)
a clump of melanocytes, tan-to-brown color, flat or raised
Erythema
intense redness of the skin is from excess blood in the dilated superficial capillaries
Cyanosis
is a bluish mottled color from decreased perfusion; the tissues have high levels of deoxygenated blood
Jaundice
a yellowish skin color that indicates rising amounts of bilirubin in the blood
Diaphoresis
profuse perspiration
Edema
is fluid accumulating in the interstitial spaces
Cherry (senile) angiomas
are small ( 1 to 5 mm), smooth, slightly raised bright red dots that commonly appear on the trunk in all adults older than 30 years
Mongolian spot
is a common variation of hyperpigmentation in Black, Asian, American Indian, and Hispanic newborns; is blue-black and usually appears on the sacram
Cafe au lait spot
is a large round or oval patch of light brown pigmentation, which is usually present at birth
Harlequin color change
occurs when a baby is in the side-lying position. The lower half of the body turns red, and the upper half blanches with a distinct demarcation line down the midline
Erythema toxicum
is a common rash that appears in the first 3 to 4 days of life (flea bite or newborn rash)
Acrocyanosis
is a bluish color around the lips, hands, and fingernails, and feet and toenails
Cutis marmorata
is a transient mottling in the trunk and extremities in response to cooler room temperatures
Linea nigra
a brownish black line down the midline of the abdomen; usually found in pregnant women
Striae
are jagged linear “strech marks” of silver-to-pink color that appear during the second trimester
Vascular spider
also called spider angioma. These lesions have tiny red centers with radiating branches and occur on the face, neck, upper chest, and arms
Senile lentigines
are common variations of hyperpigmentation; commonly called liver spots
Keratoses
are raised thickened ares of pigmentation that look crusted, scaly, and warty
Seborrheic keratosis
looks dark, greasy, and “stuck on”
Xerosis
dry skin
Arcochordons
skin tags
Sebaceous hyperplasia
consists of raised yellow papules with a central depression
Annular
lesion that is circular, begins in center and spreads to periphery
Confluent
lesions that run together
Discrete
lesions that are distinct, individual
Gyrate
lesions that are twisted, coiled spiral, snakelike
Grouped
lesions that are clusters
Linear
lesions that are straight
Target
lesions that resemble an iris of an eye
Zosteriform
lesions that are linear arrangement along a unilateral nerve route
Polycyclic
annular lesions grow together
Macule
solely a color change, flat and circumscribed, of less than 1 cm
Patch
macules that are larger than 1 cm
Nodule
solid, elevated, hard or soft, larger than 1 cm. May extend deeper into dermis than papule
Tumor
larger than a few centimeters in diameter, firm or soft, deeper into dermis
Papule
something you can feel caused by superficial thickening in epidermis
Wheal
superficial, raised, transient, and erythematous, slightly irregular shape from edema
Urticaria (hives)
wheal coalesce to from extensive reaction, intensely pruritic
Vesicle
Elevated cavity containing free fluid, up to 1 cm; a “blister”. Clear serum flows if ruptured
Bulla
larger than 1 cm diameter; usually single chambered; superficial in epidermis; thin walled and ruptures easily
Cyst
encapsulated fluid-filled cavity in dermis or subcutaeous layer, tensely elevating skin
Pustule
turbid fluid (pus) in the cavity
Crust
the thickended, dried out exudate left when vesicles/pusutles burst or dry up
Scale
compact, desiccated flakes of skin, dry or greasy, silvery or white, from shedding of dead excess keratin cells
Fissure
linear crack with abrupt edges; extends into dermis; dry of moist
Erosion
scooped out by shallow depression
Ulcer
deeper depression extending into dermis, irregular shape
Excoriation
self-inflicted abrasian
Scar
after a skin lesion is repaired, normal tissue is lost and replaced with connective tissue (collagen)
Atrophic scar
the resulting skin level is depressed with loss of tissue
Lichenification
prolonged, intense scratching eventually thickens skin and produces tightly packed sets of papules
Keloid
A benign excess of scar tissue beyond sites of original injury
Stage I Pressure Ulcer
intact skin appears red but unbroken
Stage II Pressure Ulcer
partial-thickness skin erosion with loss of epidermis or also the dermis
Stage III Pressure Ulcer
Full-thickness pressure ulcer extending into the subcutaneous tissue and resembling a crater
Stage IV Pressure Ulcer
full-thickness pressure ulcer involves all skin layers and extends into supporting tissue. Exposes muscle, tendon, or bone, and may show slough
Hematoma
is a bruise you can feel (a bump)
Port-Wine Stain (Nevus Flammeus
a large, flat, macular patch covering the scalp or face, frequently along the distribution of cranial nerve V. Is dark red, bluish, or purplish intensifies with crying, heat or cold
Strawberry Mark
A raised bright red area with well-defined borders about 2 to 3 cm in diameter. It does not blanch with pressure
Cavernous Hemangioma
a reddish-blue, irregularly shaped, solid and spongy mass of blood vessels
Telangiectasia
caused by vascular dilation; permanently enlarged and dilated blood vessels that are visible on the skin surface
Spider or Star Angioma
a fiery red, star-shaped marking with a solid circular center.
Venous Lake
a blue-purple dilation of venules and capillaries in a star shape, linear, or flaring pattern
Petechiae
tiny punctate hemorrhages, 1 to 3 mm, round and discrete; dark red, purple, or brown in color. caused by bleeding from supericial capillaries
Ecchymosis
a purplish patch resulting from extravasation of blood into the skin, >3 mm in diameter
Purpura
confluent and extensive patch of petechiae and ecchymoses; flat, red to purple, macular hemorrhage
Diaper dermatitis
red, moist, maculopapular patch with poorly defined borders in diaper area, extending along inguinal and gluteal folds
Impetigo
moist, thin-roofed vesicles with thin, erythematous base. Rupture to form thick, honey-colored crusts. Highly contagious bacterial infection
Intertrigo (Candidiasis)
Scalding, red, moist patches with sharply demarcated borders, some loose scales. Usually in genital areas
Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema)
erythematous papules and vesicles, with weeping, oozing and crusts
Chickenpox (Varicella)
small, tight vesicles first appear on trunk and spread to face, arms, and legs. vesicles erupt in succeeding crops over several days; they become pustules and then crusts
Primary Contact Dermatitis
local inflammatory reaction to an irritant in the envrionment or allergy
Tinea Corporis (Ringworm)
scales–hyperpigmented in whites, depigmented in dark skinned people. circular lesions with clear centers
Tinea pedis (Ringworm of the foot)
a fungal infection, first appears as small vesicles between toes, on sides of feet, and on soles
Labial Herpes Simplex
cold sores;
Tinea versicolor
fine, scaling, round patches of pink, tan, or white , caused by fungal infection
Psoriasis
scaly, erythematous patch, with silvery scales on top
Seborrheic Dermatitis (Cradel Cap)
Thick, yellow-to-white, greasy, adherent scales with mild erythema on scalp and forehead; very common in early infancy
Folliculitis (razor bumps)
superficial inflammatory infection of hair follicles. Multiple pusutles, “whiteheads” with hair visible at center and erythematous base
Tricholtillomania
traumatic self-induced hair loss usually the results of compulsive twisting or plucking
Hirsutism
excess body hair in females forming a male sexual pattern; caused by endocrine or metabolic dysfunction, or occasionally is idopathic
Furuncle
infected hair follicles; red, swollen, hard, tender, pus-filled lesion caused by acute localized bacterial
Scabies
an intensely pruritic contagion caused by the scabies mite. Mites form a linear or curved elevated burrow on the fingers, web spaces of hands, and wrists
Paronchia
red, swollen, tender inflammation of the nail folds.
Beau line
transverse furrow or groove. A depression across the nail that extends down to the nail bed
Onychomycosis
this is a slow, persistent fungal infection of finernails and more often, toenails, common in older adults. Fungus causes change in color texture and thickness with nail crumbling
Splinter hemorrhages
red-brown streaks from damage to nail bed capillaries
Late clubbing
inner edge of nail elevates; nail bed angle is greater than 180 degrees
Pitting
sharply defined pitting and crumbling of nails with distal detachment often occurs with psoriasis
Habit-Tic Dystrophy
depression down middle of nail or multiple horizontal ridges, caused by continous picking of cuticle by another finger of same hand
Hydrocephalus
obstruction of drainage of cerebrospinal fluid results in excessive accumulation, increasing intracranial pressure, and enlargement of the the head
Down Syndrome
chromosomal aberration (trisomy 21)
Plagiocephaly
asymmetry of the cranium when seen from the top caused by a positional preference
Craniosynostosis
premature closing of one or multiple cranial sutures results in a malformed head and a cosmetic deformity
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
narrow palpebral fissures, epicanthal folds, and midfacial hypoplasia
Torticollis (Wryneck)
a hematoma in one sternomastoid muscle, probably injured intauterine malposition, results in head tilt to one side and limited neck ROM to the opposite site
Simple Diffuse Goiter (SDG)
goiter, a chronic enlargement of the thyroid gland, is common in wide regions of the world where the soil is low in iodine
Thyroid–Multinodular Goiter (MNG)
multiple nodes usually indicate inflammation or a multinodular goiter rather than a neoplasm
Pilar cyst
this is a smooth, firm, fluctuant swelling on the scalp that contains sebum and keratin
Parotid Gland Enlargement
Rapid painful inflammation of the parotid occurs with mumps
Graves disease
hyperthyroidism; increased production of thryoid hormones causes an increased metabolic rate,
Myxedema
hypothyroidsim; a deficiency of thyroid hormone means that the thyroid furnace is cold
Acromegaly
excessive secretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland after puberty creates an enlarged skull and thickened cranial bones
Cushing Syndrome
with excessive secretion of adrenocorticotrophin hormone and chronic steroid use, the person develops a plethoric, rounded, moonlike face; prominent jowls; red cheeks; hirsutism
Bell Palsy
a lower motor neuron lesion producing rapid onset of cranial never VII paralysis of facial muscles; almost always unilateral
Parkinson Syndrome
A deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine and degeneration of the basal ganglia in the brain. produces immobility of features produces a face that is flat and expressionless
Cachectic appearance
accompanies chronic wasting disease such as cancer, dehydration and starvation. Features include sunken eyes; hollow cheeks; and exhausted, defeated expression
