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adult gero > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

how does a person emotionally age

A

psychological

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2
Q

asks the question if personalities are stable over time?

A

Continuity Theory

yes they are stable over time unless major illness

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3
Q

Older people and society mutually withdraw from each other

Individual gradually disconnects from other people

Gradual disconnection in anticipation of death

A

Disengagement Theory

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4
Q

___ of men over age 85 have enlarged prostates

A

90%

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5
Q

how we age at the cellular level

A

biological

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6
Q

contribute to many arthritic chronic illness

A

musculoskeletal changes in older adults

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7
Q

50% of men over age __ have enlarged prostates

A

60

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8
Q

cardiovascular system for older adults there is a decrease in number of cells in the _______ system

A

Decrease in number of cells in conduction system

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9
Q

Very old 80s-90s –loss of autonomy d/t loss of independence, physical changes, loss of self esteem
frailty

A

Stage 9

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10
Q

when a patient is fainting, one thing you want to consider is _____

A

cardiac issue

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11
Q

4 posture changes with older adults

A

Shortening of trunk
Thin vertebral disks
Stiff and thin cartilage
Forward leaning posture

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12
Q

Slower compensatory mechanisms to hypotensive state due to what 3 things

A

Less sensitive baroreceptor
ORTHOSTASIS
Changes in sympathetic response

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13
Q

3 immune system changes with aging

A

Fewer T cells
B Cells-slowed response
Difficulty responding to new/novel pathogens

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14
Q

Adults > 50, lose __-__% of muscle mass & strength per year

A

1-2%

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15
Q

3 reasons for swallowing troubles with older adults

A

Aging GI tract
Slow peristalsis
Fewer digestive enzymes

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16
Q

Hayflick 3 phases:

A

Rapid healthy cell division

Mitosis slows

Senescence-cells stopped dividing but stayed alive for a period of time until trauma or apoptosis occurs

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17
Q

7 skin changes with older adults

A

Decreased elasticity

Slower healing

Fragile

Shear stress

Dryer skin

Vitamin D synthesis

Less sub q fat

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18
Q

when prescribing medications to older adults, what are the 3 main things

A

loss of lean muscle mass (consider for protein bound medications)

less body water (loss dose for drugs because drug more concentrated)

Relative > fat (redistributed into abdomen) (psych meds, stays in fat longer)

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19
Q

in older adults __% of women and __% of men say they are unable to lift or carry 10 lb

A

30% of women and 15% of men say they are unable to lift or carry 10 lb

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20
Q

6 Temperature Regulation changes with older aging

A 
Lower normal body temperature
Ability to sense temp changes  decreases
Ability to respond to temp changes decreases
Shivering requires normal muscle mass
Atrophy of sweat glands
decreased circulation
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21
Q

________ gradually increases until about age 60, which is one of the reasons why adults have increasing trouble on amusement park rides as they age”

A

Vestibular sensitivity

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22
Q

organisms age because cells accumulate free radical damage over time.

A

Free Radical Theory

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23
Q

response appears unchanged for long periods

A

Resting performance

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24
Q

4 Normal CNS Aging Changes

A

Smaller brain
Fewer neurons
Dendrite abnormalities
Slower central processing

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25
Q

looks at aging as a programmed event (specific point in time where you get old)

A

nonstochastic theories of aging

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26
Q

the normal progressive decline in function and ability to respond to to intrinsic or extrinsic stimuli.

A

aging

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27
Q

changes in the bladder with aging

A

decreased bladder size
increased frequency (slow increase)
nocturia (can also be a sign of disease)

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28
Q

stage of personality where:

Feeling guilt about past
Perceives self as not having accomplished life’s goals
Dissatisfaction and despair
Depression and hopelessness

A

Despair

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29
Q

2 kidneys, 2 lungs

are examples of

A

Anatomic reserves

30
Q

4 age related changes in the GI systemm

A

decrease in smell
decreased taste
decreased thirst
decreased ability to chew

31
Q

frailty as the occurrence of three or more of the following:

A

unintentional weight loss (10 lbs in past year)

self-reported exhaustion

weak-ness (reduced grip strength),

slow walking speed,

low physical activity”

32
Q

2 normal blood vessel changes in aging

A

Slight increase in B/P (4-5)

Slower compensatory mechanisms to hypotensive state

33
Q

what is a fever in an older adult

A

99.0

34
Q

theory of aging that believes older adults should stay active for as long as possible (physically and mentally)

A

activity theory of aging

35
Q

“The age at which reading glasses are needed because of reduced lens elasticity is between ___ &__

A

42 and 50.

36
Q

when prescribing psych medications to older adults, you need to consider the loss of

A

Relative > fat (redistributed into abdomen) (psych meds, stays in fat longer)

37
Q

3 changes in the lungs with aging

A

decreased Elasticity

Fewer alveoli & capillaries

decreased Respiratory volumes & capacity

38
Q

Most common cause of disability in late life

A

musculoskeletal changes in older adults

39
Q

Somewhere between ___-__% of men develop symptoms of BPH

A

40-50%

40
Q

two normal aging changes

A

increased risk for age related disease

diseases that accelerate the aging proces

41
Q

4 Influences of aging

A

Vulnerability to illness
Severity of illness
Management of illness
Geriatric syndromes

42
Q

when prescribing protein bound medications to older adults, you need to consider the loss of

A

lean muscle mass

43
Q

___% of older adults have difficulty with common tasks-walking 2-3 blocks

A

40%

44
Q

loss of smell with aging is due to

moisture producing cells gradually reduce their ____ output or change it’s ____ . And unbathed olfactory bulbs can’t hold the odor long enough to be picked up by the nerve that carries it to the brain.

A

moisture producing cells gradually reduce their mucus output or change texture . And unbathed olfactory bulbs can’t hold the odor long enough to be picked up by the nerve that carries it to the brain.

45
Q

This rule states that, of changes often attributed to normal aging by the general public and in past decades by the medical profession

one fourth is due to _______
one fourth to ______
one fourth to ______
one fourth to ________

A

one fourth is due to disease
one fourth to disuse
one fourth to misuse
one fourth to physiologic aging

46
Q

muscle loss related to aging

A

Sarcopenia

47
Q

with height;

Between __and ____ years of age, men lose about 1 inch and women 2 inches.

After 80, each may lose another _____

A

30 and 70

inch

48
Q

4 joint changes with older adults

A

Thinning of cartilage
Synovial membrane becomes stiffer
Decreased hydration
Slow repair of injury

49
Q

3 Neurotransmitter aging changes

A

< acetylcholine
Memory & learning

< dopamine
Age related motor deficits

< serotonin
Sleep problems & depression

50
Q

deposits of lipofuscin in the skin

A

Lentigo

51
Q

aging related changes in the pineal gland cause

A

Reduced melatonin resulting in sleep disturbances

52
Q

is aging a homogenous process

A

NO

organs in the same person age at different rates, by different mechanisms and are influenced by multiple factors

53
Q

A healthy individual is considered to attain the peakphysiologic reserveat the age of ___, after which thereservestarts to decline as the individual ages.

A

25

54
Q

age related changes in the stomach

A

Slowed emptying

decreased early satiety

Increase in gastritis r/t medications NSAIDs & Bisphosphonates

55
Q

Theory of aging where every time a cell divides a piece of the telomere (Specialized DNA sequences at end of chromosomes to protect chromosome) is removed

A

Telomere Theory

56
Q

what are the three main theories of aging

A

biologic
psychological
sociological

57
Q

More RBC carry a little more O2 than is needed by tissues

Bones store a little extra calcium

are examples of:

A

physiologic reserves

58
Q

Stress performance due to loss of physiologic reserve can cause what 4 things

A

Blunted maximal response
Delays in reaching peak levels
Delays to returning to base level
Endpoint is frailty

59
Q

where do older adults fit into society (useful vs not useful)

A

sociological

60
Q

3 bone changes with aging

A

Changes in bone metabolism
(Slower osteoblast and faster osteoclast activity Slower rate of repair if fracture occurs)

Loss of mineral
Calcium & Vitamin D

decreased weight bearing exercises often reduced in older adults

61
Q

renal changes with aging:

Ability to adapt to changes in ____ &____load is compromised

Impact medication_______

Decreased Vitamin____

Older kidney is at higher risk _____

A

Acid base balance normal at rest but difficult to maintain homeostasis during stress

Ability to adapt to changes in salt and water load is compromised

Impact medication clearance

Decreased Vitamin D

Older kidney is at higher risk for nephrotoxicity

62
Q

aging related changes in the thyroid gland cause what 4 things

A

Atrophy
Increased fibrosis and nodules formation
T4 production declines, but clearance is slowed
Serum T4 appears normal

63
Q

Aging is always true for what 3 things

A

Universal for everyone
Progressive
Decremental

64
Q

No age r/t change in ejection fraction, cardiac output, or stroke volume at ______

Slower response to ________stressors, ie exercise, illness

Stiff ______

_______ of muscle wall

A

No age r/t change in ejection fraction, cardiac output, or stroke volume at rest

Slower response to metabolic stressors, ie exercise, illness

Stiff valves

Hypertrophy of muscle wall

65
Q

stage of personality where:

Learning to be retired—search for meaning
Contemplating accomplishments
Feeling successful
Wisdom

A

Ego Integrity

66
Q

aging is the result of a lot of accidents (everyone is different) random and unpredictable

A

stochastic theories of aging

67
Q

Impact of decreased cardiac physiologic reserve

A

Compromised response to stress

Decreased maximal heart rate
decreased exercise tolerance
SOB
Fatigue
Slow recovery from tachycardia
68
Q

The capability of an organ to carry out its activity under stress is known as____________

A

physiologic reserve

69
Q

Significant decrease in_______ cells by age 75

A

pacemaker

70
Q

biological aging which is a progressive decline and deterioration of functional properties at the cellular, tissue, and organ level that leads to what 2 things

A 
slow homeostasis (homeostenosis?)
 < ability to adapt to stimuli

Decreased physiologic reserve
Changes may not be identified til a critical mass

71
Q

decreased elasticity in aging is due to what 4 things

A

Weaker respiratory muscles
Weak diaphragm
Stiff chest wall
Decrease elastic recoil

72
Q

4 renal changes with aging

A

Kidneys get smaller with age

Slower renal blood flow

Impaired permeability

Serum creatinine may overestimate kidney function in older adults

adult gero (3 decks)

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