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MATERNAL/INFANT > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

low birth weight and preterm birth is most common in which race and how much do they weigh

A

less than 2,500 grams

black babies

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2
Q

maternal mortality is typically due to

A

hemmorrhage, infection, HTN

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3
Q

obesity, HTN, diabetes can cause

A

infertility
congenital abnormalities of fetus
miscarriage
death

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4
Q

what is a lay midwife

A

midwife with no training

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5
Q

what are international concerns for women

A

human trafficking

female genital mutilation

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6
Q

what is the leading cause of death in women

A

heart disease

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7
Q

what are the 5 concerns of pregnant women

A 
nutrition 
no smoking
no alcohol
violence prevention 
support system
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8
Q

when you aren’t sure of what to for a procedure, what is the first thing you should do

A

look at policy procedure manual

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9
Q

what is risk management

A

series of checks and balances

decrease injury to patient

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10
Q

what is failure to rescue

A

not acting on early signs of distress

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11
Q

what is the biggest barrier of womens access to care

A

inability to pay

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12
Q

what are some ethical issues within prenatal nursing

A 
reproductive technology 
allocation of resources
older age pregnancies 
3rd party payers
induced ovulation/in vitro fertilization
multifetal pregnancy reduction
intrauterine fetal surgery
treatment of very low birth weight infants
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13
Q

how long is family planning/prenatal care

A

from preconception until baby is 1 year old

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14
Q

what is a nuclear family

A

husband, wife, children (biological/adopted)

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15
Q

single parent family

A

non traditional

most socially vulnerable (school achievement, promote high risk behaviors, health status)

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16
Q

married blended family

A

married couple with children from previous relationship

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17
Q

extended family/multigenerational what do they offer

A

social, emotional, financial support

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18
Q

what is the family systems theory

A

family is the most important role
1 change in one family member can impact whole family
beliefs/values are the most powerful role in actions of individuals

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19
Q

what is focused on with low risk vs. high risk familys

A

low risk is assisting/promoting healthy pregnancy

high risk may need to focus on additional illnesses

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20
Q

what is cultural competence

A

understand your own culture and understand patients have their own culture

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21
Q

what is acculturation

A

retain some of your culture, adopt practices from the dominant society (2 groups come in contact)

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22
Q

assimilation

A

loss of cultural identity, become dominant culture

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23
Q

ethnocentrism

A

believing that your beliefs and values are the best and only right way

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24
Q

in asian american births, what does the father due

A

it is common to see him not participate in birthing process

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25
in european-american births, what does the father due
common to see father participate in birthing process
26
what are the vulnerable populations for women
``` racial/ethnic minorities adolescent girls older women incarcerated women women in rural areas homeless women ```
27
what is primary preventative care
immunizations, car seats, exercise, nutrition
28
what is secondary preventative care
screenings, "target specific populations", STD vaccines after beginning sex
29
what is tertiary preventative care
rehab/treatment to prevent further deterioration
30
what is the care management for home care
safety of the home assess environment for all parties infection control climate control
31
what do external and internal structures of the female body grow in response to
estrogen | progesterone
32
what does the uterus play a role in
receiving, implanting, retaining fertilized egg menstruation housing/expulsion of fetus
33
what occurs in the fallopian tubes
ovum is fertilized by sperm
34
what is the endometrium
lining of the uterus | highly vascular
35
what do the ovaries do
produce ova/eggs hormone production ovulation
36
where are the mammary glands located
between 2nd and 6th rib
37
what can affect lobules size and shape
age nutrition genetics estrogen levels stimulate growth
38
what are the functions of the lobules
breast feeding | sexual arousal
39
what is menarche
1st menstruation | average age is 13
40
what is puberty
childhood transition to sexual maturity
41
how long is the average menstrual cycle
28 days
42
what does the menstrual cycle do
prepares uterus for pregnancy
43
how long is menses typically
5 days | 50 ml of blood
44
what can menses be influenced by
physical, emotional, and environmental factors
45
what are prostaglandins (PG's) and where are they produced
oxygenated fatty acids (hormones) | uterus
46
what are PG's responsible for
smooth muscle contractility key role in ovulation moderate hormonal activity influence estrogen and progesterone
47
what can PG's do to the rest of the body
upset stomach, diarrhea, cramps, irritability, sleep disturbances
48
what is the cimacteric phase of menopause
transition phase of the body | transition from ovarian to decrease in hormone production
49
what is perimenopause
``` before women stops the menstrual cycle no estrogen being produced from the ovaries over a 4 year span decrease in ovarian function less ova/eggs released ```
50
what is menopause
last menstrual period 1 year of no bleeding between ages 35-60 average age is 51.4
51
what are the barriers to seeking healthcare
financial issues cultural issues gender issues (gender concordance)
52
what do the caring for women across the lifespan include
``` preconception pregnancy family planning menstrual problems periomenopause ```
53
what is the average age for girls for their first intercoarse
17
54
when are pap smears recommended
21 or sexually active
55
what are nutrition issues that relate to risk factors in womens health
appropriate intake of calcium (osteoporosis) folic acid increase (400 grams when pregnant) screen for eating disorders obesity
56
what is the recommended exercise
20-30 minutes of exercise at least 3 times a week | can prevent CVD, DM, osteoporosis, arthritis
57
what are the medical conditions common in women
heart disease lung, breast, colon cancer diabetes chronic lung diseases
58
what do these medical conditions put women at risk for
``` infertility ovarian cysts STI's pre-term labor miscarriage ```
59
what is anticipatory guidance and when is it used
for mental health issues | in anticipation of problem, coping skills
60
what can substance abuse include
``` alcohol caffeine cocaine prescriptions drugs ```
61
what STI's are the most common to screen for in women
candida bacterial vaginitis HSV strep
62
what is amenorrhea
absence of period absense of menses at age 15 with breast growth development absense of menses 5 years within breast development
63
what is secondary amenorrhea
menstrual cycle but then 6 months plus without another
64
what are the main influences on amenorrhea
``` pregnancy endocrine disorders thyroid issues pituitary issues polysistic syndrome diabetes ```
65
what is the pregnancy hormone
HCG
66
what can be checked for causes of amenorrhea
``` urine sample to rule out pregnancy CBC TSH Estrodal Prolactin ```
67
what is the female athlete triad and what can it cause
it can cause amenorrhea increase in exercise, inadequate nutrition can cause osteoporosis
68
what is dysmenorrhea
pain during or shortly after menstruation
69
what can cause dysmenorrhea
early menarchy nulliparity y (never being pregnant) lack of exercise
70
what is primary dysmenorrhea
ovulatory cycles excessive release of prostaglandins cause arterioles in the uterus to spasm
71
what is the treatment for dysmenorrhea
``` heat exercise relaxation low sodium low fat vitamin E supplements ```
72
what is secondary dysmenorrhea and when does it occur
later in life, after 25 years | can be associated with pelvic pathology (endometriosis, fibroids)
73
what are s/s of dysmenorrhea
bloating pelvic fullness pain in the legs lower back pain
74
what is the main treatment for dysmenorrhea
TREAT THE CAUSE
75
what are the s/s of PMS
``` fluid retention pelvic fullness breast tenderness weight gain irritability depression craving headache fatigue ```
76
PMS is a combination of
physical, psychological, behavioral symptoms
77
how can you manage PMS
``` diet exercise B6 D3 calcium supplements relaxation ```
78
what is endometriosis
presence/growth of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus
79
IMPORTANT: signs and symptoms of endometriosis include
``` dysmenorrhea painful intercourse abnormal uterine bleeding infertility *can worsen with each cycle or disappear after menopause ```
80
management of endometriosis include
``` NSAIDS estrogen suppressants oral contraceptives surgery hysterectomy ```
81
what occurs in menopause (physiologic)
``` anovulation (eggs aren't released) menstrual cycle length (longer length in between) ovulation (less frequent) progesterone (not produced) FSH (elevated) ```
82
physical changes in menopause include
``` bleeding (longer, lighter or heavier) genital changes (vagina/urethra are estrogen sensitive) decrease in libido vaginal dryness atrophy incontinence vasomotor instability (hot flash) moods/behavior changes ```
83
what are the treatments of vasomotor instability
avoid caffeine layer clothing ice water avoid alcohol
84
what is osteoporosis
progressive loss of bone mass decreased estrogen levels (estrogen converts vitamin D into calcitonin)
85
what are health risks of perimenopausal women
osteoporosis | coronary heart disease
86
what are the risks of menopausal hormonal therapy
increases chances of breast cancer up to 5 years after stopping HRT
87
what medications are used for menpausal hormonal therapy
``` estrogen estrogen/progesterone SSRI's Gabapentin Clonadine ```
88
what are the side effects of menopausal hormone therapy
headache N/V brown spots on the skin depression
89
what is micromastia
underdevelopment of the breast tissue
90
what is macromastia
overdevelopment of the breast tissue
91
what are the two goals when doing the initial evaluation of the breasts
what is benign, what is malignant | assess risk of breast cancer
92
what are fibrocystic changes
``` most common (20-50) related to imbalance of estrogen/progesterone ```
93
signs and symptoms of fibrocystic changes
lumpiness with or without pain (pain during menstrual cycle) occur one week before, one week after pain in younger women, 20 years moveable, soft, easily touched
94
what is the management for fibrocycstic changes
surgical removal NSAIDS oral contraceptives avoid alcohol/caffeine
95
does discovering a solid mass mean it is breast cancer? does it mean your risk for breast cancer is increased?
NO!
96
what is Mastalgia
breast pain
97
when is mastalgia common
in the reproductive years (teens to late 40's)
98
when is mastalgia uncommon
breast cancer
99
what are the characteristics to assess for mastalgia (breast pain)
cyclic/non-cyclic pain | focal/diffuse
100
what is a fibroadenoma
solid mass less than 3 cm teenage year most common
101
when can fibroadenomas get larger
pregnancy
102
when can fibroadenomas get smaller
when older
103
what is cellulitis
inflammation and infection of the skin
104
what are the risk factors for developing cellulitis
``` obesity large breasts previous surgerys radiation smoking diabetes nipple piercings ```
105
what is the most common cause of cellulitis
Mrsa
106
what are the signs and symptoms of cellulitis
``` redness inflammation thickened skin warm to the touch can turn into abscess ```
107
what is the treatment for cellulitis
antibiotics
108
what percent of lumps are found by patients
90%
109
what are the nursing actions/teaching for breast care management
discuss intervals for breast exams provide written education therapeutic communication
110
when are frequent breast exams recommended
starting in 20's
111
when are annual mammograms recommended
40 and older
112
what impacts the development of malignant conditions of the breast
``` gender age early menarche menopause time of first live birth race (non-hispanic white) personal history nulliparity (never had kid) geographic differences 1st pregnancy after 40 ```
113
what genetic markers increase your risk for breast cancer
BRCA 1 | BRCA 2
114
what percentage of breast cancer is related to genetic mutations
15%
115
if the genetic markers are present, how much does it increase the chance of developing breast cancer
85%
116
if the genetic markers are present, how often are breast exams with immaging recommended
biannually
117
what is the 2nd leading cause of death in women
breast cancer | 1 in 8 women develop it
118
what is the survival rate of breast cancer
83% 10 years after diagnoses
119
what percent is males
1%
120
what is a ductal tumor
``` in ducts invades tissue solid none mobile non tender ```
121
what does the rate of breast cancer growth depend on
estrogen progesterone other types of hormones/receptors
122
what is the most common type of malignant conditions of the breast
invasive ductal carcinoma
123
what occurs with a nipple carcinoma
with ductal carcinoma bleeding oozing crusting
124
what are the characteristics of lobular tumors
in lobes not palpable imaging needed
125
what is Inflammatory breast cancer often misdiagnosed as
mastitis | cellulitis
126
what are the characteristics of inflammatory breast cancer
``` red inflammed rash stage 2 aggressive ```
127
where is the most common site of metastasis (breast cancer spread) in the body
bones lungs brain liver
128
what is the gold standard for breast cancer
mammography
129
what is the most significant prognostic criteria for long term survival
nodal involvement | tumor size
130
when is adjuvant systemic chemotherapy performed
right after removal of tumor | pre-menopause, cancer spread to lymph nodes
131
what is requried 90 days prior to prophylactic mastectomy
mammogram | to ensure healthy tissue is being removed
132
what is the most common form of hormonal therapy for breast cancer
Tamoxifen (anti-estrogen)
133
what is required when on tamoxifen
annual pap smears eye exams liver function tests every 6 months bone density scan every 3 years
134
what are the side effects of Tamoxifen
``` anemia N/V Leukopenia Thrombocytopenia hair loss ```
135
what are the nursing considerations for therapies
infection control therapeutic communication don't take BP/Place IV/Draw blood on surgery side
136
what are included in survivorship issues
``` Vasomotor Symptoms Sexual Dysfunction Osteoporosis Weight Gain Cognitive Changes Cancer-related fatigue Cardiotoxicity/Neuropathy (due to Chemotherapy) ```

MATERNAL/INFANT (3 decks)

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