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MATERNAL/INFANT > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

low birth weight and preterm birth is most common in which race and how much do they weigh

A

less than 2,500 grams

black babies

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2
Q

maternal mortality is typically due to

A

hemmorrhage, infection, HTN

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3
Q

obesity, HTN, diabetes can cause

A

infertility
congenital abnormalities of fetus
miscarriage
death

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4
Q

what is a lay midwife

A

midwife with no training

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5
Q

what are international concerns for women

A

human trafficking

female genital mutilation

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6
Q

what is the leading cause of death in women

A

heart disease

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7
Q

what are the 5 concerns of pregnant women

A 
nutrition 
no smoking
no alcohol
violence prevention 
support system
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8
Q

when you aren’t sure of what to for a procedure, what is the first thing you should do

A

look at policy procedure manual

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9
Q

what is risk management

A

series of checks and balances

decrease injury to patient

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10
Q

what is failure to rescue

A

not acting on early signs of distress

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11
Q

what is the biggest barrier of womens access to care

A

inability to pay

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12
Q

what are some ethical issues within prenatal nursing

A 
reproductive technology 
allocation of resources
older age pregnancies 
3rd party payers
induced ovulation/in vitro fertilization
multifetal pregnancy reduction
intrauterine fetal surgery
treatment of very low birth weight infants
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13
Q

how long is family planning/prenatal care

A

from preconception until baby is 1 year old

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14
Q

what is a nuclear family

A

husband, wife, children (biological/adopted)

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15
Q

single parent family

A

non traditional

most socially vulnerable (school achievement, promote high risk behaviors, health status)

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16
Q

married blended family

A

married couple with children from previous relationship

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17
Q

extended family/multigenerational what do they offer

A

social, emotional, financial support

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18
Q

what is the family systems theory

A

family is the most important role
1 change in one family member can impact whole family
beliefs/values are the most powerful role in actions of individuals

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19
Q

what is focused on with low risk vs. high risk familys

A

low risk is assisting/promoting healthy pregnancy

high risk may need to focus on additional illnesses

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20
Q

what is cultural competence

A

understand your own culture and understand patients have their own culture

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21
Q

what is acculturation

A

retain some of your culture, adopt practices from the dominant society (2 groups come in contact)

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22
Q

assimilation

A

loss of cultural identity, become dominant culture

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23
Q

ethnocentrism

A

believing that your beliefs and values are the best and only right way

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24
Q

in asian american births, what does the father due

A

it is common to see him not participate in birthing process

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25
Q

in european-american births, what does the father due

A

common to see father participate in birthing process

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26
Q

what are the vulnerable populations for women

A 
racial/ethnic minorities
adolescent girls
older women
incarcerated women
women in rural areas
homeless women
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27
Q

what is primary preventative care

A

immunizations, car seats, exercise, nutrition

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28
Q

what is secondary preventative care

A

screenings, “target specific populations”, STD vaccines after beginning sex

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29
Q

what is tertiary preventative care

A

rehab/treatment to prevent further deterioration

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30
Q

what is the care management for home care

A

safety of the home
assess environment for all parties
infection control
climate control

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31
Q

what do external and internal structures of the female body grow in response to

A

estrogen

progesterone

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32
Q

what does the uterus play a role in

A

receiving, implanting, retaining fertilized egg
menstruation
housing/expulsion of fetus

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33
Q

what occurs in the fallopian tubes

A

ovum is fertilized by sperm

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34
Q

what is the endometrium

A

lining of the uterus

highly vascular

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35
Q

what do the ovaries do

A

produce ova/eggs
hormone production
ovulation

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36
Q

where are the mammary glands located

A

between 2nd and 6th rib

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37
Q

what can affect lobules size and shape

A

age
nutrition
genetics
estrogen levels stimulate growth

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38
Q

what are the functions of the lobules

A

breast feeding

sexual arousal

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39
Q

what is menarche

A

1st menstruation

average age is 13

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40
Q

what is puberty

A

childhood transition to sexual maturity

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41
Q

how long is the average menstrual cycle

A

28 days

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42
Q

what does the menstrual cycle do

A

prepares uterus for pregnancy

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43
Q

how long is menses typically

A

5 days

50 ml of blood

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44
Q

what can menses be influenced by

A

physical, emotional, and environmental factors

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45
Q

what are prostaglandins (PG’s) and where are they produced

A

oxygenated fatty acids (hormones)

uterus

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46
Q

what are PG’s responsible for

A

smooth muscle contractility
key role in ovulation
moderate hormonal activity
influence estrogen and progesterone

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47
Q

what can PG’s do to the rest of the body

A

upset stomach, diarrhea, cramps, irritability, sleep disturbances

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48
Q

what is the cimacteric phase of menopause

A

transition phase of the body

transition from ovarian to decrease in hormone production

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49
Q

what is perimenopause

A 
before women stops the menstrual cycle
no estrogen being produced from the ovaries
over a 4 year span
decrease in ovarian function
less ova/eggs released
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50
Q

what is menopause

A

last menstrual period
1 year of no bleeding
between ages 35-60
average age is 51.4

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51
Q

what are the barriers to seeking healthcare

A

financial issues
cultural issues
gender issues (gender concordance)

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52
Q

what do the caring for women across the lifespan include

A 
preconception
pregnancy 
family planning
menstrual problems
periomenopause
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53
Q

what is the average age for girls for their first intercoarse

A

17

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54
Q

when are pap smears recommended

A

21 or sexually active

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55
Q

what are nutrition issues that relate to risk factors in womens health

A

appropriate intake of calcium (osteoporosis)
folic acid increase (400 grams when pregnant)
screen for eating disorders
obesity

56
Q

what is the recommended exercise

A

20-30 minutes of exercise at least 3 times a week

can prevent CVD, DM, osteoporosis, arthritis

57
Q

what are the medical conditions common in women

A

heart disease
lung, breast, colon cancer
diabetes
chronic lung diseases

58
Q

what do these medical conditions put women at risk for

A 
infertility 
ovarian cysts
STI's
pre-term labor
miscarriage
59
Q

what is anticipatory guidance and when is it used

A

for mental health issues

in anticipation of problem, coping skills

60
Q

what can substance abuse include

A 
alcohol
caffeine
cocaine
prescriptions 
drugs
61
Q

what STI’s are the most common to screen for in women

A

candida
bacterial vaginitis
HSV
strep

62
Q

what is amenorrhea

A

absence of period
absense of menses at age 15 with breast growth development
absense of menses 5 years within breast development

63
Q

what is secondary amenorrhea

A

menstrual cycle but then 6 months plus without another

64
Q

what are the main influences on amenorrhea

A 
pregnancy 
endocrine disorders
thyroid issues
pituitary issues 
polysistic syndrome
diabetes
65
Q

what is the pregnancy hormone

A

HCG

66
Q

what can be checked for causes of amenorrhea

A 
urine sample to rule out pregnancy 
CBC
TSH
Estrodal
Prolactin
67
Q

what is the female athlete triad and what can it cause

A

it can cause amenorrhea
increase in exercise, inadequate nutrition
can cause osteoporosis

68
Q

what is dysmenorrhea

A

pain during or shortly after menstruation

69
Q

what can cause dysmenorrhea

A

early menarchy
nulliparity y (never being pregnant)
lack of exercise

70
Q

what is primary dysmenorrhea

A

ovulatory cycles
excessive release of prostaglandins
cause arterioles in the uterus to spasm

71
Q

what is the treatment for dysmenorrhea

A 
heat
exercise
relaxation
low sodium
low fat
vitamin E supplements
72
Q

what is secondary dysmenorrhea and when does it occur

A

later in life, after 25 years

can be associated with pelvic pathology (endometriosis, fibroids)

73
Q

what are s/s of dysmenorrhea

A

bloating
pelvic fullness
pain in the legs
lower back pain

74
Q

what is the main treatment for dysmenorrhea

A

TREAT THE CAUSE

75
Q

what are the s/s of PMS

A 
fluid retention
pelvic fullness
breast tenderness
weight gain
irritability 
depression
craving
headache
fatigue
76
Q

PMS is a combination of

A

physical, psychological, behavioral symptoms

77
Q

how can you manage PMS

A 
diet
exercise
B6
D3
calcium supplements 
relaxation
78
Q

what is endometriosis

A

presence/growth of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus

79
Q

IMPORTANT: signs and symptoms of endometriosis include

A 
dysmenorrhea 
painful intercourse
abnormal uterine bleeding
infertility 
*can worsen with each cycle or disappear after menopause
80
Q

management of endometriosis include

A 
NSAIDS 
estrogen suppressants
oral contraceptives 
surgery 
hysterectomy
81
Q

what occurs in menopause (physiologic)

A 
anovulation (eggs aren't released)
menstrual cycle length (longer length in between)
ovulation (less frequent)
progesterone (not produced)
FSH (elevated)
82
Q

physical changes in menopause include

A 
bleeding (longer, lighter or heavier)
genital changes (vagina/urethra are estrogen sensitive)
decrease in libido 
vaginal dryness
atrophy 
incontinence 
vasomotor instability (hot flash)
moods/behavior changes
83
Q

what are the treatments of vasomotor instability

A

avoid caffeine
layer clothing
ice water
avoid alcohol

84
Q

what is osteoporosis

A

progressive loss of bone mass
decreased estrogen levels
(estrogen converts vitamin D into calcitonin)

85
Q

what are health risks of perimenopausal women

A

osteoporosis

coronary heart disease

86
Q

what are the risks of menopausal hormonal therapy

A

increases chances of breast cancer up to 5 years after stopping HRT

87
Q

what medications are used for menpausal hormonal therapy

A 
estrogen 
estrogen/progesterone 
SSRI's
Gabapentin 
Clonadine
88
Q

what are the side effects of menopausal hormone therapy

A

headache
N/V
brown spots on the skin
depression

89
Q

what is micromastia

A

underdevelopment of the breast tissue

90
Q

what is macromastia

A

overdevelopment of the breast tissue

91
Q

what are the two goals when doing the initial evaluation of the breasts

A

what is benign, what is malignant

assess risk of breast cancer

92
Q

what are fibrocystic changes

A 
most common (20-50)
related to imbalance of estrogen/progesterone
93
Q

signs and symptoms of fibrocystic changes

A

lumpiness with or without pain (pain during menstrual cycle)
occur one week before, one week after
pain in younger women, 20 years
moveable, soft, easily touched

94
Q

what is the management for fibrocycstic changes

A

surgical removal
NSAIDS
oral contraceptives
avoid alcohol/caffeine

95
Q

does discovering a solid mass mean it is breast cancer? does it mean your risk for breast cancer is increased?

A

NO!

96
Q

what is Mastalgia

A

breast pain

97
Q

when is mastalgia common

A

in the reproductive years (teens to late 40’s)

98
Q

when is mastalgia uncommon

A

breast cancer

99
Q

what are the characteristics to assess for mastalgia (breast pain)

A

cyclic/non-cyclic pain

focal/diffuse

100
Q

what is a fibroadenoma

A

solid mass
less than 3 cm
teenage year
most common

101
Q

when can fibroadenomas get larger

A

pregnancy

102
Q

when can fibroadenomas get smaller

A

when older

103
Q

what is cellulitis

A

inflammation and infection of the skin

104
Q

what are the risk factors for developing cellulitis

A 
obesity
large breasts
previous surgerys
radiation
smoking
diabetes
nipple piercings
105
Q

what is the most common cause of cellulitis

A

Mrsa

106
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of cellulitis

A 
redness
inflammation
thickened skin
warm to the touch
can turn into abscess
107
Q

what is the treatment for cellulitis

A

antibiotics

108
Q

what percent of lumps are found by patients

A

90%

109
Q

what are the nursing actions/teaching for breast care management

A

discuss intervals for breast exams
provide written education
therapeutic communication

110
Q

when are frequent breast exams recommended

A

starting in 20’s

111
Q

when are annual mammograms recommended

A

40 and older

112
Q

what impacts the development of malignant conditions of the breast

A 
gender 
age
early menarche
menopause
time of first live birth
race (non-hispanic white)
personal history
nulliparity (never had kid)
geographic differences
1st pregnancy after 40
113
Q

what genetic markers increase your risk for breast cancer

A

BRCA 1

BRCA 2

114
Q

what percentage of breast cancer is related to genetic mutations

A

15%

115
Q

if the genetic markers are present, how much does it increase the chance of developing breast cancer

A

85%

116
Q

if the genetic markers are present, how often are breast exams with immaging recommended

A

biannually

117
Q

what is the 2nd leading cause of death in women

A

breast cancer

1 in 8 women develop it

118
Q

what is the survival rate of breast cancer

A

83% 10 years after diagnoses

119
Q

what percent is males

A

1%

120
Q

what is a ductal tumor

A 
in ducts
invades tissue
solid
none mobile
non tender
121
Q

what does the rate of breast cancer growth depend on

A

estrogen
progesterone
other types of hormones/receptors

122
Q

what is the most common type of malignant conditions of the breast

A

invasive ductal carcinoma

123
Q

what occurs with a nipple carcinoma

A

with ductal carcinoma
bleeding
oozing
crusting

124
Q

what are the characteristics of lobular tumors

A

in lobes
not palpable
imaging needed

125
Q

what is Inflammatory breast cancer often misdiagnosed as

A

mastitis

cellulitis

126
Q

what are the characteristics of inflammatory breast cancer

A 
red
inflammed
rash
stage 2
aggressive
127
Q

where is the most common site of metastasis (breast cancer spread) in the body

A

bones
lungs
brain
liver

128
Q

what is the gold standard for breast cancer

A

mammography

129
Q

what is the most significant prognostic criteria for long term survival

A

nodal involvement

tumor size

130
Q

when is adjuvant systemic chemotherapy performed

A

right after removal of tumor

pre-menopause, cancer spread to lymph nodes

131
Q

what is requried 90 days prior to prophylactic mastectomy

A

mammogram

to ensure healthy tissue is being removed

132
Q

what is the most common form of hormonal therapy for breast cancer

A

Tamoxifen (anti-estrogen)

133
Q

what is required when on tamoxifen

A

annual pap smears
eye exams
liver function tests every 6 months
bone density scan every 3 years

134
Q

what are the side effects of Tamoxifen

A 
anemia
N/V
Leukopenia
Thrombocytopenia
hair loss
135
Q

what are the nursing considerations for therapies

A

infection control
therapeutic communication
don’t take BP/Place IV/Draw blood on surgery side

136
Q

what are included in survivorship issues

A 
Vasomotor Symptoms
Sexual Dysfunction
Osteoporosis 
Weight Gain
Cognitive Changes
Cancer-related fatigue
Cardiotoxicity/Neuropathy (due to Chemotherapy)

MATERNAL/INFANT (3 decks)

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