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Human Development II > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

When does the shift from ego-centrism to abstract logic occur?

A

11-18

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2
Q

What is egocentrism?

A

thinking intesely about themselves and how other people think of them

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3
Q

What is rumination?

A

Thinking obsessively over self-focused concerns (rehashing )

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4
Q

What are the two fables?

A

1: Personal Fable
2: Invincibility Fable

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5
Q

What is the Personal Fable?

A

Adolescents belief that their thoughts, feelings, experiences are more unique than others

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6
Q

What is the invincibility fable?

A

belief that one cannot be overcome or harmed by anything that might defeat a normal mortal

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7
Q

What is formal operational thought?

A

Piaget’s fourth stage of development characterized by systematic logic and abstract ideas

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8
Q

What is hypothetical thought?

A

reasoning that uses propositions and possibilities that nay not reflect reality

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9
Q

What is deductive reasoning?

A

reasoning from a general premise through logical steps to figure out specifics

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10
Q

What is inductive reasoning?

A

reasoning from one or more specific experiences or facts to a general conclusion (less advanced)

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11
Q

What is intuitive thought?

A

thought that arises from an emotion or hunch, beyond rational explanations
-influenced by past experiences

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12
Q

What is analytic thought?

A

Thought that results from analysis such as a pros and cons list

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13
Q

What is secondary education?

A

Highschool (12-18)

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14
Q

What is middle school?

A

5/6-8

Learning goes backwards

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15
Q

What is identity?

A

Consistent definition of one’s self as a unique individual

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16
Q

What are the components of Erikson’s Identity vs. role confusion?

A

Identity Achievment
Role confusion
Foreclosure
Moratorium

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17
Q

What is Identity achievment?

A

attainment of identity the point at which a person understands who her or she is

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18
Q

What is role confusion?

A

a situation in which an adolescent does not seem to know or care what his or her id is

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19
Q

What is forclosure?

A

premature identity formation occuring when an adolescent adopts parents or societies roles and values without question or analysis

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20
Q

What is moratorium?

A

An adolescent’s choice of a socially acceptable way to postpone making identiy achievment decisions

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21
Q

What is political id?

A

Each group more lib than last

-if parents are political kids are likely to be

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22
Q

What is ethnic id?

A

Pride in ethnicity (leads to academic achievment and well being)

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23
Q

What is parental monitoring?

A

Parents ongoing awareness of what their children are doing, where, and with whom

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24
Q

Parental monitoring: what is a warm supportive relationship associated with?

A

positive outcomes less risky behaviors

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25
Q

Parental Monitoring: What are cold punitive parents associated with?

A

rebellion
anxiety/depression
substance abuse

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26
Q

What is familism?

A

the belief that family members should sacrifice personal freedom and success to care for eachother

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27
Q

What is suicidal ideation?

A

serious thoughts about killing oneself

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28
Q

What age is suicidal ideation most commoin?

A

15

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29
Q

What are cluster suicides?

A

several suicides commited by members of a group within a brief period of time

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30
Q

What is parasuicide?

A

Any potential lethal action against the self that does not result in death
-more common than completed suicide

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31
Q

What gender is more likely to complete suicide?

A

males

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32
Q

When does drug use become widespread before decreasing?

A

10-25

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33
Q

What age is the best predictor of later drug use?

A

15

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34
Q

What is social cultural theory?

A

suggests that human development result from interaction between people and society/culture

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35
Q

What is the zone of proximal development?

A

what can be learned on own or with help

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36
Q

What is evolutionary theory?

A

suggests that humans have 2 needs survive and reproduce

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37
Q

What is the eclectic perspective?

A

swapping portions of theories together

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38
Q

How many chromsomes do humans have?

A

23 pairs 46 total

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39
Q

What is an allele?

A

variation of gene carrying a specific trait

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40
Q

What are epigenetics?

A

how environmental factors effect genes and expression

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41
Q

What is a zygote

A

the formation of a new individual by two gametes

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42
Q

What is a gamete?

A

Reproductive cells ie sperm or ova

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43
Q

What is genotype?

A

organisms entire genetic inheritance

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44
Q

What is homozygous?

A

Two genes of one pair are exactly the same

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45
Q

What is heterozygous?

A

Two genes of one pair are not the same

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46
Q

What are stem cells?

A

first cells
can produce any other cells
can be reprogrammed CRISPR

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47
Q

What is assisted reproduction?

A

General term for techniques to inpregnate infertile couples

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48
Q

What is invitro fertilization?

A

fertilization that takes place outside of the body (mix sperm with removed ova implant idn different female

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49
Q

What are monozygotic twins

A

Identical: come from one zygote

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50
Q

What are Dizygotic twins?

A

two seperate ova two seperate sperm

-fraternal twins

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51
Q

What is phenotype?

A

observable characteristics of a living thing including appearance, personality, and intelligence

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52
Q

What does polygenic mean?

A

Trait is influenced by many genes

53
Q

How many alleles does each person have that cause serious disease?

A

40 Alleles

54
Q

What is a carrier?

A

person whose genotype includes a gene that is not expressed in the phenotype

55
Q

What is down syndrome?

A

Tisomy-21 person has three copies of chromosome 21

56
Q

What percentage of children whos parents have a dominant disorder will have the disorder

A

50%

57
Q

When do most dominant disorders present?

A

adulthood

58
Q

Why are recessive gene disorders more numerous?

A

They are passed down generationally by people unaware of their genoty[e

59
Q

What is puberty?

A

the time between the first onset of hormones and full adult physical development

60
Q

How long does puberty typically last?

A

3-5 years

61
Q

What is the sequence of puberty for girls?

A

1) nipple growth
2) Pubic hair appears
3) peak growth spurt
4) Widening of hips
5) Menarche
6) Full pubic hair
7) Breast maturity

62
Q

What is the sequence of puberty for boys?

A

1) Growth of testes
2) initial pubic hairs
3) growth of the penis
4) spermarche
5) appearance of facial hair
6) peak growth
7) Deepening of voice
8) Final pubic hair

63
Q

When do girls have their first menarche

A

12yr 4 month

64
Q

When is peak fertility?

A

16-22

65
Q

What is spermarche?

A

First ejaculation

66
Q

What is the average age for spermarche

A

13

67
Q

Who uses estragon?

A

females

68
Q

Who uses endrogen?

A

males

69
Q

What are gonads?

A

paired sex glands produce hormones and gametes

70
Q

What is estradol

A

Sex hormone considered the chief of estrogen

71
Q

When do teens have the most energy

A

night

72
Q

During puberty how does the brain mature?

A

steady maturation of the prefrontal cortex

high hormonal influence of amygdola (fight or glight)

73
Q

When will puberty begin?

A

8-14 visible one year later

74
Q

What do fat kids do?

A

begin puberty earlier

75
Q

What happens to early maturing girls?

A

depression, body image issues,older boyfriends, abusive relationships

76
Q

What happens to early maturing boys?

A

more aggressive law breaking and alcohol abuse

77
Q

What happens to late developing boys?

A

anxious depressed and afraid of sex

78
Q

What is the sequence fro growth?

A

weight height muscles

79
Q

What happens to organs during puberty

A

lungs 3x weight
heart 2x size
tonsils shrink

80
Q

what happens to skin during puberty?

A

oily, sweaty more prone to acne

81
Q

What happens to hair?

A

coarser and darker

82
Q

What is nature?

A

genetic influence on a person

83
Q

What is nurture?

A

the non genetic influence on developing people including mothers behavior in womb and national culture

84
Q

What is differential susceptability?

A

sensitivity to any particular experiences

85
Q

What is the life span perspective?

A

humans develop through all of life

86
Q

What is a sensitive period?

A

easy but non essential ex. language

87
Q

What is the ecological systems theory?

A

everyone is influenced by different layers of context

88
Q

What are the layers of the ecological systems theory?

A

Microsis realm
Extosis realm
Macrosis realm
Chronos realm

89
Q

What is the microsis realm

A

things that have a direct influence on development

90
Q

What is the extosis realm

A

external factors such as school or church

91
Q

What is the macrosis realm

A

wider bodies (government, economics)

92
Q

What is the methosis realm

A

interaction of microsis, extosis, and macrosis

93
Q

What is the chronos realm

A

time period

94
Q

What is a cohort

A

group of people who share an experience at the same time

95
Q

What is socioeconomic status?

A

position in society with income wealth occupation education and residency

96
Q

What is culture?

A

system of shared beliefs, norms, behaviors, expectations, that persist over time

97
Q

What is the difference equals deficit error?

A

mistaken belief that a deviation from the norm is inferior to behavior or characteristics that fit the norm

98
Q

What does plasticity mean?

A

human traits can be molded

99
Q

What is experimental research?

A

used to prove cause and effect uses experiment and control groups

100
Q

What is a cross-sectional study

A

two different groups

101
Q

What is longitudinal study?

A

follows one person for years

102
Q

What is cross-sequential?

A

combines cross-sectional and longitudanal

103
Q

What is a positive correlation?

A

variables rise together

104
Q

What is a negative correlation?

A

one rises one falls

105
Q

What is quantitative research

A

provides data expressed in numbers

106
Q

What is qualitative research

A

non quantifiable data

107
Q

What is psychoanalytic theory?

A

inner drive, early childhood, unconscious motives

108
Q

Who is erik erikson?

A

8 developmental stages with developmental crisis
5 psycho social stages
3 adult stages

109
Q

What is behaviorism

A

focus on measurable observable behaviors

110
Q

What is operant conditioning

A

behaviors can be learned through association of environmental and naturally occuring stimulus (pavlov_)

111
Q

What is social learning theory?

A

observation of others changes behavior

112
Q

What is assimilation?

A

new ideas are added/associated with old ideas/systems

113
Q

What is accommodation?

A

acceptance of a new thing. (balloons are not balls they are balloons)

114
Q

What does social cultural theory suggest?

A

suggests that human development results from the dynamic interaction between developing persons and surrounding society/culture

115
Q

What does comorbid mean?

A

multiple disorders at once

116
Q

When does self esteem dip for both boys and girls?

A

puberty

117
Q

What effects depression

A

level of support from family and friends/ cultural contexts

118
Q

What is major depressive disorder

A

deep sadness and feelings of hopelessness ,lethargy, and worthlessness
-disrupts functioning

119
Q

What ratio of boys and girls develop major depressive disorder?

A

Girl: 1/5
Boy: 1/10

120
Q

What does externalizing mean?

A

lashing out breaking shit more common in males

121
Q

What oes internalizing mean?

A

moody shit, anxiety, depression (females )

122
Q

What happens to anger during adolescence?

A

increases

123
Q

What is a life course persistent offender?

A

breaks law as an adolescent and does not stop

124
Q

What is an adolescent limited offender?

A

stops breaking the law by 21

125
Q

What is the foster care to prison pipeline?

A

foster kids 4x more likely to end up in prison

  • more moves =more likely for prison
  • 90% of teens moved 5x or more within prison in 2yr
126
Q

What is the school to prison pipeline?

A
  • put in contact with law early
  • poverty abuse disabiliteies
  • zero tolerance policies boot kids
127
Q

What does tobacco do?

A

slows growth

  • protein and vitamin deficiencies
  • damages hearts, lungs, brains, and reproductive systems
128
Q

What does alcohol do?

A

damages hippocampus and prefrontal cortex if heavy (memory)

-momentary denial of problems

129
Q

What does weed do?

A
  • adolescents who use regularly more likely to drop out be teenage parents, and be unemployed
  • lowers motivation

Human Development II (3 decks)

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