Exam 1 Flashcards
When does the shift from ego-centrism to abstract logic occur?
11-18
What is egocentrism?
thinking intesely about themselves and how other people think of them
What is rumination?
Thinking obsessively over self-focused concerns (rehashing )
What are the two fables?
1: Personal Fable
2: Invincibility Fable
What is the Personal Fable?
Adolescents belief that their thoughts, feelings, experiences are more unique than others
What is the invincibility fable?
belief that one cannot be overcome or harmed by anything that might defeat a normal mortal
What is formal operational thought?
Piaget’s fourth stage of development characterized by systematic logic and abstract ideas
What is hypothetical thought?
reasoning that uses propositions and possibilities that nay not reflect reality
What is deductive reasoning?
reasoning from a general premise through logical steps to figure out specifics
What is inductive reasoning?
reasoning from one or more specific experiences or facts to a general conclusion (less advanced)
What is intuitive thought?
thought that arises from an emotion or hunch, beyond rational explanations
-influenced by past experiences
What is analytic thought?
Thought that results from analysis such as a pros and cons list
What is secondary education?
Highschool (12-18)
What is middle school?
5/6-8
Learning goes backwards
What is identity?
Consistent definition of one’s self as a unique individual
What are the components of Erikson’s Identity vs. role confusion?
Identity Achievment
Role confusion
Foreclosure
Moratorium
What is Identity achievment?
attainment of identity the point at which a person understands who her or she is
What is role confusion?
a situation in which an adolescent does not seem to know or care what his or her id is
What is forclosure?
premature identity formation occuring when an adolescent adopts parents or societies roles and values without question or analysis
What is moratorium?
An adolescent’s choice of a socially acceptable way to postpone making identiy achievment decisions
What is political id?
Each group more lib than last
-if parents are political kids are likely to be
What is ethnic id?
Pride in ethnicity (leads to academic achievment and well being)
What is parental monitoring?
Parents ongoing awareness of what their children are doing, where, and with whom
Parental monitoring: what is a warm supportive relationship associated with?
positive outcomes less risky behaviors
Parental Monitoring: What are cold punitive parents associated with?
rebellion
anxiety/depression
substance abuse
What is familism?
the belief that family members should sacrifice personal freedom and success to care for eachother
What is suicidal ideation?
serious thoughts about killing oneself
What age is suicidal ideation most commoin?
15
What are cluster suicides?
several suicides commited by members of a group within a brief period of time
What is parasuicide?
Any potential lethal action against the self that does not result in death
-more common than completed suicide
What gender is more likely to complete suicide?
males
When does drug use become widespread before decreasing?
10-25
What age is the best predictor of later drug use?
15
What is social cultural theory?
suggests that human development result from interaction between people and society/culture
What is the zone of proximal development?
what can be learned on own or with help
What is evolutionary theory?
suggests that humans have 2 needs survive and reproduce
What is the eclectic perspective?
swapping portions of theories together
How many chromsomes do humans have?
23 pairs 46 total
What is an allele?
variation of gene carrying a specific trait
What are epigenetics?
how environmental factors effect genes and expression
What is a zygote
the formation of a new individual by two gametes
What is a gamete?
Reproductive cells ie sperm or ova
What is genotype?
organisms entire genetic inheritance
What is homozygous?
Two genes of one pair are exactly the same
What is heterozygous?
Two genes of one pair are not the same
What are stem cells?
first cells
can produce any other cells
can be reprogrammed CRISPR
What is assisted reproduction?
General term for techniques to inpregnate infertile couples
What is invitro fertilization?
fertilization that takes place outside of the body (mix sperm with removed ova implant idn different female
What are monozygotic twins
Identical: come from one zygote
What are Dizygotic twins?
two seperate ova two seperate sperm
-fraternal twins
What is phenotype?
observable characteristics of a living thing including appearance, personality, and intelligence
What does polygenic mean?
Trait is influenced by many genes
How many alleles does each person have that cause serious disease?
40 Alleles
What is a carrier?
person whose genotype includes a gene that is not expressed in the phenotype
What is down syndrome?
Tisomy-21 person has three copies of chromosome 21
What percentage of children whos parents have a dominant disorder will have the disorder
50%
When do most dominant disorders present?
adulthood
Why are recessive gene disorders more numerous?
They are passed down generationally by people unaware of their genoty[e
What is puberty?
the time between the first onset of hormones and full adult physical development
How long does puberty typically last?
3-5 years
What is the sequence of puberty for girls?
1) nipple growth
2) Pubic hair appears
3) peak growth spurt
4) Widening of hips
5) Menarche
6) Full pubic hair
7) Breast maturity
What is the sequence of puberty for boys?
1) Growth of testes
2) initial pubic hairs
3) growth of the penis
4) spermarche
5) appearance of facial hair
6) peak growth
7) Deepening of voice
8) Final pubic hair
When do girls have their first menarche
12yr 4 month
When is peak fertility?
16-22
What is spermarche?
First ejaculation
What is the average age for spermarche
13
Who uses estragon?
females
Who uses endrogen?
males
What are gonads?
paired sex glands produce hormones and gametes
What is estradol
Sex hormone considered the chief of estrogen
When do teens have the most energy
night
During puberty how does the brain mature?
steady maturation of the prefrontal cortex
high hormonal influence of amygdola (fight or glight)
When will puberty begin?
8-14 visible one year later
What do fat kids do?
begin puberty earlier
What happens to early maturing girls?
depression, body image issues,older boyfriends, abusive relationships
What happens to early maturing boys?
more aggressive law breaking and alcohol abuse
What happens to late developing boys?
anxious depressed and afraid of sex
What is the sequence fro growth?
weight height muscles
What happens to organs during puberty
lungs 3x weight
heart 2x size
tonsils shrink
what happens to skin during puberty?
oily, sweaty more prone to acne
What happens to hair?
coarser and darker
What is nature?
genetic influence on a person
What is nurture?
the non genetic influence on developing people including mothers behavior in womb and national culture
What is differential susceptability?
sensitivity to any particular experiences
What is the life span perspective?
humans develop through all of life
What is a sensitive period?
easy but non essential ex. language
What is the ecological systems theory?
everyone is influenced by different layers of context
What are the layers of the ecological systems theory?
Microsis realm
Extosis realm
Macrosis realm
Chronos realm
What is the microsis realm
things that have a direct influence on development
What is the extosis realm
external factors such as school or church
What is the macrosis realm
wider bodies (government, economics)
What is the methosis realm
interaction of microsis, extosis, and macrosis
What is the chronos realm
time period
What is a cohort
group of people who share an experience at the same time
What is socioeconomic status?
position in society with income wealth occupation education and residency
What is culture?
system of shared beliefs, norms, behaviors, expectations, that persist over time
What is the difference equals deficit error?
mistaken belief that a deviation from the norm is inferior to behavior or characteristics that fit the norm
What does plasticity mean?
human traits can be molded
What is experimental research?
used to prove cause and effect uses experiment and control groups
What is a cross-sectional study
two different groups
What is longitudinal study?
follows one person for years
What is cross-sequential?
combines cross-sectional and longitudanal
What is a positive correlation?
variables rise together
What is a negative correlation?
one rises one falls
What is quantitative research
provides data expressed in numbers
What is qualitative research
non quantifiable data
What is psychoanalytic theory?
inner drive, early childhood, unconscious motives
Who is erik erikson?
8 developmental stages with developmental crisis
5 psycho social stages
3 adult stages
What is behaviorism
focus on measurable observable behaviors
What is operant conditioning
behaviors can be learned through association of environmental and naturally occuring stimulus (pavlov_)
What is social learning theory?
observation of others changes behavior
What is assimilation?
new ideas are added/associated with old ideas/systems
What is accommodation?
acceptance of a new thing. (balloons are not balls they are balloons)
What does social cultural theory suggest?
suggests that human development results from the dynamic interaction between developing persons and surrounding society/culture
What does comorbid mean?
multiple disorders at once
When does self esteem dip for both boys and girls?
puberty
What effects depression
level of support from family and friends/ cultural contexts
What is major depressive disorder
deep sadness and feelings of hopelessness ,lethargy, and worthlessness
-disrupts functioning
What ratio of boys and girls develop major depressive disorder?
Girl: 1/5
Boy: 1/10
What does externalizing mean?
lashing out breaking shit more common in males
What oes internalizing mean?
moody shit, anxiety, depression (females )
What happens to anger during adolescence?
increases
What is a life course persistent offender?
breaks law as an adolescent and does not stop
What is an adolescent limited offender?
stops breaking the law by 21
What is the foster care to prison pipeline?
foster kids 4x more likely to end up in prison
- more moves =more likely for prison
- 90% of teens moved 5x or more within prison in 2yr
What is the school to prison pipeline?
- put in contact with law early
- poverty abuse disabiliteies
- zero tolerance policies boot kids
What does tobacco do?
slows growth
- protein and vitamin deficiencies
- damages hearts, lungs, brains, and reproductive systems
What does alcohol do?
damages hippocampus and prefrontal cortex if heavy (memory)
-momentary denial of problems
What does weed do?
- adolescents who use regularly more likely to drop out be teenage parents, and be unemployed
- lowers motivation
