Exam 1 Flashcards
4 types of receptors discussed in class
mechanoreceptors, nociceptors, proprioceptors, thermoreceptors
Role of the epidermis
creates barrier, keeps fluids in body, cells filled w/ keratin
What tissue takes the longest to heal and why?
ligaments and TENDONS due to decreased blood supply
How long is the inflammatory response phase
0-4 days
how long is the fibrolastic- repair/ proliferative phase?
21 days - 6wks
How long is the maturation / remodeling phase?
3wks-2yrs
What are the 3 different heat transfer mechanisms?
Conduction, convection, and radiation
How do we conserve heat in the body?
vasoconstriction, cessation of sweating, and shivering
How do we release heat?
vasodilation
What is one way to test circulation?
nail blanch/ capillary refill
What does skin turgor test for?
hydration
When performing a skin screen for melanoma what are the ABCDE’s that should be followed?
Asymmetry, borders, color, diameter, evolving
What are 3 types of stress?
compression, tension, and shear
Excessive stress in the musculoskeletal system can lead to what?
sprain, strain, degeneration/ tear
Excessive stress in the integumentary system can cause what?
an abrasion
Excessive stress in the cardiopulmonary system can cause what?
fibrosis, aneurysm and ventricular hypertrophy
Excessive stress in the neuromuscular system can cause what?
axonal demyelination and degeneration
What factors affect PS on tissues?
movement and alignment factors, extrinsic, psychosocial, physiological
T/F: BMD is improved by the appropriate physical stress
True
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
Redness, pain, swelling, warmth, and loss of function
What is the clinical goal during the inflammatory phase?
control swelling
What is the role of histamine in the inflammatory phase?
increase vasodilation, vascular permeability
How do NSAIDs affect inflammation?
interfere with the production of prostaglandins thus reducing swelling and decrease pain
Clinical goal during proliferation phase?
Control swelling, and optimal loading
What are signs of the proliferation phase?
swelling, redness, sensation (nerves are hypersensitive)
Clinical goal of maturation/ remodeling phase?
ROM, returning to function, control pain and swelling
What happens to the collagen in the maturation phase?
type 1 fibers are synthesized and type 3 is destroyed
Primary cause of lymphedema
congenital disorder
Secondary causes of lymphedema
tumor, surgery, pregnancy, trauma
What are 2 good things about edema? and 2 bad?
Good: Protects joint from further damage, brings nutrients Bad: Pain and secondary tissue hypoxia
What is the best way to manage edema?
Ice, Elevation, compression, muscle pump/ PROM
What is wolffs law?
when bone grows and remodels in response to the forces that are placed upon it
4 stages of bone healing
- Early inflammation 2. Soft callus forms 3. hard callus forms 4. Angiogenesis: new blood vessels form
What modality interventions should be used on bone?
US (non thermal), low level laser, PEMF
what is osteoporosis?
a disease associated with low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue
What are the common sites for osteoporotic fx in postmenopausal women?
spine, wrist, and hip
What is the DXA and what does it do?
measure bone mineral density
What joint receptors are sensitive to stretch?
ruffini
What joint receptors respond to pressure and compression?
pacini
What joint receptors respond to pressure and forceful joint motion?
golgi-mazzoni
Why does muscle heal fast?
because they are hydrated
When would you use ice on muscle?
Inflammation and pain
when would you use heat on a muscle \?
to increase ROM or pain
US used on muscle to increase?
blood flow
Estim on muscle to??
assist contraction in healing
tendons are made up primarily of what type of collagen?
type 1
Type 3 collagen is present where?
skin, capsules, mm and tendon sheaths and in healing tissues
What is the most common skin cancer?
Basal cell carcinoma
What is classifies as an infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue, characterized by fever, erythema, edema, and pain?
Cellulitis
what are some cutaneous signs of internal disease?
Nail clubbing, chronic edema, acanthosis nigracans (diabetes)
What is PRP?
platelet rich plasma , inject platelets above baseline concentrations
What is PRP supposed to do?
promote cell replication, blood vessel growth, and muscle repair
PRP can be used for the following?
chronic tendinopathies ligament tear/ injury bone growth wound healing cartilage regeneration
Is pain a symptom or a sign?
SYMPTOM
What is inflammatory soup?
chemical mediators released from the nociceptors and injured tissue creating an acidic environment which hypersensitizes neurons and excitibility
what is hyperalgesia?
increased response to noxious stimuli
Allodynia?
pain in response to innocuous stimulus
What fibers inhibit the pain signal being sent to the brain? aka closing the gates
non-nociceptive Abeta
what fibers open the gate and allow pain signal to reach the brain?
C fibers
Which fibers have the fastest conduction speed and which have the slowest?
A alpha and A beta have the fastest and C is the slowest
What are the nociceptive fibers?
C and A delta
Whatt are the nonnociceptive fibers?
Abeta
When endorphins/ opiopeptins are released why dont you feel pain/ pain is diminished?
because they inhibit the synaptic transmission of A delta and C fibers
What can lead to a muscle spasm?
pain and can increase pain
How do physical agents help reduce pain? (4)
moderate the release of inflammatory mediators, modulate pain at spinal cord level, alter nerve conduction, increase endorphin levels
What are pain memories?
when a repetitive action triggers a memory and causes pain
What does use it or loose it refer too?
lack of movement alters boundaries and affects motor execution
What has a higher specific heat skin or muscle?
SKin
The rate at which heat is transferred between 2 materials is dependent on what 3 things?
temperature difference, conductivity of material, and area of contact
Can muscle, tendon, and ligaments be cooled?
possibly, but not so much because cold therapy only goes 1-2 cm deep
What is conduction
direct contact
What is convection
circulation of medium
what is conversion
mechanical energy converted into heat
what is radiation
direct E transfer without intervening medium
what is evaporation?
E absorp, liquid vapor
