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Therapeutic Modalities > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

4 types of receptors discussed in class

A

mechanoreceptors, nociceptors, proprioceptors, thermoreceptors

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2
Q

Role of the epidermis

A

creates barrier, keeps fluids in body, cells filled w/ keratin

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3
Q

What tissue takes the longest to heal and why?

A

ligaments and TENDONS due to decreased blood supply

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4
Q

How long is the inflammatory response phase

A

0-4 days

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5
Q

how long is the fibrolastic- repair/ proliferative phase?

A

21 days - 6wks

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6
Q

How long is the maturation / remodeling phase?

A

3wks-2yrs

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7
Q

What are the 3 different heat transfer mechanisms?

A

Conduction, convection, and radiation

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8
Q

How do we conserve heat in the body?

A

vasoconstriction, cessation of sweating, and shivering

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9
Q

How do we release heat?

A

vasodilation

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10
Q

What is one way to test circulation?

A

nail blanch/ capillary refill

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11
Q

What does skin turgor test for?

A

hydration

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12
Q

When performing a skin screen for melanoma what are the ABCDE’s that should be followed?

A

Asymmetry, borders, color, diameter, evolving

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13
Q

What are 3 types of stress?

A

compression, tension, and shear

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14
Q

Excessive stress in the musculoskeletal system can lead to what?

A

sprain, strain, degeneration/ tear

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15
Q

Excessive stress in the integumentary system can cause what?

A

an abrasion

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16
Q

Excessive stress in the cardiopulmonary system can cause what?

A

fibrosis, aneurysm and ventricular hypertrophy

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17
Q

Excessive stress in the neuromuscular system can cause what?

A

axonal demyelination and degeneration

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18
Q

What factors affect PS on tissues?

A

movement and alignment factors, extrinsic, psychosocial, physiological

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19
Q

T/F: BMD is improved by the appropriate physical stress

A

True

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20
Q

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

Redness, pain, swelling, warmth, and loss of function

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21
Q

What is the clinical goal during the inflammatory phase?

A

control swelling

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22
Q

What is the role of histamine in the inflammatory phase?

A

increase vasodilation, vascular permeability

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23
Q

How do NSAIDs affect inflammation?

A

interfere with the production of prostaglandins thus reducing swelling and decrease pain

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24
Q

Clinical goal during proliferation phase?

A

Control swelling, and optimal loading

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25
Q

What are signs of the proliferation phase?

A

swelling, redness, sensation (nerves are hypersensitive)

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26
Q

Clinical goal of maturation/ remodeling phase?

A

ROM, returning to function, control pain and swelling

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27
Q

What happens to the collagen in the maturation phase?

A

type 1 fibers are synthesized and type 3 is destroyed

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28
Q

Primary cause of lymphedema

A

congenital disorder

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29
Q

Secondary causes of lymphedema

A

tumor, surgery, pregnancy, trauma

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30
Q

What are 2 good things about edema? and 2 bad?

A

Good: Protects joint from further damage, brings nutrients Bad: Pain and secondary tissue hypoxia

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31
Q

What is the best way to manage edema?

A

Ice, Elevation, compression, muscle pump/ PROM

32
Q

What is wolffs law?

A

when bone grows and remodels in response to the forces that are placed upon it

33
Q

4 stages of bone healing

A
  1. Early inflammation 2. Soft callus forms 3. hard callus forms 4. Angiogenesis: new blood vessels form
34
Q

What modality interventions should be used on bone?

A

US (non thermal), low level laser, PEMF

35
Q

what is osteoporosis?

A

a disease associated with low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue

36
Q

What are the common sites for osteoporotic fx in postmenopausal women?

A

spine, wrist, and hip

37
Q

What is the DXA and what does it do?

A

measure bone mineral density

38
Q

What joint receptors are sensitive to stretch?

A

ruffini

39
Q

What joint receptors respond to pressure and compression?

A

pacini

40
Q

What joint receptors respond to pressure and forceful joint motion?

A

golgi-mazzoni

41
Q

Why does muscle heal fast?

A

because they are hydrated

42
Q

When would you use ice on muscle?

A

Inflammation and pain

43
Q

when would you use heat on a muscle \?

A

to increase ROM or pain

44
Q

US used on muscle to increase?

A

blood flow

45
Q

Estim on muscle to??

A

assist contraction in healing

46
Q

tendons are made up primarily of what type of collagen?

A

type 1

47
Q

Type 3 collagen is present where?

A

skin, capsules, mm and tendon sheaths and in healing tissues

48
Q

What is the most common skin cancer?

A

Basal cell carcinoma

49
Q

What is classifies as an infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue, characterized by fever, erythema, edema, and pain?

A

Cellulitis

50
Q

what are some cutaneous signs of internal disease?

A

Nail clubbing, chronic edema, acanthosis nigracans (diabetes)

51
Q

What is PRP?

A

platelet rich plasma , inject platelets above baseline concentrations

52
Q

What is PRP supposed to do?

A

promote cell replication, blood vessel growth, and muscle repair

53
Q

PRP can be used for the following?

A 
chronic tendinopathies
ligament tear/ injury 
bone growth 
wound healing 
cartilage regeneration
54
Q

Is pain a symptom or a sign?

A

SYMPTOM

55
Q

What is inflammatory soup?

A

chemical mediators released from the nociceptors and injured tissue creating an acidic environment which hypersensitizes neurons and excitibility

56
Q

what is hyperalgesia?

A

increased response to noxious stimuli

57
Q

Allodynia?

A

pain in response to innocuous stimulus

58
Q

What fibers inhibit the pain signal being sent to the brain? aka closing the gates

A

non-nociceptive Abeta

59
Q

what fibers open the gate and allow pain signal to reach the brain?

A

C fibers

60
Q

Which fibers have the fastest conduction speed and which have the slowest?

A

A alpha and A beta have the fastest and C is the slowest

61
Q

What are the nociceptive fibers?

A

C and A delta

62
Q

Whatt are the nonnociceptive fibers?

A

Abeta

63
Q

When endorphins/ opiopeptins are released why dont you feel pain/ pain is diminished?

A

because they inhibit the synaptic transmission of A delta and C fibers

64
Q

What can lead to a muscle spasm?

A

pain and can increase pain

65
Q

How do physical agents help reduce pain? (4)

A

moderate the release of inflammatory mediators, modulate pain at spinal cord level, alter nerve conduction, increase endorphin levels

66
Q

What are pain memories?

A

when a repetitive action triggers a memory and causes pain

67
Q

What does use it or loose it refer too?

A

lack of movement alters boundaries and affects motor execution

68
Q

What has a higher specific heat skin or muscle?

A

SKin

69
Q

The rate at which heat is transferred between 2 materials is dependent on what 3 things?

A

temperature difference, conductivity of material, and area of contact

70
Q

Can muscle, tendon, and ligaments be cooled?

A

possibly, but not so much because cold therapy only goes 1-2 cm deep

71
Q

What is conduction

A

direct contact

72
Q

What is convection

A

circulation of medium

73
Q

what is conversion

A

mechanical energy converted into heat

74
Q

what is radiation

A

direct E transfer without intervening medium

75
Q

what is evaporation?

A

E absorp, liquid vapor

Therapeutic Modalities (2 decks)

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