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MOPs II > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory pathways

A

afferent
incoming
“ascending”

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2
Q

Motor pathways

A

efferent
outgoing
“descending”

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3
Q

What makes up the brainstem?

A

midbrain, pons, and medulla

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4
Q

What are the limbic structures?

A

amygdala and hippocampus (memory and learning, emotion)

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5
Q

Divisions of the CNS (7)

A 
cerebral hemisphere
diencephalon
midbrain
pons
cerebellum
medulla
spinal cord
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6
Q

Gyrus

A

convolution of cortex

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7
Q

Sulcus

A

groove of cortex

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8
Q

What are the five brain lobes and their general function?

A 
frontal (emotion/reasoning)
parietal (sensory/perception)
temporal (hearing, emotion, spatial)
occipital (vision)
insula (emotional)
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9
Q

Longitudinal sulcus

A

divides hemispheres of brain

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10
Q

transverse sulcus

A

separates temporal and frontal lobes

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11
Q

central sulcus

A

separates frontal and parietal lobes

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12
Q

What does the brainstem do?

A

breathing and heartrate
where most cranial nerves exit brain
connect brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

cerebellum

A

integral for learning and detecting mistakes

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14
Q

spinal cord

A

only connection body has to brain

cervical thoracic lumbar and sacral sections which are further divided into segments

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15
Q

Gray matter

A

made of cell bodies
where information is processed
darker color
called: cortex, nucleus, horn

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16
Q

White matter

A

bundles of nn fibers insulated in myelin
transmit information from one area to another
called: nn, pathway, tract, column, projections, radiations, lemniscus

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17
Q

What are the 3 cell types of the nervous system?

A

neurons
support
stem

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18
Q

Stem cells

A

can become almost any type of tissue
maintain some throughout life
growth triggered by exercise, cognitive challenge, and brain damage

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19
Q

3 main parts of a neuron

A

Dendrites (receive information)
Soma (encloses machinery for cell function)
axon (transmists information)

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20
Q

Support cells (aka neuroglia) types

A

macroglia
microglia
satellite cells

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21
Q

macroglia

A

schwann cells, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal

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22
Q

microglia

A

phagocytocic or scavanger function

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23
Q

schwann cells

A

myelinate one patch of one axon (PNS)

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24
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

myelinate numerous surrounding axons

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25
Q

astrocytes

A

structural support

create blood-brain barrier

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26
Q

ependymal

A

line interior of ventricles

make CSF

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27
Q

Types of neurons

A

motor
sensory
interneurons
projection

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28
Q

unipolar nuerons

A

no true dendrites, single axon with many terminal processes

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29
Q

psuedounipolar neurons

A

soma off to side

two processes at opposite poles of embryonic bipolar neuron fuse

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30
Q

falx cerebri

A

part of dura matter that separates left and right cerebral hemispheres

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31
Q

tantorium cerebelli

A

part of dura matter that separates cerebellum from forebrain

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32
Q

neurons

A

functional unit of nervous system

process and transmit information

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33
Q

Kahal

A

proposed neuron anatomy was meant to process and transmit information

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34
Q

In which direction does information usually travel through a neuron?

A

from dendrites to axon to synapse

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35
Q

What are some examples of cortex being split up? (hint: maps)

A

somatotopic map
retinotopic map
tonotopic map

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36
Q

Labelled line theory

A

information moving around brain in same way (coded as action potentials)
each pathway carries only one type of information
example: voluntary/automatic motor=labelled line; sensory=labelled line
damage gives discernable impairments

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37
Q

Skull bones

A 
22 bones (8 paired, 6 unpaired)
joints=suture (but not at birth; 2 fontanelles let brain grow)
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38
Q

Foramen magna

A

opening where SC leaves/enters skull

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39
Q

anterior circulation

A

fed by internal carotid

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40
Q

posterior circulation

A

fed by vertebral arteries

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41
Q

Circle of Willis

A

helps if one part of circ system stops
anastomoses
made of: anterior communicating artery, 2 posterior communicating arteries, and three cerebral arteries

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42
Q

Describe blood flow into and out of brain (hint: components)

A

blood taken into brain: taken apart into blood and CSF

blood leaving brain: put back as used CSF and deoxygenated blood

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43
Q

How does most of the CNS drain blood

A

indirectly; drain first into dural sinuses before returning to internal jugular vein

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44
Q

Pia mater

A

follows contours of brain (can’t see with naked eye)
anchors arachnoid trabeculae
escort blood vessels into brain

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45
Q

arachnoid

A

avascular with subarachnoid space (filled with CSF

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46
Q

arachnoid trabeculae

A

suspend brain and SC

hold membrane down

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47
Q

ventricles

A

lined with ependymal cells and filled with CSF

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48
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells with assistance from astrocytes
protects brain from neuroactive compounds and rapid changes in ionic constituents of blood (must use active transfusion not free diffusion)

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49
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

allows for small volume changes
buoys the brain
regulates chemical environment
diliutes substances

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50
Q

arachnoid villa

A

pockets of arachnoid away from brain

release extra CSF into venous sinuses

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51
Q

dura mater

A

thick and tough

has own blood supply and sensory innervation

52
Q

layers of dura mater

A
  1. periostial (outermost)

2. meningeal (innermost): mostly adhered to periostial except to make sinus cavities; continuous along verterbal canal

53
Q

superior sagittal sinus

A

runs along superficial edge of falx cerebri

54
Q

Epidural space

A

begins at foramen magna

filled with fatty connective tissue and veins

55
Q

lumbar cistern

A

has nn but no cord
about L2
spinal tap area

56
Q

peripheral meninges

A

epineurium (outermost)
perineurium
endoneurium (innermost)

57
Q

epineurium

A

extension of dura

loose, forms capsule

58
Q

perinuerium

A

extension of blood-brain barrier

open at some endings

59
Q

endoneurium

A

may direct nn growth

60
Q

choroid plexus

A

made of ependymal cells, pia mater, and capillaries

converts blood to CSF at about .5 L per day

61
Q

Cerebellar arteries

A

superior cerebellar artery
anterior inferior cerebellar artery
posterior inferior cerebellar artery

vascularize brainstem

62
Q

anterior spinal artery and posterolateral spinal arteries

A

blood supply to spinal cord

63
Q

lymphatic system

A

lymph vessels line dura sinuses
carry lymph and immune cells to deep cervical lymph nodes
still being researched, very recently discovered

64
Q

Cortical layering

A

helps establish how cortex functions; thickness of layers differs between areas of cortex
I: molecular layer, few soma lots of dendrites, some entering axons
II: external granule layer, interneurons, output to other intrahemispheric cortex
III: external pyramidal later, projection neurons, output to intra/interhemisphere cortex
IV: internal granule cell layer, hace interneurons, input from thalamus
V: internal pyramidal layer, projection neurons, output to subcortical centers to spinal cord, axons travel furthest
VI: multiform layer, output to thalamus

65
Q

cortical columns

A

grouped by function, can communicate with neighboring columns, if in motor column would have large layer V and layer V cells
primary processing units (bring in information and whether to send motor output or thought)

66
Q

projection pathways: white matter

A

highways with many exits and entrances

can be short but longer paths can be identified

67
Q

projection from one cortical area to another=

A

association

68
Q

projection from on hemisphere to another=

A

commissural

examples: corpus callosum, anterior commissure, posterior commissure

69
Q

arcuate pathway

A

long pathway between frontal cortex and other cortical areas

70
Q

internal capsule pathway

A

ascending/descending from cortex to SC

71
Q

corpus callosum

A

largely connects congruent parts of the two hemispheres in a bidirectional manner
except hand area of primary motor cortex does not project to the contralateral hemisphere
doesn’t connect diagonally (occipital to occipital; parietal to parietal)
thickest and most uniform in middle childhood

72
Q

primary cortical areas

A

topographically organized in a receptor representative way
receive input directly from thalamus or project directly to descending pathways
include somatosensory, visual, auditory, motor)

73
Q

association cortical areas

A

broader/more general function

can be unimodal or multimodal

74
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

postcentral gyrus; receives contralateral input from the sensory receptors of the body
activation of cortical columns in S1 we develop conscious awareness of special stimulus (including excitation and type)
Brodmann’s area: 1, 2, 3a, 3b

75
Q

Somatosensory association area

A

S2: areas 5 and 7
activation results in a more vague awareness of stimulated/represented body part (receive bilateral representation from S1 and thalamus)

76
Q

Primary motor cortex

A 
precentral gyrus (area 4)
layer V has large pyramidal cells (Betz)
give rise to descending motor pathways
contralateral somatotopic mapping
Jacksonian march (seizure affects moves from one end of M1 to the other)
77
Q

Motor association cortices

A

premotor: lateral area 6; higher threshold of activation; less refined movements result from sti; plan movement but don’t carry them out
supplementary: medial area 6; stim results in bilateral postural movements

78
Q

primary visual cortex

A 
area 17, occipital lobe
representation of contralateral visual field alternating between ipsilateral and contralateral eye=striate cortex
retinotopic organization (fovea has largest representation)
79
Q

visual association

A

areas 18 and 19

retinotopic representation of different visual features each on their own map (color, orientation, movement)

80
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

temporal lobe

area 41; receives input from thalamus, tonotopic organization

81
Q

A2

A

area 42 receives input from A1 and thalamus

82
Q

auditory association cortex

A

area 22

83
Q

parietal association cortex

A

areas 5 and 7
complex non-linguistical perceptual tasks
paralinguistic aspects of communication
emotion and affect

84
Q

strats for visual perception

A

divide and conquer (faster processing)
dorsal path: spatial location, follow movement, guiding actions
ventral path: shape, color, orientation, texture, “what is it”

85
Q

lateralization

A

in 90% of right handers and 60% of left handers the left hem. is specialized for language and the right hem. is specialized for spatial cognition, and emotional processing

86
Q

language areas

A

lateralized to left hem.
Broca’s=language production
Wernicke’s= language comprehension

87
Q

right hemisphere

A

assists with language learning, music, prosody of speech, visual perception

88
Q

prefrontal cortex

A 
large in advanced species
larger in humans
directs personality
critical role in working memory
supports executive functions (concentration, attention span, initiative, spontaneity, abstract reasoning)
89
Q

brainstem

A

synapses between cranial nn and CNS (attachments grouped together as nuclei)
site of attachment for cerebellum
info super highway

90
Q

what are the 3 regions of the brainstem

A

midbrain (anterior=cerebral aqueduct)
pons (4th ventricle)
medulla (central canal)

91
Q

3 regions of midbrain

A

tectum
tegmentum
basis pedunculi

92
Q

tectum

A 
superior colliculi (visual reflex center; multisensory integration)
inferior colliculi (sound/localization of sound; relay nucleus of auditory pathways)
93
Q

tegmentum

A

contains cranial nn nuclei, ascending/descending fibers, reticular formation, red nucleus, substantia nigra

94
Q

2 parts of pons

A

tegmentum (continuation of midbrain tegmentum)

basal/ventral

95
Q

what attaches pons to cerebellum?

A

superior, medial, inferior peduncles

96
Q

medulla

A

longest portion
ventrally=motor function anatomy (pyramids-2 bumps)
dorsal= 4 bumps (gracilis=medial, cuneate=lateral)

97
Q

neurotransmitters categories

A

1: fast=instantaneous transmission of info
2: modulatory=influence state of nervous system more broadly; important in arousal, mood, emotion, cognition, survival, set excitability level

98
Q

reticular formation

A

collection of grey matter nuclei in brainstem; present at every level
forms central core of brainstem; loose collection
contains several nuclei that produce neurotrans. imp for mood, emotion, and cognitive function

99
Q

2 components of reticular formation

A

rostral=”consciousness system” (pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei, VTA, locus ceruleus, Raphe)
caudal= motor, reflex, autonomic function (nucleus solitarius, pre-Botzinger, rostral ventrolateral medulla nuclei, pontomedullary nuclei, reticulospinal tract)

100
Q

pedunculopontine/laterodorsal tegmental nuclei

A

produce and spread NT acetylcholine; arousal faciliataion of motor function
axons project widely, project to Basal Ganglia, vestibular nuclei and reticulospinal tract

101
Q

ventral tegmental area (VTA)

A

bilateral nuclei

produce dopamine; axons project dopamine to targets in reward system (targets implicated in addiction diseases)

102
Q

locus ceruleus

A

not cohesive, more like scatter
produce norepinephrine and project to every major brain region and SC
maintains vigilance and response to novel stim
largest collection of noradrenergic neurons

103
Q

Raphe

A

produce serotonin and project to almost every part of brain
rostral projections: have role in mood, regulatory functions. implicated in mental illness like depression
caudal projections: to SC and brainstem; regulate motor tone and pain

104
Q

nucleus solitarius

A

receives info to check on vital signs (blood, pH, O2, HR, stretch receptors in lungs)

105
Q

pre-botzinger and botzinger complex

A

respiratory pacemaking

106
Q

rostral ventrolateral medulla nuclei

A

regulating blood pressure

107
Q

pontomedullary nuclei

A

adjacent to cranial nn motor nuclei
contributes to coordination of oral/facial motor responses
influence emotional facial expressions and coughing, hiccupping, sneezing, yawning

108
Q

reticulospinal tract

A

postural control

medial tract: synapses onto lower order neurons (axial mm and ext. of LE)

109
Q

red nucleus

A

don’t know too much about this
role in motor planning of UE reach
arm swing rhythm, infant crawling

110
Q

substantia nigra

A

makes dopamine and provides it to Basal Ganglia

111
Q

basal/ventral pons

A

has transverse fibers and longitudinal fibers (weave together)
forms floor of 4th ventricle

112
Q

inferior olive

A

helps detect mistakes in our thoughts and movements

projects to cerebellum

113
Q

cerebellar peduncles

A

fibers exit cerebellum to innervate downstream pathways

inferior/middle/superior (afferent or efferent)

114
Q

somatic motor

A

innervate mm of head/neck and not of branchial origin

115
Q

branchial motor

A

innervate skeletal mm that arose from embryonic branchial arches

116
Q

visceral motor

A

innervation of glands and organs

part of parasympathetic

117
Q

visceral sensory

A

stretch, chemosensation, blood vessels, digestive tract, gustation

118
Q

general sensory

A

touch, pain, temp., pressure, vibration, mm sensation

119
Q

special sensory

A

smell, hearing, vision, vestibular

120
Q

Neuroimagery for neuroanatomy

A

CT scan, MRI, Diffusion Tensor Imaging

121
Q

Neuroimagery for neurophysiology

A

EEG, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

122
Q

Neuroimagery for neuroanatomy/-physiology

A

fMRI, PET scans, Angiography

123
Q

MRI T1 vs MRI T2

A

T1: fat shows up brightly, water is darker, better for anatomical structures
T2: water shows up brightly (ventricles will be bright), good for detecting abnormalities

124
Q

Upper motor neuron lesion pathology

A

presents as paralysis/difficulty with movement but reflexes still present

125
Q

Lower motor neuron lesion pathology

A

present as flaccis paralysis and no reflexive movement

MOPs II (4 decks)

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