Exam 1 Flashcards
dental caries
Dental Caries: tooth decay
friable
friable: fragile, easily broken, as friable skin.
Halitosis
halitosis: bad breath.
Nits
nits: lice eggs
Pediculosis
pediculosis: infested with lice.
Perineal Care
perineal care: bathing the genitalia & surrounding area.
Periodontis
Periodontis: Inflamation of the tooth socket aka pyorrhea
Pyorrhea
pyorrhea: copious discharge of pus.
Smegma
smegma: sebaceous gland secretion that may collect under the foreskin of the penis in an uncircumcised male.
Sordes
sordes: foul, dark matter that collects around the teeth and lips in low-grade fevers.
Bed Cradle
Bed cradle: frame used to prevent bedclothes from touching all or pat of the clients body
Closed Bed
Closed bed: bed used when preparing a unit for a new client-an unoccupied bed.
Egg Crate Mattress
egg-crate mattress: a foam pad, shaped like an egg carton,
which is used on top of a regular bed mattress to provide
comfort and to prevent pressure areas
Flotation Mattress
flotation mattress: mattress or pad filled with a gel-type
material which supports the body in a way to provide
comfort and avoid creating pressure points, thereby helping
to prevent skin breakdown.
Footboard
footboard: vertical support at the foot of a bed, helps to prevent footdrop
Footdrop
footdrop: contracture deformity that prevents the client from putting the heel on the floor; results from improper positioning or anterior leg muscle paralysis; abnormal plantar flexion of the foot.
Mitered (corners)
mitered: the type of beveled comers used when making a hospital bed.
Occupied bed
occupied bed: bed holding a client that is unable to get up as a result of his or her condition or generalized weakness
Open Bed
open bed: bed that allows linens to be turned down, making it easier for a person to get into or out of
Postoperative bed
postoperative bed: bed prepared for a client who is returning from surgery or another procedure that requires transfer into the bed from a stretcher or wheelchair.
Traction
traction: exertion of a pulling force; an apparatus attached to the client to maintain stability of a joint or aligned fracture or to exert a pulling force elsewhere, as in the lower back, to relieve pressure.
Trapeze
trapeze: horizontal bar suspended above and attached to
the bed, which is used to pull up to a sitting position or to
lift the shoulders and hips off the bed.
Unoccupied Bed
unoccupied bed: bed that is empty at the time it’s made up
Apical pulse
apical pulse: pulse normally heard at the heart’s apex, which usually gives the most accurate assessment of pulse rate.
Apical-radial pulse
apical-radial pulse: reading done by
measuring both the apical and radial pulses simultaneously, used when it is suspected that the heart is not effectively pumping blood.
apnea
apnea: cessation of breathing.
ausculation
auscultation: externally listening to
sounds from within the body to deter mine abnormal conditions, as auscutation of blood pressure with a stethoscope.
axillary
Axillary: Armpit
Bradycardia
bradycardia: abnormally slow heart action; slow pulse.
Bradypnea
bradypnea: condition in which breaths are abnormally slow and fall below carotid pulse: pulse felt on either side of the neck, over the carotid artery
Cartoid pluse
carotid pulse: pulse felt on either side of the neck, over the carotid artery.
celsisus
Celsius: temperature scale in which water boils at 100 degrees and freezes at zero (formerly centigrade). “Normal” oral body temperature is 37 degrees Celsius. Celsius scale most often used in healthcare facilities.
Cheyne-Stokes respirations
Cheyne-Stokes respiration: breathing characterized by deep breathing alternating with very slow breathing or apnea; indicative of brain damage; often precedes death
Crisis
crisis: the turning point of a disease; sudden intensification of symptoms
Cyanosis
cyanosis: blueness or duskiness of the skin caused by oxygen deficiency and excess carbon dioxide in the blood.
Diastole
diastole: atrial and ventricular relaxation which allows the chambers of the heart to fill with blood.
Dyspnea
dyspnea: difficulty in breathing.
eupnea
eupnea: normal respiration
Fahrenheit
Fahrenheit: temperature scale in which
water boils at 212 degrees and freezes at 32 degrees.
Febrile
febrile: pertaining to a fever.
Femoral pulse
femoral pulse: pulse felt in the groin over the femoral artery
Fever
fever: abnormally high body temperature
Hand sanitization
hand sanitization: cleansing the hands using a chemical agent or thorough hand washing.
Hypertension
hypertension: elevated blood pressure; also called high blood pressure
Hypotension
hyypotension: chronic depression in blood pressure; abnormally low blood pressure.
Korotokoff’s sounds
Korotkoff’s sounds: sounds heard when measuring blood pressure with a stethoscope (auscultation).
Kussmaul’s respirations
Kussmaul’s respiration: severe paroxysmal dyspnea, as in diabetic acidosis and coma.
Lysis
lysis: destruction due to a specific agent, as lysis of red blood cells; also a gradual recovery from disease (as opposed to crisis); or an elevated temperature that gradually returns to normal.
Oral
oral: of or pertaining to the mouth, as in the oral cavity
Orthopena
orthopnea: difficult breathing, relieved by sitting or standing erect; orthop neic position: sitting and leaning for ward, to facilitate breathing.
Oximetry
Oximetry: use of oximeter to determine O2 saturation of blood (oximeter: expressed in a percentage. Also called pulse oximeter.)
Palpation
palpation: the act of feeling with the hand, placing the fingers on the skin to determine the condition of underlying parts.
Pedal pulse
pedal pulse: pulse in the foot felt over the dorsalis pedis artery or the posterial tibial artery, used to determine status of circulation in the lower extremities
Popliteal pulse
popliteal pulse: pulse located posteri orly to the knee, sometimes used as an alternative means of assessing blood pressure with a large leg cuff.
Radial pulse
radial pulse: pulse measured above the radial artery on the inside of the wrist
Rectal
Rectal: pertaining to the rectum
Sphygmomanometer
sphygmomanometer: device used in
conjunction with a stethoscope to measure blood pressure, consisting of an inflatable bladder attached to a bulb or pump, enclosed in a cuff, with a deflating mechanism
stertorous breathing
stertorous breathing: breathing that
occurs when air travels through secretions in the air passage; snoring
stethoscope
stethoscope: instrument used to amplify internal body sounds, especially heartbeat.
Systole
systole: contraction of the heart; systolic blood pressure is the pressure of the blood against the walls of the arteries when the heart beats (the top number in the blood pressure reading).
Tachycardia
tachycardia: abnormally fast heart rate.
Tachypnea
tachypnea: condition in which breaths are abnormally rapid, more than 20 per minute.
Temporal
Temporal: Forehead
tympanic
tympanic membrane: eardrum
AP
AP: apical pulse
A-R
A-R: apical-radial pulse
Ax
Ax: axillary
BP
BP: blood pressure
BRM
BRM: biological response modifiers
C
C: Celsius
DBP
DBP: dialstolic blood pressure
F
F: Fahrenheit
HR
HR: heart rate
I&O
I&O: intake and output
MAP
MAP: mean arterial pressure
O
O: oxygen
PMI
PMI: point of maximal impulse
PO
PO: by mouth
R
R: rectal or anus
SBP
SBP: systolic blood pressure
TA
TA: temporal artery
TM
TM: tympanic membrane
TPR
TPR: temperature, pulse, respiration
abduct
abduct: to move away from the center line, “abduct the arm”
Adduct
adduct: to draw toward the center, “adduct the arm”
base of support
base of support: balance or stability provided by the feet and their positioning.
body mechanics
body mechanics: use of safe and effi cient methods of moving and lifting.
center of gravity
center of gravity: the center of one’s weight; half of one’s body weight is below and half above, and half to the left and half to the right of the center of gravity. This concept is important in body mechanics.
circumduction
circumduction: circular movement of a limb or the eye.
client reminder device
client reminder/safety device: (see protective device)
protective device: piece of equipment, most often a vest or a belt, used to ensure the safety of the client (i.e., helping client to remain in a chair without falling); also called a client reminder device.
contracture
contracture: abnormal shortening of muscles with resultant deformity
contralateral
contralateral: the opposite side.
dangling
dangling: positioning of a client so that he or she is sitting on the edge of the bed with legs down and feet sup ported by a footstool or the floor. This is an exercise in preparation for sitting in a chair and/or walking
dorsiflexsion
Dorsiflexsion: movement (bend) backwards towards the dorsum (posterior) of the body. Toes away from sole, wrist back towards elbow. Opposite of palmar or volar flexion
extension
extension: the straightening of a flexed limb (opposite of flexion).
eversion
eversion: turning inside out; turning outward, as eversion of the foot.
flexion
flexion: to bend
Fowler’s Position
Fowler’s: examination position in which the client is lying on his or her back with the head elevated.
Gait
gait: manner or style of walking.
Gait belt
: sturdy webbed belt used by the nurse to help provide support to the weak or unsteady person.
gravital plane
direction of gravitation pull; an imaginary vertical line through the top of the head, center of gravity, and base of support.
gurney
four-wheeled cart; also called gurney, wheeled stretcher. A litter scale is used to weigh clients who cannot stand
hemiplegia
hemiplegia: paralysis on one side of the body.
inversion
inversion: turning inside out; reversing.
isometric
isometric: having the same length or dimensions, as isometric exercises (pushing against stable resistance); also called muscle setting
lateral
lateral (position): side-lying.
lithotomy
lithotomy: examination position in which the client is lying on his or her back with the feet in stirrups.
litter
litter: four-wheeled cart; also called gurney, wheeled stretcher. A litter scale is used to weigh clients who cannot stand.
logroll turn
logroll turn: method of turning a client that keeps the body in straight alignment, used for clients with injuries to the back and/or spinal cord
orthopedic
orthopedic: pertaining to the correction
of deformities of the musculoskeletal system
Paralysis
paralysis: motion loss or impairment of sensation in a body part.
Paraplegia
paraplegia: paralysis of the legs and sometimes the lower part of the body; a person with this condition is called a paraplegic.
Plantar flexion
Plantar flexion: bending of the toes or foot downward towards sole
Protraction
Protraction: the extension forward or drawing forward of a part of the body such as the mandible (lower jaw)
Pronation
pronation: turning the hand so that the palm faces downward or backward
protective device
protective device: piece of equipment, most often a vest or a belt, used to ensure the safety of the client (i.e., helping client to remain in a chair without falling); also called a client reminder device.
Retraction
Retraction: the act of drawing backward or the condition of being drawn back: shortening (clot: shrinking, dental: tooth moving deeper into the mouth.
rotation
rotation: process of turning about an
axis, as rotation of the hand or of the fetus in preparation for delivery.
Sims’ position
Sims’ position: examination position in
which the client is lying on his or her left side with right knee flexed
supination
supination: act of turning to the supine position; turning the hand so the palm is upward.
supine
supine: lying on the back
transfer belt
transfer belt: sturdy webbed belt used
by the nurse to help provide support to the weak or unsteady person
Trendelenburg’s position
Trendelenburg’s position: head down position lying with the head lower than the feet. Used to treat shock by promoting blood flow to the brain
trochanter roll
trochanter roll: padding placed on sides of legs and feet of a client in bed, to prevent abnormal outward rotation and related sequelae
sequela
sequela: an illness or injury that follows
as a direct result of a previous condition or event.
AROM
AROM: Active range of motion
artificial rupture of membranes
CPM
CPM: continuous passive motion
OOB
OOB: out of bed
PROM
PROM: passive range of motion
Premature rupture of membranes
ROM
ROM: range of motion
Hippocratic oath
Hippocratic oath: pledge based on the principles of Hippocrates repeated by physicians when they enter the field of medicine.
holistic healthcare
holistic healthcare: healthcare that emphasizes care of the whole person.
insignia
insignia: a distinguishing badge of authority or honor.
Caduceus
caduceus: modem symbols of medicine,
two sets of wings atop two serpents twined around a staff, based on mythical figures (also known as the staff of Aesculapius).
Nightingale lamp
Nightingale lamp: a standard in nursing insignia (also known as the Lamp of Nursing)
Accreditation
Accreditation : an agency other than the state has reviewed the nursing program in detail
advanced practice nurse
advanced practice nurse: sometimes called a “nurse practitioner,” an RN who is specialized in a particular field and has additional education and experience.
approval
approval: status given to a program
that allows its graduates to obtain a license.
career ladder
career ladder (program): community college programs that lead LPNs to an RN.
endorsement
endorsement: process by which a
licensed nurse in one state may receive a license in another state, without re-taking the licensing exam.
licensure
licensure: status that says a nurse has the minimum requirements for competence and practice.
mandatory licensure
mandatory licensure: regulation that makes it illegal for any nurse to practice nursing for pay without a license
Nurse Practice Acts
Nurse Practice Act: the law governing nursing practice in a state or territory.
permissive licensure
permissive licensure: practicing nursing without a license; rarely occurs today.
practical nurse
practical nurse: nurse who cares for the sick, injured, convalescent and handicapped under the direction of physicians and registered nurses
reciprocity
reciprocity: procedure in which a person transfers licensure from one state to another.
theoretical framework
theoretical framework: skeleton on
which to base knowledge.
vocational nurse
vocational nurse: term applied to the
person practicing as a practical nurse in California and Texas.
AJN
AJN: American Journal of Nursing
ANA
ANA: antinuclear antibody
ANNC
ANCC: American Nurses Credentialing Center
HOSA
HOSA: Health Occupations Students of America
ICN
ICN: International Council of Nurses
LPN
LPN: Licensed Practical Nurse
LVN
LVN: Licenses vocational nurse
NAPNES
NAPNES: National Association for Practical Nurse Education and service
NCLEX
NCLEX: National Council Licensure Examination
NFLPN
NFLPN: National Federation of Licensed Practical Nurses
NLN
NLN: National League for Nursing
RN
RN: registered nurse
advance directive
advance directive: written instructions clients give in advance about the types of healthcare they desire should they become unable to decide for themselves.
alias
alias: an assigned name under which certain clients are admitted to (and records kept in) a healthcare facility in order to maintain anonymity.
assault
assault: a violent act, either physical or verbal.
assisted suicide
assisted suicide: helping an individual who wants to end his or her life to do so.
battery
battery: physical striking or beating, as assault and battery.
biological death
biological death: permanent and irreversible cessation of the body’s physical and chemical processes and failure of body cells.
brain death
brain death: irreversible cessation of brain and brain stem function to the extent that cardiopulmonary function must be mechanically maintained. Criteria for determination vary between states. (Also called cerebral death, irreversible coma, and persistent vegetative state.)
crime
crime: an illegal act; a felony or misdemeanor; an offense which is against the law
endorsement
endorsement: process by which a licensed nurse in one state may receive a license in another state, without re-taking the licensing exam
ethics
ethics: code or rules of behavior.
euthanasia
euthanasia: an easy or painless death (may be induced), often referred to as mercy death or mercy killing; deliberate ending of life of a person who has an incurable or painful disease.
felony
felony: a crime more serious than a misdemeanor, usually punishable by imprisonment for more than a year. Felonies include murder, euthanasia, kidnapping, and blackmail.
Good Samaritan Act
Good Samaritan Act: law in effect in
most states that protects healthcare providers from liability when per forming emergency care within the limits of first aid if they act in a “reasonable and prudent manner.”
informed consent
informed consent: giving full information and making sure the client understands before the client consents to surgery or other medical procedures
legal death
legal death: death, usually declared by a physician, as total absence of activity of any of the body’s systems.
liability
liability: something one is required to do, an obligation, often financial; being found guilty of inappropriate or illegal acts.
libel
libel: a false or damaging written statement or photograph.
malpractice: injurious or faulty treatment; professional misconduct.
misdemeanor
misdemeanor: a crime less serious than
a felony, usually punishable by a fine or imprisonment for less than a year
negligence
negligence: harm done to a person because of failure to do something that a responsible person would do; doing something a responsible person would not do; irresponsible care.
Nurse Practice Act
Nurse Practice Act: the law governing nursing practice in a state or territory
slander
slander: malicious and false verbal statements.
tort
tort: a wrong or injury committed against a person or property for which the injured person has the right to sue.
AHA
AHA: American heart association
AMA
AMA: American Medical Association
CAT
CAT: computerized axial tomography
PHI
PHI: protected Health Information
triage
triage: sorting out of victims of disaster
to determine the priority of treatment.
aerobe
aerobe: microorganism that requires oxygen for growth; also called obligate aerobe.
anaerobe
anaerobe: microorganism that cannot
survive in the presence of oxygen; also called obligate anaerobe.
bacillus
bacillus: a rod-shaped bacterium
plural: bacilli
bacteria
bacteria: microorganisms, some of
which are disease-causing; common forms are staphylococci, streptococci, bacilli, and spirochetes.
culture
culture: growing of microorganisms in
specific media; the product of culture growth; the concepts, habits, skills, and institutions of a given group of people (civilization).
endemic
endemic: microorganisms that do not
produce disease under normal condi tions or are not present most or all of the time in the environment or the body.
exotoxin
exotoxin: a potent toxin (poison) formed by a bacteria, which can cause severe illness.
endotoxin
endotoxin: a heat-stable toxin (poison) that is released when a bacterial cell is disrupted (less potent than exotoxins).
epidemic
epidemic: widespread disease in a certain geographical region.
etiology
etiology: specific cause of a disease
eukaryote
eukaryote: multicellular organism, including plants and animals
Flagella
Flagella: fairly long protein filaments on the cell surface
Gram’s stain
Gram’s stain: series of dyes used to stain a microorganism so that its features become more clearly visible and is able to be classified as either “gram negative” or “gram positive.”
Incubation
incubation: disease period between
exposure to a pathogen and manifestation of clinical symptoms.
Microbe
Microbe: individual living animal or plant so small it can only be seen with a microscope
Microbiology
microbiology: scientific study of microorganisms.
Mycology
Mycology: study of fungi
Mycosis
mycosis: disease caused by a fungus
nosocomial
nosocomial: originating in a healthcare facility; i.e., a nosocomial infection.
opportunistic
opportunistic: causing disease under certain circumstances.
parasites
parasites: plants or animals that live on or within another organism, taking something from that other organism.
pathogen
pathogen: a disease-producing agent or organism. (adj: pathogenic)
Prodromal
prodromal: the period before actual
symptoms occur; may involve a pre monition that a disease is about to occur. Some disorders, such as genital herpes virus, are more contagious during the prodromal period.
prokaryote
prokaryote: unicellular organism with
out separate nucleus. Prokaryotes are divided into archaea and bacteria. Each cell of a type is identical and can function independently.
reservoir
reservoir: any place where a micro organism can multiply or survive before moving to a place where it can multiply.
Saprophyte
Saprophyte: lives off the organic remains of dead plants and animals
sensitivity
sensitivity: test performed on a culture to discern which medication is most effective in treating an organism; also called a culture and sensitivity (C & S) test.
spirillum
spirillum: spiral shaped bacteria (plural: spirilla).
spore
spore: protective capsule formed by some microorganisms to safeguard themselves.
sterile
sterile: free of microorganisms, aseptic; unable to bear children, infertile, barren.
suppurative
suppurative - suppuration: formation or discharge of
pus (adj: suppurative).
toxin
toxin: poison; especially refers to pro tein poisons produced by pathogenic bacteria and some animals and plants.
vector
vector: carrier, especially of a disease organism.
Virology
Virology: the study of viruses
virulence
virulence: ability of a microorganism to
cause disease; strength, potency
virus
virus: protein-covered sac containing
genetic or other organic materials, which enters a living organism and uses the host cell for viral reproduction to cause an illness or disease
C&S
C&S: culture and sensitivity
CDC
CDC: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (its in Atlanta)
DNA
DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid
antiembolism
antiembolism stockings: also called TED socks; elastic stockings that cover the foot (not the toes) and the leg, up to the knee or mid-thigh.
Kerlix
Kerlix: type of stretchy gauze used to hold dressings in place
maceration
maceration: softening of a solid due to soaking, until connective tissue fibers are dissolved, such as maceration of the skin under a cast or bandage
Montgomery straps
Montgomery straps: easily removable straps that stay in place to facilitate dressing removal.
peripheral neurovascular assessment
peripheral neurovascular assessment: method for evaluating the status of an extremity in a bandage or case.
ACE
ACE : all cotton elastic bandage
angiotensin-converting enzyme
CMS-ET
CMS-ET: centers for medicare and Medicaid
PCD
PCD : pneumatic compression device
SCD
SCD : sequential compression device
TED
TED : thromboembolytic disease (stockings)
abrasion
abrasion: a scraping or rubbing off of the skin.
debridement
debridement: removal of foreign, dead, and contaminated material from a wound, so as to expose healthy under lying tissue.
decubitis ulcer
decubitis ulcer: (see pressure ulcer). pressure ulcer, pressure sore (pressure area): ulcerated sore often caused by prolonged pressure on a bony prominence or other area, especially if the client is allowed to lie in one position for an extended period. Also called decubitus ulcer, (formerly called “bedsore”).
drain
drain: tube or strip of material inserted into a wound, to aid in elimination of exudate.
drainage
drainage: discharge from a wound.
eschar
eschar: dead skin and tissue that slough off after a chemical or thermal burn
exudate
exudate: material that escapes from blood vessels and is deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces; usually contains protein substances.
Friction
Friction: the rubbing of one surface against another
granulation
granulation tissue: new tissue that forms when old destroyed tissue is sloughed off.
laceration
laceration: a wound produced by tearing or ripping (as opposed to an incision made in surgery).
packing: material placed (packed) into a wound to assist healing from the inside-out and to prevent pockets
of infection (abscesses) from forming
packing
packing: material placed (packed) into a wound to assist healing from the inside-out and to prevent pockets of infection (abscesses) from forming.
Pressure Ulcer
Pressure Ulcer: same as decubitis ulcer
puncture: a hole made by a pointed object; penetration
sinus tract
sinus tract: sinus: a cavity or channel, often refers to the paranasal sinuses; may also refer to fistula (a sinus tract).
shear
Shear: interaction gravity and friction when tissue is moved across material
slough
slough: to shed; to cast off (noun: slough-a mass of dead tissue).
Surgical incision
Surgical incision: cut made with scalpel, electrosurgical unit, or laser.
suture
suture: thread used to hold an incision together while it heals; also called stitches.
Tunneling
Tunneling: (with wounds) the presence of one or more channels within or underlying an open wound. Each tunnel extends in only one direction.
Undermining:
Undermining: (with wounds) when tissue recedes beneath the skin, creating a shelf or free edge with a space underneath
venous stasis ulcer
venous stasis ulcer: wound or ulceration caused by venous insufficiency or pooling of blood in dependent veins (usually in the legs).
wet-to-dry
wet-to-dry dressing: saturated dressing that is wrapped around a wound and left to dry. Upon removal, the dressing pulls away tissue debris and drainage, making it a useful tool in debridement.
wound
wound: injury to any body structure caused by physical means.
ABD
ABD: abdominal pads
IAD
IAD: incontinence associated dermatitis
VAC
VAC: vacuum-assisted closure
