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Bac T > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which is the correct usage of binomial nomenclature?

  • Escherichia coli
  • Escherichia coli
  • escherichia coli
  • Escherichia Coli
  • E.coli
A

E.coli

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2
Q

Who first observed prokaryotic microbes?

  • Carolus Linnaeus
  • Anton van Leeuwenhoek
  • Robert Hooke
  • Louis Pasteur
  • Robert Koch
A
  • Anton van Leeuwenhoek
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3
Q

Which statement is not true?

  • Microbes are used in producing fermentation products such as vinegar and alcoholic beverages.
  • Microbes help recycling chemical elements between the soil, water, life, and air.
  • Only microorganisms can fix nitrogen gas from the air.
  • Many more microorganisms in nature are harmful than are beneficial.
  • Some microbes in intestines are important for digestion and the synthesis of some vitamins.
A
  • Many more microorganisms in nature are harmful than are beneficial.
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4
Q

_____ observed the fruiting bodies, the reproductive structures of molds, and describe them in his book “Micrographia.”

  • Louis Pasteur
  • Anton van Leeuwenhoek
  • Robert Hooke
  • Carolus Linnaeus
  • Robert Koch
A
  • Robert Hooke
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5
Q

Koch’s success in proving the germ theory of disease was mainly due to the development of ___.

  • boiling jar
  • sterile meat broth
  • microscope
  • aseptic technique
  • pure culture
A
  • pure culture
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6
Q

Streptomycin is an example of _____ because it is produced by the soil microbe Streptomyces griseus.

  • antimicrobial dyes
  • synthetic drugs
  • antibiotics
  • magic bullets
  • salvarsans
A
  • antibiotics
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7
Q

The process by which microbes turn grape juice into wine is called ________.

  • respiration
  • pasteurization
  • sterilization
  • fermentation
  • vaccination
A
  • fermentation
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8
Q

Which of the following is NOT a domain in Woese phylogenetic tree?

  • Bacteria
  • Plantae
  • Archaea
  • Eukarya
  • All of the above are domains in Woese phylogenetic tree.
A
  • Plantae
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9
Q

“Bacillus” in microbiology has more than one meaning. Which is NOT one of them?

  • a bacterial shape.
  • rod-shape.
  • a specific genus.
  • pleomorphic.
  • “Bacillus” may mean all of the above.
A
  • pleomorphic.
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10
Q

Spherical bacterial cells in grape-like clusters would be referred to as a ______ arrangement.

  • streptobacillus
  • vibrio
  • staphylococcus
  • streptococcus
  • spiral
A
  • staphylococcus
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11
Q

consider the substances that surround bacterial cells that are viscous polymer of polysaccharide, polypeptide, or both.

What is the general term for these substances?

  • peptidoglycan
  • cell wall
  • glycocalyx
  • biofilm
  • outer shell
A
  • glycocalyx
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12
Q

consider the substances that surround bacterial cells that are viscous polymer of polysaccharide, polypeptide, or both.

Streptococcus mutans has ___ that is unorganized and loosely attached to the cell wall.

  • biofilm
  • fimbriae
  • capsule
  • outer membrane
  • slime layer
A
  • slime layer
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13
Q

consider the substances that surround bacterial cells that are viscous polymer of polysaccharide, polypeptide, or both.

Which is NOT a function of these substances in bacteria?

  • to protect pathogenic bacteria from phagocytosis by the host cells.
  • to serve as an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) in biofilm.
  • to provide motility to the bacterial cells .
  • to enable the bacterial cells to survive by attaching to various surfaces in their natural environment.
  • all of the above are functions of these substances.
A
  • to provide motility to the bacterial cells .
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14
Q

Which of the following terms refers to a bacterial cell having a single flagellum at both ends?

  • monotrichous
  • amphitrichous
  • atrichous
  • lophotrichous
  • peritrichous
A
  • amphitrichous
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15
Q

Proteus mirabilis moves across a surface by rotating flagella. This movement is called

  • gliding motility.
  • twitching motility.
  • swimming.
  • swarming.
  • conjugative motility.
A
  • swarming.
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16
Q

In nature, antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria can be spread by ____.

  • flagella
  • fimbria
  • pili
  • peptidoglycan
  • pseudomurein
A
  • pili
17
Q

In the name E. coli O157:H7, “H7” indicates an antigenic type of _____.

  • core polysaccharide in the outer membrane
  • flagella
  • lipid A
  • histone-like proteins
  • H antigen
A
  • flagella
18
Q

E. coli O157:H7, a Gram-negative, has all of the following structures EXCEPT

  • lipid A.
  • teichoic acid.
  • LPS.
  • porins.
  • O-polysaccharides.
A
  • teichoic acid.
19
Q

Which of the following places the steps of the Gram stain in the correct order?

1-Alcohol

2-Crystal violet

3-Safranin

4-Iodine

  • 1-2-3-4
  • 1-3-2-4
  • 2-4-1-3
  • 4-3-2-1
  • 2-1-4-3
A
  • 2-4-1-3
20
Q

Which is NOT a function of bacterial cell wall?

  • to support for fragile cell membrane.
  • to transport highly hydrophilic molecules.
  • to serve as a point of anchorage for flagella.
  • to maintain the bacterial cell shape.
  • to contribute to pathogenesis of some pathogenic bacteria.
A
  • to transport highly hydrophilic molecules.
21
Q

Gram-variables show different gram staining result as the culture ages, probably because

  • the peptidoglycan layer gets thicker.
  • they increase the volume of periplasm.
  • the teichoic acid layer gets thicker.
  • the peptidoglycan layer gets thinner.
  • the LPS layer gets thinner.
A
  • the peptidoglycan layer gets thinner.
22
Q

Which part of LPS is responsible for septic shock?

  • O polysaccharide
  • lipid A
  • core polysaccharide
  • H antigen
  • O antigen
A
  • lipid A
23
Q

High concentration of _____ in the wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the main reason why the staining of the bacterium requires a special treatment.

  • arabinose
  • peptidoglycan
  • lipoteichoic acid
  • carbolfuchsin
  • mycolic acid
A
  • mycolic acid
24
Q

Penicillin kills bacterial cells by

  • enhancing lysozyme activity.
  • producing less peptidoglycan precursor molecules.
  • inhibiting transpeptidase activity.
  • inhibiting transglycosylase activity.
  • inhibiting lysozyme activity.
A
  • inhibiting transpeptidase activity.
25
Q

If you treat E. coli (a Gram-negative) with lysozyme inside an isotonic solution for a long time,

  • E. coli membrane shrinks.
  • E. coli cell is lysed.
  • E. coli L-form is produced.
  • E. coli protoplast is produced.
  • E. coli spheroplast is produced
A
  • E. coli spheroplast is produced
26
Q

The proton motive force is DIRECTLY responsible for the following functions in the bacterial cell EXCEPT,

  • primary active transport
  • symport
  • ATP production
  • antiport
  • flagella motility
A
  • primary active transport
27
Q

The flexibility of bacterial membrane is regulated by

  • peptidoglycan.
  • polyenes.
  • sterols.
  • hopanoids.
  • cholesterols.
A
  • hopanoids.
28
Q

Some aquatic microaerophiles use _____ to orient their swimming downward along the magnetic grids of Earth until they reach a suitable attachment site.

  • carboxysomes
  • magnetosomes
  • gas vacuoles
  • sulfur granules
  • lipid inclusions
A
  • magnetosomes
29
Q

Endospore formers include species of

  • gram-negative bacilli.
  • Clostridium.
  • Escherichia.
  • cyanobacteria.
  • All of the above
A
  • Clostridium.
30
Q

Which is NOT a reason for endospores to have resistance to boiling, UV, chemicals like H2O2, and desiccation?

  • formation of only one endospore inside the mother cell.
  • Ca2+-dipicolinate.
  • Small-acid soluble proteins.
  • lack of water.
  • All of the above are reasons for the endospore’s resistance.
A
  • formation of only one endospore inside the mother cell.
31
Q

Louis Pasteur disproved spontaneous generation with the concept of _____ which states that living cells can arise only from preexisting living cells. He demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air and can contaminate sterile solutions by using a special flask named _____.

A

biogenesis/swan-neck flask

32
Q

Pasteur’s solution to the spoilage problem of wine was ______ where beer, milk, and wine are heated just enough to kill most of the bacteria that caused the spoilage.

A

pasteurization

33
Q

Koch proved that Bacillus anthracis caused anthrax in cattle by establishing ____, a sequence of experimental steps that directly relate a specific microbe to a specific disease.

A

Koch’s postulates

34
Q

The beta-1,4-linkage in peptidoglycan can be degraded by an enzyme named ____ found in tears.

A

lysozyme

35
Q

Due to high concentration of a hydrophobic waxy lipid in the cell wall, Mycobacterium tuberculosis must be stained with heating. This staining method is called ______.

A

acid-fast staining

36
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae, a causative bacterium for pneumonia, has a _____ which surrounds the bacterium in an organized manner and firmly attaches to the cell wall. Without this structure, S. pneumoniae becomes avirulent.

A

capsule

37
Q

What are the three basic shapes of bacteria? Also, briefly describe at least two variations of each shape.

A
  1. coccus (round); diplococcus, streptococcus, staphylococcus…
  2. bacillus (rod): diplobacillus, streptobacillus…
  3. spiral: spirillum, spirochete…
38
Q

Treponema pallidum, a spirochete casing syphilis, uses a special appendage to propel itself.

a) What is the name of this structure?
b) Briefly explain why this structure is more beneficial to the bacterium than flagella.

A

a) axial filaments or endoflagella

b) better in moving through thick viscous tissue.

39
Q

Why is the potassium uniport an example of secondary active transport system even though it does not involve the actual co-transport of a proton?

A

it uses only part of PMF, the electrochemical gradient.

Bac T (3 decks)

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