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Bac T > Ex1 > Flashcards

Ex1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which is NOT true about antibiotics?
A) Antibiotics are naturally produced by bacteria and fungi.

B) Antibiotics may damage the infected host.
C) Antibiotic-resistant strains of pathogens are emerging and spread.
D) Scientists have screened the majority of natural microbes to search possible antibiotics and they now have

to focus on the synthesis of antimicrobial compounds.

E) All of the above are true about antibiotics.

A

D) Scientists have screened the majority of natural microbes to search possible antibiotics and they now have

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2
Q

Chemicals that are produced by bacteria and fungi to kill other microbes including human pathogens are called

A) antibiotics.

B) synthetic drugs.

C) magic bullets

D) sulfonamides

E) chemotherapeutics

A

A) antibiotics.

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3
Q

The terms “run” and “tumble” are generally associated with

A) cell membrane structures.

B) cell wall fluidity.
C) flagella that uses ATP as a direct energy source to rotate.

D) cell movement that responds spatial rather than temporal gradients of chemicals.

E) taxic movements of the cell.

A

E) taxic movements of the cell.

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4
Q

You are performing a Gram stain on gram-positive bacteria and you stop after the addition of the decolorizing agent, alcohol. What is the color of the bacteria at this point?

A

Purple - becasue you are staining a gram positive bacteria even when with a decolorization the bacterial will still be purple (positive)

if it was negative - after he decolorization step it would turn negative

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5
Q

Consider the substances that surround cells that are viscous polymer of polysaccharide, polypeptide, or

both.

What is the general term for these substances?

A) biofilm.

B) outer shell

C) cell wall.

D) glycocalyx.
E) peptidoglycan.

A

D) glycocalyx.

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6
Q

According to Carl Woese’s classification based on the phylogenetic relationships, the previous domain Prokaryotes now has two domains: ______ and ______.

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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7
Q

Which is NOT a correct scientific name?

A) S. cerevisiae

B) Saccharomyces cerevisiae

C) S.cerevisiae

D) Saccharomyces cerevisiae
E) All of above are correct scientific names.

A

C) S.cerevisiae

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8
Q

Consider the substances that surround cells that are viscous polymer of polysaccharide, polypeptide, or

both.

Streptococcus pneumoniae has ___ that is organized and firmly attached to the cell wall.

A) fimbriae

B) biofilm
C) outer membrane D) slime layer
E) capsule

A

E) capsule

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9
Q

Assume E. coli bacteria are grown in a medium containing the radioactive isotope 16 N. After a 48-hour

incubation period, the 16N would most likely be found in theE. coli’s

A) carbohydrates

B) lipids

C) proteins

D) water
E) none of the above

A

C) proteins

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10
Q

Which of the following is FALSE about fimbriae?

A) They are composed of protein.

B) They may be used for attachment.
C) They are found on gram-negative cells.

D) They are composed on pilin.

E) They may be used for motility.

A

E) They may be used for motility.

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11
Q

When gram-negative bacteria die, they can release a toxin that was part of their own body. Then, this toxin can show the symptoms such as fever, dilation of blood vessels, and shock.

The origin of this toxin is ____.

A) peptidoglycan

B) lipoprotein
C) phospholipid
D) lipopolysaccharide

E) core polysaccharide

A

D) lipopolysaccharide

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12
Q

Lysozyme hydrolyzes

A) peptides cross-link in peptidoglycan.

B) the peptide bonds in proteins.

C) disulfide bonds in proteins.

D) the glycosidic bonds in peptidoglycan.

E) the glycosidic bonds in starch.

A

D) the glycosidic bonds in peptidoglycan.

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13
Q

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

A) glycocalyx - adherence

B) pili - reproduction

C) cell wall - protection

D) cell wall of gram-negatives - toxin

E) none of the above is mismatched

A

B) pili - reproduction

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14
Q

What is the general term for substances surrounding cells that are viscous polymer of polysaccharide, polypeptide, or both?

A

Extracellular polymeric substance EPS

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15
Q

Many bacterial cells’ surroundings have substances that are viscous polymer. Which is NOT a function of these substances?

A) serve as an anchorage for flagella.
B) protect pathogenic bacteria from phagocytosis by the host cells.

C) serve as an extracellular polymeric substance in biofilm.
D) enable the cells to survive by attaching to various surfaces in their natural environment.

E) all of the above are functions of these extracellular substances.

A

E) all of the above are functions of these extracellular substances.

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16
Q

It has been said the bacteria are essential for the existence of life on Earth. Which of the following is the essential function performed by bacteria?

A) control insect populations
B) directly provide food for humans

C) decompose organic material and recycle elements

D) cause disease

E) produce human hormones such as insulin

A

C) decompose organic material and recycle elements

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17
Q

Two key properties of water that make it such a good solvent for life are polarity (due to its electric dipole nature) and _________ (because every water molecule can form up to 4 H-bonds).

A

hydrogen bonding

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18
Q

Which is a correct scientific nomenclature?

A) E. coli

B) E. coli
C) Escherichia coli

D) Escherichia coli

E) Escherichia coli

A

E) Escherichia coli

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19
Q

Which of the following statements regarding protein structure is FALSE?

A) Secondary structures are formed only from hydrogen bonds.

B) Quinary structure may involve RNA.
C) The primary structure is formed by covalent bonding between amino acid subunits.

D) Tertiary structures are formed only from covalent bonds.

E) Quaternary structures involve multiple polypeptides.

A

D) Tertiary structures are formed only from covalent bonds.

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20
Q

When gram-negative bacteria die, they can release a toxin that was part of their own body. Then, this toxin can show the symptoms such as fever, dilation of blood vessels, and shock.

What is this toxin?

A) a fever toxin

B) an enterotoxin
C) a membrane toxin

D) an endotoxin
E) an exotoxin

A

D) an endotoxin

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21
Q

Which pair is NOT correct?

A) Joseph Lister - used chemical disinfectant

B) Robert Hooke - wrote Micrographia

C) John Needham - supported abiogenesis

D) Louis Pasteur - discovered fermentation

E) Louis Pasteur - proved the germ theory of disease

A

E) Louis Pasteur - proved the germ theory of disease

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22
Q

All bacteria of the genus Mycobacterium and Nocardia contain high concentrations of a hydrophobic waxy lipid called ____ bound to peptidoglycan that prevents the uptake of dyes.

A

Mycolic acid - waxy lipid

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23
Q

Spherical bacterial cells in chain would be referred to as a ______ arrangement.

A) Bacillus

B) Staphylococcus

C) Streptococcus

D) Spiral E) Vibrio

A

B) Staphylococcus

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24
Q

What are the two meaning of “Bacillus” in microbiology?

A

Bacillus has 2 meanings in microbiology

Bacterial shape = rod shape

Specific genus (when cap and italicized) - Bacillus

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25
Q

The theory of biogenesis was strongly supported by

A) Louis Pasteur.

B) Lazzaro Spallanzani.

C) John Needham.
D) Francesco Redi.
E) Rudolf Virchow.

A

A) Louis Pasteur.

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26
Q

Pasteur’s solution to the spoilage problem was ______ where beer, milk, and wine are heated just enough to kill ___ of the bacteria that caused the spoilage.

A) sterilization/most

B) sterilization/all
C) pasteurization/most

D) pasteurization/all

E) fermentation/all

A

C) pasteurization/most

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27
Q

The first antibiotic to be utilized was

A) salvarsan.

B) penicillin.
C) vancomycin.

D) sulfonamides.

E) teixobactin.

A

B) penicillin.

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28
Q

Denaturation destroys all but which level of protein structure?
A) primary

B) secondary

C) tertiary

D) quaternary

E) quintary

A

A) primary

29
Q

According to Koch’s work, after you observe a microbe in blood of the diseased animal for the first time, what must you do next?

A) Administer antibiotic to the diseased organisms.

B) Grow the microbe in pure culture.

C) Inoculate the blood from the diseased animal into a healthy animal.

D) Inoculate a healthy animal with cells of suspected pathogen.

E) Grow the organism in mixed culture.

A

B) Grow the microbe in pure culture.

30
Q

In which of the following situations would Koch’s postulates be utilized?
A) Determination of the cause of a patient’s illness in a hospital microbiology lab.

B) Whenever the scientific method is used to investigate a microbiological problem.

C) Determination of the cause of cancer in a patient.
D) Formulation of a vaccine against a new pathogen in a genetic engineering lab.
E) Development of a new antibiotic in a pharmaceutical lab.

A

A) Determination of the cause of a patient’s illness in a hospital microbiology lab.

31
Q

Which is only found in gram-positive bacteria?

A) Teichoic acids

B) Peptidoglycan
C) Lipopolysaccharides

D) Cell membrane
E) All of the above are found in gram-positives

A

B) Peptidoglycan

32
Q

What are the three basic shapes of bacteria? Also, briefly describe their shapes.

A
  • Bacillius - rod / capsule
  • spiral - waves / curved / twists
  • coccus - circle spherical, oval
33
Q

E. coli O157:H7 is a Gram-negative pathogen that causes bloody diarrhea. The “O” in the name refers to the antigen type of ____, whereas the “H” refers to the antigen type of ______. For full credit, answer with specific names of the cellular structures.

A

O - somatic antigen

H - flagella

34
Q

You are performing a Gram stain on a gram-positive and a gram-negative bacteria. You mistakenly switched crystal violet and safranin. What would be the color of these bacteria?

A

safranin - positive

violet - negative

35
Q

_____ is the multicellular movement of bacteria across a surface and is powered by rotating flagella.

A

Swarming

36
Q

Until the second half of the 19th century, many scientists and philosophers accepted that life arises from nonliving matter by a “vital force”.

The arguments supporting the idea described above were finally disproved by

A) Lazzaro Spallanzani.

B) Louis Pasteur.

C) Rudolf Virchow.

D) John Needham.

E) Francesco Redi.

A

B) Louis Pasteur.

37
Q

Consider the substances that surround cells that are viscous polymer of polysaccharide, polypeptide, or

both.

Which does NOT correctly describe this outer substances?
A) They protect pathogenic bacteria from phagocytosis by the host cells.

B) They can be easily visualized by simple staining.
C) They serve as an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) in biofilm.
D) Streptococcus mutants which causes dental caries attaches to the surface of teeth by using dextran. E) Vibrio cholerae attaches to the cells of the small intestine by using glycocalyx.

A

B) They can be easily visualized by simple staining.

38
Q

Until the second half of the 19th century, many scientists accepted the hypothesis of _____ that suggested life arises spontaneously from nonliving matter. This hypothesis was disproved by a French scientist who, by using _____ flask, demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air and can contaminate sterile solutions, but that air itself does not create microbes .

A
  • Biogenisis
  • long neck flask
39
Q

Whose discovery marked the beginning of the cell theory that all living things are composed of cells?

A) Robert Koch

B) Louis Pasteur
C) Carolus Linnaeus

D) Robert Hooke
E) Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A

D) Robert Hooke

40
Q

Lysozyme hydrolyzes
A) peptides cross-link in peptidoglycan

B) -1,4-glycosidic bonds in peptidoglycan
C) -1,4 glycosidic bonds in peptidoglycan
D) -1,3-glycosidic bonds in pseudopeptidoglycan

E) peptides cross-link in pseudopeptidoglycan

A

B) -1,4-glycosidic bonds in peptidoglycan

41
Q

All of the following can be found in prokaryotes EXCEPT

A) cell division using spindles.

B) peptidoglycan.

C) pseudomurein.

D) nucleoid.
E) binary fission.

A

A) cell division using spindles.

42
Q

Spirochetes move around by ____.

A) exoflagella

B) fimbriae
C) pili
D) flagella
E) axial filaments

A

E) axial filaments

43
Q

Who is credited with first observing bacteria?

A) Robert Koch

B) Carolus Linnaeus
C) Robert Hooke
D) Louis Pasteur
E) Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A

E) Anton van Leeuwenhoek

44
Q

Rebecca Lancefield classifiedStreptococci variants within species according to ______ which is based on certain components in the cell walls and identification of these components by using antibodies.

A) serotypes

B) sub-species

C) genus
D) sub-genus

E) none of the above

A

C) genus

45
Q

In nature, microorganisms may have two modes of growth: One is planktonic growth where cells grow as single cells that float or swim independently in a liquid, and the other is _____ where cells grow as attached to each other or on solid surface.

A

sessile

46
Q

Robert Koch first proved the germ theory of disease. He proved thatBacillus anthracis caused anthrax in cattle and sheep by establishing _______, a sequence of experimental steps that directly relate a specific microbe to a specific disease. The most important tool for his success was _____ technique that gave him only one type of microbe.

A
  • Koch’s postulates
  • pure culture
47
Q

The terms “run” and “tumble” in prokaryotes are generally associated with

A) cell movement that responds to light.

B) taxic movements of the cell.
C) cell wall fluidity.
D) flagella that uses ATP as a direct energy source to rotate. E) cell membrane structures.

A

B) taxic movements of the cell.

48
Q

Spherical bacterial cells in chain would be referred to as a ______ arrangement.

A) Staphylococcus

B) Streptococcus

C) Vibrio
D) Bacillus
E) Spiral

A

B) Streptococcus

49
Q

Until the second half of the 19th century, many scientists and philosophers accepted that life arises from nonliving matter by a “vital force”.

To disprove that life arises from nonliving matter, the person in question 6 performed ______.

A) Swan-neck experiment

B) Maggot experiment with meats inside jars

C) Boiled gravy experiment

D) boiling of grape juice experiment

E) single-lens microscope experiment

A
50
Q

Which statement does NOT describe microorganisms correctly?

A) Microbes help recycling chemical elements between the soil, water, life, and air.

B) Microbes in intestines are important for digestion and the synthesis of some vitamins.

C) Microbial pathogens are serious threats to humanity.

D) Microbes are used in producing vinegar, sauerkraut, pickles, soy sauce, cheese, yogurt, bread, and alcoholic beverages.

E) Microbes can produce oxygen gas through photosynthesis, but N2 fixation are conducted mainly by plants.

A

E) Microbes can produce oxygen gas through photosynthesis, but N2 fixation are conducted mainly by plants.

51
Q

Pseudomurein can be found in ______.

A) Bacteria

B) Eukarya

C) Fungi

D) Plants

E) Archaea

A

E) Archaea

52
Q

Whose discovery marked the beginning of the cell theory, the theory that all living things are composed of cells?

A) Anton van Leeuwenhoek

B) Robert Koch
C) Louis Pasteur
D) Carolus Linnaeus

E) Robert Hooke

A

E) Robert Hooke

53
Q

Spirochetes use ____ for their motility.

A) flagella

B) axial filaments

C) pili

D) fimbriae
E) all of the above

A

B) axial filaments

54
Q

Leeuwenhoek wrote a series of letters to the Royal Society of London describing the small living things he saw through his microscope. He named these small creatures as ______.

A

“animalcules”

55
Q

Until the second half of the 19th century, many scientists and philosophers accepted that life arises from nonliving matter by a “vital force”.

This way of thinking was called

A) abiogenesis.

B) biogenesis.
C) spontaneous creation of life.

D) creative generation.

E) none of the above.

A

C) spontaneous creation of life.

56
Q

The following type of flagella is called,

A) amphitrichous

B) monotrichous

C) lophotrichous

D) polartrichous

E) peritrichous

A

C) lophotrichous

57
Q

The following type of flagella is called,

A) peritrichous

B) lophotrichous

C) monotrichous

D) polartrichous

E) amphitrichous

A

A) peritrichous

58
Q

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of bacteria?

A) are prokaryotic

B) have peptidoglycan cell walls

C) have the same shape

D) grow by binary fission

E) have the ability to move

A

C) have the same shape

59
Q

Proteus can show the multicellular movement of bacteria across a surface, powered by rotating flagella. This type of motility is called

A) swarming

B) swimming

C) waving motility

D) taxis

E) atrichous motility

A

A) swarming

60
Q

Which of the following places the steps of the Gram stain in the correct order?

1-Alcohol

2-Crystal violet

3-Safranin

4-Iodine

A) 1-3-2-4

B) 1-2-3-4

C) 2-4-1-3

D) 4-3-2-1

E) 2-1-4-3

A

C) 2-4-1-3

61
Q

Gram-variables show different gram staining result as the culture ages, probably because

A) the peptidoglycan layer gets thicker.

B) the peptidoglycan layer gets thinner.

C) the teichoic acid layer gets thicker.
D) they increase the volume of periplasm.

E) the LPS layer gets thinner.

A

B) the peptidoglycan layer gets thinner.

62
Q

The rotation of a flagellum in bacteria uses ____ as an energy source.

A) glucose

B) NADH
C) proton motive force
D) ATP
E) electron transport system

A

C) proton motive force

63
Q

There are 3 basic shapes of bacteria. Which has a different basis? A) Vibrio cholerae

B) Spirillum volutans
C) Treponema pallidum, a spirochete
D) Streptococcus pneumoniae
E) All of the above have the same basis of cell shape.

A

D) Streptococcus pneumoniae

64
Q

Robert Koch first proved the theory called ____ by proving that Bacillus anthracis caused anthrax in cattle and sheep by establishing Koch’s postulates.

A

Germ theory

65
Q

Pasteur’s solution to the spoilage problem was ______ where beer, milk, and wine can be heated just enough

to kill most of the bacteria that caused the spoilage.

A

pasteurization

66
Q

Which is NOT a function of pili?
A) colonization of pathogens to epithelial surfaces in the human body

B) twitching motility

C) gliding motility

D) conjugation
E) transformation

A

A) colonization of pathogens to epithelial surfaces in the human body

67
Q

Who is credited with first observing bacteria and describing “animalcules”?

A) Louis Pasteur

B) Robert Koch
C) Anton van Leeuwenhoek

D) Carolus Linnaeus

E) Robert Hooke

A

C) Anton van Leeuwenhoek

68
Q

The success of Koch’s postulates was possible because of the development of ____.
A) autoclave

B) fermentation

C) pure culture

D) disinfectants

E) antibiotics

A

C) pure culture

Bac T (3 decks)

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