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Clinical Neuropsychology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Defined Psychology

A

study of the mind

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2
Q

Define clinical neuropsychology

A

looks at lesions in the brain

something wrong/ not working in the brain

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3
Q

Define experimental neuropsychology

A

typical development

behavioral outcomes

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4
Q

Define trephination

A

drilling holes in the skull

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5
Q

what was/is trephination used for

A

was used for letting spirits out

is not used for relieving pressure

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6
Q

what is the brain hypothesis

A

the brain is the thing closest to heaven so that is where out knowledge is

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7
Q

what is the cardiac hypothesis

A

knowledge, emotion, cognitive processes are all in the heart because it changes with how you feel

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8
Q

what was the function of the brain in the cardiac hypothesis

A

it was a cooling center for blood

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9
Q

who made the brain hypothesis

A

Hippocrates

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10
Q

Who made the cardiac hypothesis

A

Aristotle

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11
Q

what is the ventricular localization hypothesis

A

the ventricles were broken up into three chambers:

1 for memory, thinking, and imagination

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12
Q

who made the ventricular localization hypothesis

A

Galen

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13
Q

What is the cell doctrine

A

brain has spaces and that is where soul is and functions occur

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14
Q

who made the cell doctrine

A

Leonardo de Vinci

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15
Q

What is the Localization Theory

A

certain parts of the brain control certain parts of the body

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16
Q

What is Phrenology

A

a drawing of the brain with parts labelled as what they control

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17
Q

what is craniology

A

bumps and grooves tell us which parts of the brain are developed and underdeveloped

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18
Q

Aphasia

A

loss of ability to use or understand speech

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19
Q

Fluent aphasia

A

Can produce meaningful sentences but cannot understand them

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20
Q

what is agnosia

A

inability to understand sensations and recognize things

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21
Q

Who is Pierre Flourens

A

came up with equipotentiality

did the Ablation experiment

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22
Q

What was the Ablation experiment and what did it lead to

A

would destroy parts of bird brains to see what areas were specialized
lead to equipotentiality

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23
Q

what is equipotential

A

any part of the brain has equal potential to control a function

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24
Q

Who was Karl Lashley

A

discovered Principle of Mass Action

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25
Q

What is the principle of mass action

A

how much you take out of the brain in proportional to the amount of damage in motor and behavior function

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26
Q

What did Hughlings Jackson make

A

Jackson’s Alternative Model

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27
Q

what is Jackson’s Alternative model

A

there is localization of basic brain function but need may parts to work together for more difficult functions

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28
Q

Who was Alexander Luria

A

Made Luria’s Functional Model

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29
Q

What is Luria’s Functional Model

A

the brain is divided into 3 components:
Unit 1- brain stem- arousal and keeping you alive
Unit 2- back 1/2 of brain- input and processing of outside world
Unit 3- frontal lobe- planning and thinking

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30
Q

Pluripotentiality

A

brain areas may be responsible for 1 function or multiple functions

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31
Q

Who is Wilder Penfield

A

one of first to put electrical stimulation on brain

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32
Q

What is the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological battery

A

a collection of tests done on patients with psychological damage

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33
Q

what makes up the central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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34
Q

what makes up the peripheral nervous system

A

everything but spinal cord

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35
Q

Sensory neurons

A

asacending neurons

collect info from environment and send to brain

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36
Q

Interneurons

A

processing neurons

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37
Q

Motor neurons

A

response neuron

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38
Q

bipolar neurons

A

interneurons

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39
Q

unipolar neurons

A

sensory neuron

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40
Q

multipolar neurons

A

motor neurons

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41
Q

what are glial cells

A

nerve glue

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42
Q

what is the function of microglia

A

scavengers- clean out area around nervous system

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43
Q

function of astrocytes

A

parent role-

structural support

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44
Q

function of oligodendrocytes

A

make myelin sheaths in CNS

can do several

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45
Q

function of shwann cells

A

make myelin sheaths in PNS

can do one

46
Q

function of dopamine

A

reward and pleasure

47
Q

function of serotonin

A

mood and emotion

48
Q

what type of neurotransmitter is Gaba

A

inhibitory amino acid

49
Q

what type of neurotransmitter is Glutamate

A

excitatory amino acid

50
Q

Gogli stain

A

shows the structure of neurons

done on dead tissue

51
Q

Nissl Stain

A

dye of cell bodies to see how many there are

52
Q

myelin staining

A

dyes the myelin sheaths

53
Q

brain slice to view from top

A

axial/horizontal

54
Q

brain slice to view from front or back

A

coronal/frontal

55
Q

brain slice to view from side

A

sagital

56
Q

X-Rays

A

depths and density

brain tissue doesnst give enough density info

57
Q

Air encephalogram

A

put air in fluid filled spaces to get a better image then take x-ray

58
Q

Computed transaxial tomography (CT)

A

take several layers of pic to create 3D picture

59
Q

Angiography

A

looks at blood vessels

60
Q

what does hyperdensity look like and what might it mean

A

white color

tumor or blood

61
Q

what does hypodensity look like and what might it mean

A

dark spaces

fluid filled

62
Q

electroencephalography (EEG)

A

test brain waves

63
Q

evoked potential

A

shows what occurs in the brain right after a stimulus

64
Q

SPECT test

A

areas most active are areas using most resources

look at which parts are active when doing a task

65
Q

PET

A

introduces readioactive isotopes to the brain

shows function information

66
Q

MRI

A

structural exam with a magnet

67
Q

fMRI

A

functional MRI

68
Q

Lumbar puncture

A

look at color of cerebrospinal fluid

69
Q

neurologic examination looks at what

A

evaluate/treat neurological disorders

70
Q

neuropsychological evaluations look at what

A

look at executive functions

71
Q

psychometrics

A

the ability to asses psychological traits and processes

72
Q

standardized test

A

administer tests to large sample so have something to compare future examples to

73
Q

validity

A

how well is measures what supposed to

74
Q

reliability

A

how consistently it measure the same thing

75
Q

how to stop false positives

A

cut-off scores to decide where that person will really fall

76
Q

base rates

A

explain how common a condition is within a specific tested population

77
Q

crystalized functions

A

facts

78
Q

fluid functions

A

abstract thinking

79
Q

standard battery approach

A

fixed

everything is the same every time

80
Q

process approach

A

hypothesis

tailor assessments to individual and the referral

81
Q

orientation

A

person, place time, body

82
Q

ways to assess orientation

A

where are you
what is sthe date
can you blink your eyes

83
Q

specific tests to assess orientation

A

Glasgo Coma Scale

Mini mental status exam

84
Q

What is sensation and perception

A

detecting, knowing

85
Q

specific tests for sensation and perception

A

Halstead-Reitan Battery

Skin writing recognition

86
Q

Attention and concentration

A

enables our awareness of environment or our specific response

87
Q

ways to test attention ad concentration

A

Say the days of the week in reverse
Digit span
Digit symbol
Alberts test

88
Q

What is the digit span

A

given a list of numbers and have to remember and write them down

89
Q

what is the digit symbol

A

given numbers and symbols code, have to go in order

90
Q

what is alberts test

A

have to cross out lines

91
Q

motor function

A

voluntary control over upper and lower body movements

92
Q

ways to test motor function

A

copying
grip strength
finger tapping
grooved peg board

93
Q

visuospatial

A

assessing spatial processing of visual sense

94
Q

how to assess visuospatial

A 
Identifying
matching
block design
bennder gestalt
Rey-Osterrieth
95
Q

What is the Bender Gestalt test

A

copy an image

96
Q

What is the Rey-Osterrieth test

A

shown an image then taken away and have to remember how to draw it

97
Q

tests for language skills

A

defining/naming
COWA
Token Tasl

98
Q

what is COWA

A

give a letter or category and come up with as many words as you can

99
Q

Intrusions

A

when a word gets into the list that doesn’t fit

100
Q

what is an example of an intrusion

A

phlem in an F group

101
Q

What is the Token Task

A

move tokens as told

102
Q

Tests for memory

A

recall/recognition

Wechsler Memory Scale IV

103
Q

tests for abstract thinking and problem solving

A

Trail making test A and B
Tower of London-Drexel University Test
WCSI- WI card sorting test

104
Q

what does testing for malingering find

A

See if symptoms are presenting as they should or if people are lying

105
Q

Deficit measurement

A

comparing patients test scores to the standardized “normal”

106
Q

Pattern analysis

A

assess relationships among test scores

107
Q

EPSP- excitatory post-synaptic potentials

A

bring closer to threshold

108
Q

IPSI- inhibitory post-synaptic potentials

A

bring further away from threshold

109
Q

what enters the neuron during action potential

A

Na+

110
Q

how does the neuron repolarize

A

3 sodium out, 2 sodium in

Clinical Neuropsychology (2 decks)

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