Exam 1 Flashcards
Brain Lobes

Lobes:

Names of folds on brain
- gyri
- sulci
- fissures
Bell and Magendie
Dorsal and ventral roots carry information in opposite directions
Galen
- Cerebrum = sensation
- cerebellum = motor
- ventricles = ‘communicating fluids’
Hippocrates
Believed the brain was the seat of intelligence and involved in sensation.
–Charles Bell
- Cerebellum: Origin of the motor fibers
- Cerebrum: Destination of sensory fibers
–Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens
•Experimental ablation method
–Paul Broca
•Discrete region of the human cerebrum for speech
–Franz Joseph Gall
•Phrenology: Bumps on the surface of skull reflect brain surface and related personality traits
SUPER WRONG
Goal of neuroscience
•To learn how the nervous system functions
–Brain’s activity reflected in behavior
–Computer-assisted imaging techniques
–New treatments for nervous system disorders
–Non-invasive methods
– Experiments in live tissue
–Levels of analysis
- Molecular
- Cellular
- Systems
- Behavioral
- Cognitive
Glia
Insulates, supports, and nourishes neurons
–Neurons
- Process information
- Sense environmental changes
- Communicate changes to other neurons
- Command body response
–The Nissl Stain
•Facilitates the study of cytoarchitecture in the CNS
•Golgi-stain (Developed by Camillo Golgi) shows two parts of neurons:
–Soma and perikaryon
–Neurites: Axons and dendrites
•Differences between the cytoplasm of axon terminal and axon
- No microtubules in terminal
- Presence of synaptic vesicles
- Abundance of membrane proteins
- Large number of mitochondria
•Classification Based on Dendritic and Somatic Morphologies
–Stellate cells (star-shaped) and pyramidal cells (pyramid-shaped)
–Spiny or aspinous

Classification based on –Based on axonal length
- Golgi Type I (projection neurons)
- Golgi Type II (local interneurons)
•Astrocytes
–Most numerous glia in the brain
–Fill spaces between neurons
–Influence neurite growth
–Regulate chemical content of extracellular space
•Myelinating Glia
–Oligodendroglia (in CNS)
–Schwann cells (in PNS)
–Insulate axons
4 Important points Equilibrium Potentials
- Large changes in Vm
- Miniscule changes in ionic concentrations(Q=CV)
- Net difference in electrical charge
- Inside and outside membrane surface
- Rate of movement of ions across membrane
- Proportional Vm – Eion
- Concentration difference known: Equilibrium potential can be calculated
–Inside positively charged relative to outside
The Nernst Equation
E =61.5 mV log ([Ion]o /[Ion]i)
• The Distribution of Ions Across The Membrane
–K+ more concentrated on inside, Na+ and Ca2+ more concentrated outside

Na-K Pump
Ca2+ pump actively pumps calcium out of cell














































