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Respiratory Emerg > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Respiration

A

Exchange of gases between a living organism and its environment

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2
Q

Three processes of respiration

A

Ventilation
Diffusion
Perfusion

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3
Q

Ventilation

A

Mechanical process of moving air in and out of the lungs (inspiration and expiration)

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4
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of molecules through a membrane from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration

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5
Q

Perfusion

A

Circulation of blood through the capillaries

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6
Q

What is the upper airway responsible for?

A

Warming and humidifying incoming air

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7
Q

What is the lower airway responsible for?

A

Area where the respiratory exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs

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8
Q

Five functions of the nose

A
  1. Passage of air into respiratory system
  2. Warms air prior to entering lungs
  3. Moistens air before entering lungs
  4. Filters/cleans air of particles before entering lungs
  5. Speech resonating chamber
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9
Q

Three regions of Pharynx

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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10
Q

Type 1 epithelial cells

A

Simple squamous

Assist with diffusion of gases

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11
Q

Type 2 epithelial cells

A

Septal cells

  • Produce surfactant Wichita lowers surface tension of fluid on alveoli
  • Prevents collapse of alveoli
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12
Q

Alveolar macrophages

A

Wandering phagocytes that remove fine dust particles and other debris in the alveolar spaces

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13
Q

Requirements for pulmonary perfusion

A
  1. Adequate blood volume
  2. Intact pulmonary capillaries
  3. Efficient pumping action by the heart
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14
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

When temperature is constant, the pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume

  • Lungs function by increasing/decreasing pressure to cause air to rush in or out
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15
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

Each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure (as if all other gases were not present)

Partial pressure of atmosphere and alveolar is 760 mmHg (torr)

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16
Q

Henry’s Law

A

Quantity of gas that will dissolve in a liquid depends upon the amount of gas present and its solubility coefficient

17
Q

How does respiratory drive work?

A

Chemoreceptors in medulla are stimulated by an increase in PaCO2 or a decrease in pH

18
Q

How does hypoxia drive work?

A

Chemoreceptors in aortic arch and carotid bodies are stimulated by a decrease in PaCO2
- Increases respiratory stimulation in people with chronic respiratory disease

19
Q

What is the main respiratory centre?

A

Medulla oblongata

20
Q

Apneustic centre

A

Assumes respiratory control if medulla fails to initiate impulses

21
Q

Pneumotaxic centre

A

Controls expiration

22
Q

Pons

A

Influences activity of medulla responses and smooths out transition between both respiratory phases

23
Q

Two areas of medulla oblongata

A

Dorsal respiratory group - inspiratory centre that controls external intercostal and diaphragm

Ventral respiratory centre - inspiratory and expiratory centres, but mainly activated when O2 demands increase

24
Q

External expiration

A

Gases diffuse from an area of high partial pressure to areas of low partial pressure

  • exchange of gases between air and blood
  • deoxygenated blood becomes saturated
25
Q

Internal respiration

A

Exchange of gases between blood and tissues
Conversion of oxygenated blood into deoxygenated blood
Observe diffusion of O2 inward, and CO2 outward

26
Q

Factors affecting hemoglobin binding

A
  • Acidity
  • Partial pressure of CO2
  • Temperature
  • BPG (2,3- biphoshoglycerate)
27
Q

Average lung capacity of adult male

A

6 litres

- only a fraction is used during normal breathing

28
Q

Tidal volume

A

Measure of depth of breathing

  • Volume of air inhaled/exhaled during a single respiratory cycle
  • Inspiratory reserve volume and dead space
29
Q

Alveolar volume

A

Remaining volume of inhaled air
- reaches alveoli and undergoes gas exchange

alveolar volume = tidal volume - dead space volume

30
Q

Minute volume

A

Amount of air that moves into and out of the respiratory tract per minute

  • normally about 5600 mL
  • increases if tidal volume or respiratory rate increase and vice versa

Tidal volume (minus dead space) x respiratory rate

Respiratory Emerg (2 decks)

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