Diseases Flashcards
Acute Bronchitis
Inflammation of the bronchi that is caused by infection of the associated tissue
Productive cough Wheezes Chest congestion Sinus congestion Sore throat Possible fever Dizziness Fatigue Sternal chest pain
Acute respiratory failure
Inadequate exchange of gases between the respiratory and circulatory system
- Type 1 = hypoxemic
- Type 2 = hypercapneic
Acute onset Initial increase in respiratory effort Bronchospasm Type 1 - cyanosis and s/s of hypoxia Type 2 - hyperapnea, flushed skin, tachypnea, PVCs, dizziness, confusion
Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema; buildup of fluid in the alveoli due to increased permeability in the alveolar capillary membrane
Prevents O2 from getting into the bloodstream, making the lungs heavy and stiff
Crackles in lungs Hypotension Tachycardia Laboured, rapid respirations Shortness of breath Usually develops within 24-48 hours after original illness/injury
Aspiration
Intrusion of foreign matter into lung parenchyma, causing loss of homeostasis
Breakdown of lung tissue caused directly (pH/surfactant changes) or secondary to infection causes fluid shifts that prevent effective gas exchange; mechanical obstructions can create poor oxygenation
Cyanosis Cough Increased respiratory effort and SOB Chest pain Altered LOC Heoptysis Halitosis (bad breath) Fever/chills secondary to infection
Asthma
A common chronic obstructive inflammatory disease of the respiratory system characterized by increased responsiveness to multiple antigens
Response to antigens causes smooth muscle constriction of the bronchioles and increases mucous production which initiates narrowing of the airways and decreases airflow
S/S depend on severity Chest tightness with productive cough Cyanosis Accessory muscle use Tripod position Tracheal tug Wheezing/Rhonchi Dyspnea/tachypnea Tachycardia
Chronic bronchitis
Progressive chronic obstructive pulmonary disease that results from an inflammation of the bronchioles causing large amounts of mucous in the airways
Constant exposure to irritants will cause edema, inflammation, and increase production of mucous from goblet cells
Productive cough Dyspnea Prolonged expiration Cyanosis Grey/white sputum Weight gain from edema (blue bloaters)
Emphysema
Destruction of the alveolar walls; decreased lung elasticity
Barrel chest Dyspnea Pursed lip breathing Tachypnea Prolonged expiratory phase Polyythemia Hyperresonance Weight loss Fatigue “Pink puffers”
Hyperventilation syndrome
An increase in the rate and depth of breathing with the absence of wheezing; decreased CO2, and increased O2 and pH; body goes into respiratory alkalosis
Causes generally unknown
Tetany (numbness/tingling in extremities)
Chest pain
Dizziness
Syncope
Generalized weakness
May hear decreased lung sounds due to rapid influx and out flux of air
Lung cancer
Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in one or both lungs, which interferes with lung function
Stage 1: only in lungs
Stage 2: in lungs and lymph nodes
Stage 3: in lungs and lymph nodes in the centre of the chest
Stage 4: in both lungs as well a s the fluid surrounding the lungs
Cough that does not go away Coughing up blood Chest pain on deep respiration Tired/weak SOB Atelectasis Post obstructive pneumonia Hemoptysis Peripheral tumours cause pleural effusion
Pleuritis (Pleurisy)
Inflammation of the parietal and visceral pleura that surround the lungs; when pleura rub together and create inflammation, more fluid is secreted into the pleural cavity; may cause pleural effusion
Pleuritic pain (sharp, stabbing with every breath) Rales over site of pleural friction rub
Pleural effusion
An excess accumulation of fluid between the pleural layers that line the lungs and the chest cavity
Two types: transudative, exudative
SOB
Chest pain
Pleuritic pain that worsens with palpation (can radiate)
Absent lung sounds in affected area, or mild crackles where fluid present
Pneumonia
Acute infection of the lung parenchyma that impairs gas exchange; inflammation and fluid accumulation resulting in consolidation
Fever Productive cough Chills Dyspnea Green mucous Crackles, or absent when severe
Pulmonary edema
Excess fluid builds up in the lungs, causing mild to severe SOB; body cannot adequately absorb fluids
Caused by heart muscle dysfunction, heart valve dysfunction, and other dysfunctions like renal failure
Tripod position
May be in full respiratory distress
Starts with wheezes or crackles (mild to moderate) progressing to decreased or absent lung sounds (generally in bases)
Pulmonary embolism
Condition resulting from a floating embolism that becomes lodged in the pulmonary circulation; restricts blood flow through pulmonary circulation; rapid decrease in oxygen rich blood returning to the heart and rest of body
Usually caused by DVT
Sudden onset of localized chest pain
Dyspnea
Thready weak carotid pulses
Localized crackles (late sign)
Toxic inhalation
Inhalation causes minor to severe respiratory distress, including permanent lung damage or death
CO poisoning a result of greater affinity for hemoglobin, preventing O2 from reaching body tissues/cells
H2S causes respiratory paralysis and asphyxiation; caustic at 50-100ppm)
CO s/s = dull headache, SOB, confusion, weakness, dizziness, N/V; at high levels chest pain, blurred vision
H2S s/s = pulmonary edema, loss of consciousness, death; at lower levels, eye irritation, sore throat/cough, SOB, fluid in lungs, ECG may show myocardial infarction
Tuberculosis
Contagious bacterial infection that involves the lungs, but can spread to other organs; infectious particles reach alveoli, macrophages engulf bacteria, and then transmit them to the lymph system and blood stream
Weight loss Decreased energy/appetite Fever Productive cough Night sweats Diminished breath sounds, bronchial breaking, tracheal deviation, course crackles
Bronchiolitis
Inflammation and mucous production in the tertiary airways of the lung (children)
Increased mucus Hypo/hyperthermia Labour breathing Nasal flaring Accessory muscle use Cyanosis Fatigue Wheezing cough Wheezes/crackles
Croup
Upper respiratory obstruction secondary to glottis or subglottic infection; inflammation and edema develops around the larynx
Primarily in children between 6 months - 5 years; usually viral infection (parainfluenza); bacterial very rare, but much higher mortality
Hoarse voice Barking cough Fever Stridor Respiratory distress Change in mental status from hypoxia/fatigue Accessory muscle use, in drawing, sternal retractions Lungs usually clear
Cystic fibrosis
Chronic disease caused by genetics that creates a dysfunction of the exocrine glands that cause increased viscosity of mucous gland secretions
Caused by mutation in CFTR gene - encodes protein that involves chloride transportation across epithelial membranes
Wheezes Dry, nonproductive cough Dyspnea Tachypnea Barrel chest Secretions in bronchioles Cyanosis COPD Clubbing of fingers and toes N/V
Epiglottitis
Acute inflammation of the epiglottis and surrounding tissue; edema of epiglottis results in partial/complete airway obstruction
Drooling Fever Sore throat Dysphagia Anxiety Tripoding/sniffing position Accessory muscle use Major work of breathing Stridor
