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Cognitive Psychology > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Behaviorism

A

human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning

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2
Q

Are animals completely blank slates?

A

No

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3
Q

Problem with Behaviorism

A

an outward behavior may not be identified with a -mental state of mind

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4
Q

Assumption of Cognitive Psychology

A

Mental processes exist
They are subject to objective measurement
Animals are active information processors

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5
Q

Early Info Processing Model

A

stages are fixed

stages do not overlap (serial processing)

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6
Q

Problems with Early Info Model

A

there is evidence of both serial and parallel processing

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7
Q

Serial Processing

A

one process has to be completed before the next

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8
Q

Parallel Processing

A

assumes some or all processes involved in a cognitive task occur at the same time

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9
Q

Updated Models of Info Processing

A

parallel processing stages overlap
some processing is serial, other is parallel
use brain structure and function in theoretical development

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10
Q

Modal Model (Information Processing)

A

three main components: sensory registration, short term memory, and long term memory

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11
Q

Quasi-Experiment

A

1 or more IVs

grouping variable

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12
Q

Quasi-Experiment PROS

A

Individual differences

High control for the manipulated variable

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13
Q

Quasi-Experiment CONS

A

less control over because of the grouping variable

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14
Q

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

A

happens at the synapse level
LTP is about strengthening connections between multiple neurons
Underlies learning and memory

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15
Q

Neurons

A

Dendrites
Soma
Axon, axon terminals
Myelin sheath

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16
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

abstract thinking, planning, social skills

broca’s area; speech production, grammar

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17
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

touch, spatial orientation, nonverbal thinking

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18
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

vision

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19
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

laguage, hearing, visual pattern recognition, memory (medial temporal lobe)

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20
Q

Hippocampus

A

memory

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21
Q

Thalamus

A

sensory information gets filtered through

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22
Q

Corpus Collosum

A

primary means of communication between the 2 hemispheres of the brain

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23
Q

fMRI Limitations

A
  • lag between brain activity and recruitment of blood
  • you can’t say a certain area caused a behavior
  • only tells us what regions are involved in a particular task
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24
Q

ERP Limitations

A
  • Can give us brain waves but it’s hard to say what spot they were in
  • only going to tell us involved regions
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25
Q

ERP Benefit

A

gets timing right

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26
Q

Connectionism Models

A

Computer-based models of complex mind/brain systems that are inspired by the structure of the nervous system

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27
Q

Sensation vs. Perception

A

sensation: reception of stimulation from the environment and then encoding it in the nervous system
perception: interpreting and understanding sensory information

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28
Q

Discontinuities in Time and Space

A
  • There’s no one-to-one correspondence between physical reality and visual perception
  • The reality we perceive is a cognitive construct
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29
Q

Proximal vs. Distal Stimulus

A

proximal: the light waves that are reaching the system
distal: the object itself

30
Q

Blind Spot

A

the optic nerve creates a blind spot that the brain fills in

31
Q

Saccades

A

quick movement of your eye from one fixation point to another

32
Q

Change Blindness

A

failure to notice changes in the visual stimuli because of a disruption of the image (flashing image example)

33
Q

Inattention Blindness

A

failure to notice changes in the visual scene that are easily visible due to focused attention to one part of the scene

34
Q

Depth Perception

A

we get visual information in 2D not 3D

35
Q

Two Types of Depth Cues

A
  • binocular: information from both eyes

monocular: information from one eye

36
Q

Binocular Disparity

A

slightly different images from the two eyes

37
Q

Convergence

A

as something moves closer to your face, the more cross eyed you get

38
Q

Interposition

A

when things are being overlapped, the overlapping thing looks closer than the things being overlapped

39
Q

Linear Perspective

A

see two parallel lines as if they converge far away

40
Q

Relative Size

A

parallel walls example

41
Q

Elevation

A

as things get farther away, they look like they’re higher in your visual field

42
Q

Iconic Memory

A
  • a buffer that holds sensory information for a short period of time
  • allows visual system to integrate information into a continuous experience
  • large capacity, brief
43
Q

Beta Movement (in iconic memory)

A

pictures changing faster than they can decay from iconic memory

44
Q

Echoic Memory

A

-sensory memory related to auditory info

45
Q

Gestalt Grouping Principles

A
  • Figure ground relations
  • Similarity: grouping things together due to similarity
  • Proximity
  • Closure: filling in missing information
  • Good continuation
46
Q

Templates Model (doesn’t work)

A
  • Stored models of all categorizable patterns

- The problem: this model can’t account for non-canonical (not the standard view) views and forms

47
Q

Feature Detection

A

Feature: a simple fragment of a whole pattern

48
Q

Pandemonium: A Feature Detection Model

A

humans group what they see into pictures and meaningful objects based on perception

49
Q

Object Recognition

A

recognition by components: geons, objects

50
Q

Problems with Feature and Geon Detection

A

knowledge and context can matter as much or more than features

51
Q

Bottom Up Data Processing

A

processing that is driven by feature detection

52
Q

Top Down Data Processing

A

driven by knowledge and context

53
Q

Apperceptive Agnosia

A

deficit in perceiving whole patterns

54
Q

Associative Agnosia

A

deficit in associating pattern with meaning

55
Q

What do agnosias indicate?

A
  • there are different processes and brain regions for sensation and feature detection
  • combining features is critical
  • naming the object is a different process and brain region
56
Q

What is the purpose of attention?

A

to alert/prepare you

57
Q

Factors that contributed to the cognitive revolution

A
  • dissatisfaction with behaviorist explanations
  • need for a practical understanding of mental phenomena
  • slow changes in nature of verbal learning research
58
Q

Higher level cognitive functions like abstract
thinking, decision making, and planning depend
primarily on which lobe of the cortex?

A

frontal lobe

59
Q

What is embodied in cognition or embodiment?

A

The idea that the way our cognitive processes work reflects how we physically interact with the world

60
Q

We have a blind spot in our retinas, but no “blind

spot” in our visual experience; why?

A

Visual processes use available info from iconic memory to fill in the missing info

61
Q

The Pandemonium Model is what type of model

of pattern recognition?

A

Feature detection model

62
Q

In the visual search paper looking at screening
images of luggage, what improved with practice
and what didn’t?

A
  • recognition, saccdes, and reaction time improved

- likelihood of fixating the target did not improve

63
Q

4 purposes of attention

A
  • Orienting
  • Selective attention
  • Capacity (mental resources)
  • Automaticity and control
64
Q

Explain the Stroop Task

A

»Words presented in neutral, congruent, or incongruent colors
»Goal is to name the color
»Demonstrates automaticity of reading (overlearning), response competition

65
Q

Give an example of selective attention in the real world

A

missing an exit because you were paying attention to a car accident nearby

66
Q

In the paper on cell phones and driving: what was
the hypothesis that they supported with their
data?

A

»That inattention blindness is caused by talking on the phone while driving (which causes declines in performance)

67
Q

A timed task in which people decide if letter strings are or are not English words

A

Lexical decision

68
Q

Capacity theories treat attention as:

A

Mental resource

69
Q

What is the name of the phenomenon in which a person does an unintended, but more automatic action in
place of an intended, less automatic action?

A

Action slip

70
Q

Negative Priming

A

prior exposure to a stimulus unfavorably influences the response to the same stimulus

71
Q

The negative priming task demonstrates…

A

inhibition

72
Q

What lobe of the cortex is damaged in someone with

hemineglect?

A

Parietal lobe

Cognitive Psychology (3 decks)

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