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Botany > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Molecules are composed of ________.

A

Atoms

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2
Q

Fats v. Oils

A

Fats are solid at room temperature, while oils are liquid.

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3
Q

What are unsaturated fats?

A

At least one pair of carbon atoms has double bonds, which creates kinks and prevents tight packing

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4
Q

What are saturated fats?

A

No double bonds between carbon atoms

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5
Q

What are triglycerides?

A

Glycerol connecting 3 or more fatty molecules

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6
Q

Lipids

A

fats and oils
energy storage
structural uses in the form of waxes
make up cellular membranes

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7
Q

Cellulose

A

composed of Beta glucose

make up some secondary chemicals

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8
Q

Sugars

A

Hydrophilic carbon chain

Carbohydrate

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9
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Energy storage
Structural elements
Sugars

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10
Q

What three domains make up all life?

A

Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya

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11
Q

List the classes of organic molecules.

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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12
Q

What are organic molecules?

A

Molecules that contain carbon.

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13
Q

All organisms need about ____ amino acids.

A

20

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14
Q

Where would cutin and suberin be found?

A

cutin is found in new shoots, while old shoots, bark, and roots, have suberin.

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15
Q

Suberin

A

found in cork cells and bark

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16
Q

Cutin

A

Lipid that binds waxes
Waxes are long chain lipids
Forms cuticle covering epidermis of plants

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17
Q

Hydrophobic lipids

A

Waxes form part of plant cell walls

They prevent water loss and add rigidity

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18
Q

Cell membranes are made of ______ ________.

A

Phospholipid bilayers

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19
Q

Phospholipids

A

similar to triglycerides but with a phosphate group addition
Polar group attached to phosphate group
Hydrophilic polar group, hydrophobic tail

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20
Q

Protoplast

A

Everything inside the plasma membrane, contains the nucleus and cytoplasm

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21
Q

Plant cell structure

A

Cell -> plasma membrane -> protoplast -> nucleus & cytoplasm -> organelles and cytosol

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22
Q

What are the differences between bacteria and eukarya?

A

Bacteria lack organelles
Bacteria have a single strand in a loop of DNA
Bacteria cells are 1-2 orders of magnitude smaller than eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotes have nuclei

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23
Q

List the 3 domains of life

A

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

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24
Q

Salicylic acid

A

Has been used as an analgesic
Compound is the basis for aspirin
Found in certain tree bark

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25
Q

Salicylic Acid is a type of ________, specifically a _______.

A

Secondary chemical, phenolic

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26
Q

Lignins

A

Deposited in cell wall to add structural support

Adds strength and stiffness

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27
Q

Lignins are a type of ________, specifically a ______-

A

Secondary chemical, phenolic

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28
Q

Tannins

A

Repel herbivores
Used to tan leather
Can cause headaches in humans

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29
Q

Tannins are a type of _______, specifically a ______.

A

Secondary chemical, phenolic

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30
Q

Flavonoids

A

Pigments found in red wine and grape juice
Can lower cholesterol levels
Contribute to flower colors

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31
Q

Milkweed

A

Milkweed and monarch butterflies are a good example of coevolution

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32
Q

Flavonoids are a type of ________, specifically a __________.

A

Secondary chemical, phenolic

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33
Q

Phenolics are a type of _______.

A

Secondary chemical

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34
Q

Milkweed is a type of ________, specifically a _______.

A

Secondary chemical, terpenoid

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35
Q

Latex

A

Milky substance found in many plants

Some contain rubber

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36
Q

Latex is a type of ________, specifically a ________.

A

Secondary chemical, terpenoid

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37
Q

Taxol

A

Anti-cancer properties, shrinks tumors

Found in pacific yew tree

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38
Q

Taxol is a type of __________, specifically a ________.

A

Secondary chemical, terpenoid

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39
Q

What is the source of essential oils?

A

Terpenoids/terpenes found in plants

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40
Q

Isoprene

A

Gas emitted by plants
Causes bluish haze in and above forests
Component of smog

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41
Q

Terpenoids

A

Found in all plants

Composed of isoprene units

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42
Q

Atropine

A

Used to dilate pupils
Cardiac stimulant
Found in many different types of plants

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43
Q

Atropine is a type of ________, specifically an ________.

A

Secondary chemical, alkaloid

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44
Q

Nicotine

A

Tobacco plant
Highly toxic
Synthesized in roots and transported to leaves

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45
Q

Nicotine is a type of ________, specifically an _______.

A

Secondary chemical, alkaloid

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46
Q

Allelopathy

A

Inhibits germination of other seeds

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47
Q

Caffeine

A

Psychoactive drug
Central nervous system stimulant
Allelopathy

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48
Q

Caffeine is a type of _________, specifically an ________.

A

Secondary chemical, alkaloid

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49
Q

Cocaine

A

Coca plant
Used as anaesthetic in the past
Chewing leaves relieves fatigue

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50
Q

Cocaine is a type of _______, specifically an _______.

A

Secondary chemical, alkaloid

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51
Q

Morphine

A

Pain relief and cough suppressant

Highly addictive

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52
Q

Morphine is a type of _______, specifically an ________.

A

Secondary chemical, alkaloid

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53
Q

Alkaloids

A

Nitrogen compounds that serve as plant defenses, and have significant effects on humans

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54
Q

What are secondary chemicals?

A

Chemicals that protect, defend, and help with seed and pollen dispersal

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55
Q

What are primary chemicals?

A

Necessary for the life of the plant, have to do with growth, maintenance, and reproduction

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56
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Formed by chains of nucleotides
Store and transmit information
Energy carriers
Require phosphorus, nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

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57
Q

List 2 types of nucleic acids.

A

DNA & RNA

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58
Q

What defines different types of proteins?

A

Both the sequence of amino acids and the way they are structured

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59
Q

Cilia

A

Like flagella, but smaller

Many can be found on a single cell

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60
Q

Flagella

A

Used to move bacteria and sperm

Usually 1 per cell

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61
Q

Actin filaments

A

involved in cell wall deposition, growth of pollen tubes, vesicle secretion, and organization of ER

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62
Q

Microtubules

A

Cylindrical protein structures involved with cell growth

Found in flagella and cilia

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63
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Composed of microtubules and actin filaments, used for the internal structure of the cell

64
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Golgi bodies are stacks of flattened disc shaped sacs called cisternae
Produce vesicles

65
Q

Cortical ER

A

Connects cells through plasmodesmata

66
Q

Smooth ER

A

Involved with lipid synthesis

67
Q

Rough ER

A

Has ribosomes on the membrane

Stores proteins

68
Q

Vacuoles

A

Single membrane, derived from Golgi Apparatus

Contains water, sugars, ions, and amino acids (some contain red and blue pigments)

69
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Single membrane spherical organelle
Self replication, but has no DNA or RNA
Associated with plastids and mitochondria

70
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death

71
Q

Where does the conversion of ATP occur?

A

The mitochondria

72
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site of respiration

Double membrane

73
Q

Leucoplasts are a type of ______.

A

Plastid

74
Q

Leucoplasts

A

Lack pigments

Synthesize starch/form oils and proteins

75
Q

Chromoplasts are a type of ______.

A

Plastid

76
Q

Chromoplasts

A

Lack chlorophyll, but still contain carotenoid pigments

77
Q

Chloroplasts are a type of ______.

A

Plastid

78
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Site of photosynthesis
Contains chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments
30-40 per leaf cell

79
Q

Thylakoids

A

Flattened sacs found within plastids (they are interconnected inside chloroplasts)

80
Q

Plastids

A

Organelles unique to plants that function for storage and photosynthesis
Double membranes

81
Q

Ribosomes

A

Structures made of RNA & proteins used in the synthesis of proteins
Composed of 2 subunits: Small and large

82
Q

Polyploid

A

More than 2 sets of chromosomes

83
Q

Haploid

A

Only one copy of chromosomes

84
Q

Diploid

A

2 sets of chromosomes

85
Q

Nucleoli

A

Contain RNA, proteins, and some DNA

The DNA in the nucleoli codes for ribosomal RNA

86
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

DNA, nucleoli, and other structures

87
Q

Cytosol

A

The fluid inside cells

88
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Inside the protoplast

Contains organelles and cytosol

89
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane

90
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

A state of balance between continuing processes

91
Q

Concentration gradient

A

High number of particles and lower number of particles separated by a membrane

92
Q

Diffusion

A

The random movement of molecules through some media

93
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cell division

NOT a part of mitosis

94
Q

Telophase

A

Two nuclear envelopes form

95
Q

Anaphase

A

Separation of chromatids

96
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromatids align and microtubules connect the kinetochores to the poles

97
Q

Prophase

A

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes

98
Q

PMAT

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

99
Q

Mitosis order

A

PMAT

100
Q

G2 Phase

A

The cell begins to formulate the things needed for mitosis

101
Q

S Phase

A

DNA is doubled, since each daughter cell will eventually need 1 set of chromosomes

102
Q

G1 Phase

A

Cell doubles in size as organelles increase in number

103
Q

Interphase order

A

G1, S, G2

104
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Adjacent cells connected via narrow, membrane-lined channels

105
Q

What are pits?

A

Pits are interruptions in the secondary cell walls

106
Q

Cell walls contain

A

Structural glycoproteins, lignin, cutin, suberin, and waxes

107
Q

How does the cell wall provide defense for the cell?

A

Creates a physical barrier that keeps bacteria and fungi from getting into the cell

108
Q

Cell walls

A

Surround cell membranes
Provide structure
Contain enzymes for absorption and transport of substances

109
Q

Kinases

A

Enzymes that catalyze phosphorylation

110
Q

ATPases

A

Enzymes that catalyze ATP hydrolysis

111
Q

Feedback loop

A

Product created shuts down the first enzyme in the metabolic pathway

112
Q

Allosteric Enzymes

A

Active site, effector site

113
Q

Regulatory Enzymes

A

Slow, rate-limiting catalysts

114
Q

List some types of enzyme regulation

A

Temperature, pH, Regulatory Enzymes, Allosteric Enzymes, and Feedback loops

115
Q

Explain metabolic pathways

A

Biological processes act as a series of steps, a “pathway” of sorts

116
Q

Coenzymes

A

Cofactors that are organic molecules

117
Q

What are organic molecules?

A

Molecules that contain carbon

118
Q

What are cofactors?

A

Nonprotein components that complete the catalytic function of enzymes

119
Q

What are catalysts?

A

Catalysts alter the rate at which reactions exist by lowering the activation energy

120
Q

Photosynthesis equation

A

6CO_2 + 6H_2O + Energy = 2C_3H_6O_3 + 60_2

121
Q

Cellular respiration equation

A

C_6H_12O_6 = 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + Energy

122
Q

Reduction

A

Gain of an electron

123
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of an electron

124
Q

Gibbs free energy

A 
ΔG = ΔH - TΔS
H = enthalpy
T = temp
S = entropy
125
Q

Endergonic reactions

A

Energy is increased, while enthalpy is decreased

126
Q

Exergonic reactions

A

Energy is decreased (released), while enthalpy is increased

127
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A

The final potential energy is always lower than the initial potential energy

128
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A

Energy can be converted from one form to another, but never created or destroyed

129
Q

Apoplastic transport

A

Plasma membrane -> cell wall -> cell wall -> plasma membrane

130
Q

Symplastic transport

A

Transport of small molecules through the plasmodesmata

131
Q

Signal transduction

A

Second messengers transduce an information signal from outside the cell to inside the cell

132
Q

Receptor - mediated endocytosis

A

Coated pits in the membrane have proteins that bind to certain particles

133
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Bringing fluids into the cell

134
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Bringing larger molecules into the cell

135
Q

List the 3 types of endocytosis

A

Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and Receptor-mediated endocytosis

136
Q

Aquaporins

A

Transport proteins that block solutes but allow water through
Uses electrostatic repulsion
Water passes through “gates” that help them “navigate” into the cell using dipole reorientation

137
Q

Vesicle - mediated transport

A

Molecules are “wrapped” in a membrane-bound sac that binds with the cell membrane to then release these molecules outside the cell

138
Q

Active transport

A

Energy is “spent” to move molecules against the concentration gradient

139
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Carrier mediated and channel mediated

A protein facilitates the diffusion

140
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Small nonpolar molecules that follow diffusion
Usually oxygen and carbon
Water does NOT do this

141
Q

Name the 3 types of movement across the membrane

A

Active transport, facilitated diffusion, and simple diffusion

142
Q

Explain the fluid - mosaic model of the membrane

A

Phospholipid bilayer isn’t bounded by anything, so the membrane is somewhat fluid

143
Q

Plasmolysis

A

Low water level in the cell

Membrane shrinks away from the cell wall

144
Q

Turgid cell

A

Membrane is pressed against cell wall

Higher water level in the cell

145
Q

Diffusion direction: _________ -> _______ osmotic potential

A

high, low

146
Q

Diffusion direction: __________ -> ________ solute concentration

A

Low, high

147
Q

Diffusion direction: ______ -> _______ water potential

A

High, low

148
Q

Turgor pressure

A

Internal pressure of fluid on the cell membrane

149
Q

Pressure potential

A

Physical pressure on the system

150
Q

Solute potential/osmotic potential

A

Number of dissolved particles

151
Q

Four levels of protein structure

A

Primary (polypeptide chain)
Secondary (The coiling or folding of the chain)
Tertiary (multiple polypeptide chains bonding together)
Quaternary (multiple tertiary structures binding together)

152
Q

What are the characteristics of plants?

A

Plastids, Vacuoles, and Cell walls

153
Q

How old is the earth?

A

4.5 billion years

154
Q

Eukarya v Bacteria

A

Eukarya have nuclei

155
Q

Archaea v Bacteria

A

Archaea have linked lipids

156
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells that give them shape

157
Q

Cotransport

A

Two substances are simultaneously transported across a membrane by one protein

Botany (3 decks)

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