Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Molecules are composed of ________.
A
Atoms
2
Q
Fats v. Oils
A
Fats are solid at room temperature, while oils are liquid.
3
Q
What are unsaturated fats?
A
At least one pair of carbon atoms has double bonds, which creates kinks and prevents tight packing
4
Q
What are saturated fats?
A
No double bonds between carbon atoms
5
Q
What are triglycerides?
A
Glycerol connecting 3 or more fatty molecules
6
Q
Lipids
A
fats and oils
energy storage
structural uses in the form of waxes
make up cellular membranes
7
Q
Cellulose
A
composed of Beta glucose
make up some secondary chemicals
8
Q
Sugars
A
Hydrophilic carbon chain
Carbohydrate
9
Q
Carbohydrates
A
Energy storage
Structural elements
Sugars
10
Q
What three domains make up all life?
A
Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
11
Q
List the classes of organic molecules.
A
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
12
Q
What are organic molecules?
A
Molecules that contain carbon.
13
Q
All organisms need about ____ amino acids.
A
20
14
Q
Where would cutin and suberin be found?
A
cutin is found in new shoots, while old shoots, bark, and roots, have suberin.
15
Q
Suberin
A
found in cork cells and bark
16
Q
Cutin
A
Lipid that binds waxes
Waxes are long chain lipids
Forms cuticle covering epidermis of plants
17
Q
Hydrophobic lipids
A
Waxes form part of plant cell walls
They prevent water loss and add rigidity
18
Q
Cell membranes are made of ______ ________.
A
Phospholipid bilayers
19
Q
Phospholipids
A
similar to triglycerides but with a phosphate group addition
Polar group attached to phosphate group
Hydrophilic polar group, hydrophobic tail
20
Q
Protoplast
A
Everything inside the plasma membrane, contains the nucleus and cytoplasm
21
Q
Plant cell structure
A
Cell -> plasma membrane -> protoplast -> nucleus & cytoplasm -> organelles and cytosol
22
Q
What are the differences between bacteria and eukarya?
A
Bacteria lack organelles
Bacteria have a single strand in a loop of DNA
Bacteria cells are 1-2 orders of magnitude smaller than eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotes have nuclei
23
Q
List the 3 domains of life
A
Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
24
Q
Salicylic acid
A
Has been used as an analgesic
Compound is the basis for aspirin
Found in certain tree bark
25
Salicylic Acid is a type of ________, specifically a _______.
Secondary chemical, phenolic
26
Lignins
Deposited in cell wall to add structural support
| Adds strength and stiffness
27
Lignins are a type of ________, specifically a ______-
Secondary chemical, phenolic
28
Tannins
Repel herbivores
Used to tan leather
Can cause headaches in humans
29
Tannins are a type of _______, specifically a ______.
Secondary chemical, phenolic
30
Flavonoids
Pigments found in red wine and grape juice
Can lower cholesterol levels
Contribute to flower colors
31
Milkweed
Milkweed and monarch butterflies are a good example of coevolution
32
Flavonoids are a type of ________, specifically a __________.
Secondary chemical, phenolic
33
Phenolics are a type of _______.
Secondary chemical
34
Milkweed is a type of ________, specifically a _______.
Secondary chemical, terpenoid
35
Latex
Milky substance found in many plants
| Some contain rubber
36
Latex is a type of ________, specifically a ________.
Secondary chemical, terpenoid
37
Taxol
Anti-cancer properties, shrinks tumors
| Found in pacific yew tree
38
Taxol is a type of __________, specifically a ________.
Secondary chemical, terpenoid
39
What is the source of essential oils?
Terpenoids/terpenes found in plants
40
Isoprene
Gas emitted by plants
Causes bluish haze in and above forests
Component of smog
41
Terpenoids
Found in all plants
| Composed of isoprene units
42
Atropine
Used to dilate pupils
Cardiac stimulant
Found in many different types of plants
43
Atropine is a type of ________, specifically an ________.
Secondary chemical, alkaloid
44
Nicotine
Tobacco plant
Highly toxic
Synthesized in roots and transported to leaves
45
Nicotine is a type of ________, specifically an _______.
Secondary chemical, alkaloid
46
Allelopathy
Inhibits germination of other seeds
47
Caffeine
Psychoactive drug
Central nervous system stimulant
Allelopathy
48
Caffeine is a type of _________, specifically an ________.
Secondary chemical, alkaloid
49
Cocaine
Coca plant
Used as anaesthetic in the past
Chewing leaves relieves fatigue
50
Cocaine is a type of _______, specifically an _______.
Secondary chemical, alkaloid
51
Morphine
Pain relief and cough suppressant
| Highly addictive
52
Morphine is a type of _______, specifically an ________.
Secondary chemical, alkaloid
53
Alkaloids
Nitrogen compounds that serve as plant defenses, and have significant effects on humans
54
What are secondary chemicals?
Chemicals that protect, defend, and help with seed and pollen dispersal
55
What are primary chemicals?
Necessary for the life of the plant, have to do with growth, maintenance, and reproduction
56
Nucleic acids
Formed by chains of nucleotides
Store and transmit information
Energy carriers
Require phosphorus, nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
57
List 2 types of nucleic acids.
DNA & RNA
58
What defines different types of proteins?
Both the sequence of amino acids and the way they are structured
59
Cilia
Like flagella, but smaller
| Many can be found on a single cell
60
Flagella
Used to move bacteria and sperm
| Usually 1 per cell
61
Actin filaments
involved in cell wall deposition, growth of pollen tubes, vesicle secretion, and organization of ER
62
Microtubules
Cylindrical protein structures involved with cell growth
| Found in flagella and cilia
63
Cytoskeleton
Composed of microtubules and actin filaments, used for the internal structure of the cell
64
Golgi apparatus
Golgi bodies are stacks of flattened disc shaped sacs called cisternae
Produce vesicles
65
Cortical ER
Connects cells through plasmodesmata
66
Smooth ER
Involved with lipid synthesis
67
Rough ER
Has ribosomes on the membrane
| Stores proteins
68
Vacuoles
Single membrane, derived from Golgi Apparatus
| Contains water, sugars, ions, and amino acids (some contain red and blue pigments)
69
Peroxisomes
Single membrane spherical organelle
Self replication, but has no DNA or RNA
Associated with plastids and mitochondria
70
What is apoptosis?
Programmed cell death
71
Where does the conversion of ATP occur?
The mitochondria
72
Mitochondria
Site of respiration
| Double membrane
73
Leucoplasts are a type of ______.
Plastid
74
Leucoplasts
Lack pigments
| Synthesize starch/form oils and proteins
75
Chromoplasts are a type of ______.
Plastid
76
Chromoplasts
Lack chlorophyll, but still contain carotenoid pigments
77
Chloroplasts are a type of ______.
Plastid
78
Chloroplasts
Site of photosynthesis
Contains chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments
30-40 per leaf cell
79
Thylakoids
Flattened sacs found within plastids (they are interconnected inside chloroplasts)
80
Plastids
Organelles unique to plants that function for storage and photosynthesis
Double membranes
81
Ribosomes
Structures made of RNA & proteins used in the synthesis of proteins
Composed of 2 subunits: Small and large
82
Polyploid
More than 2 sets of chromosomes
83
Haploid
Only one copy of chromosomes
84
Diploid
2 sets of chromosomes
85
Nucleoli
Contain RNA, proteins, and some DNA
| The DNA in the nucleoli codes for ribosomal RNA
86
What does the nucleus contain?
DNA, nucleoli, and other structures
87
Cytosol
The fluid inside cells
88
Cytoplasm
Inside the protoplast
| Contains organelles and cytosol
89
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane
90
Dynamic equilibrium
A state of balance between continuing processes
91
Concentration gradient
High number of particles and lower number of particles separated by a membrane
92
Diffusion
The random movement of molecules through some media
93
Cytokinesis
Cell division
| NOT a part of mitosis
94
Telophase
Two nuclear envelopes form
95
Anaphase
Separation of chromatids
96
Metaphase
Chromatids align and microtubules connect the kinetochores to the poles
97
Prophase
Chromatin condenses into chromosomes
98
PMAT
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
99
Mitosis order
PMAT
100
G2 Phase
The cell begins to formulate the things needed for mitosis
101
S Phase
DNA is doubled, since each daughter cell will eventually need 1 set of chromosomes
102
G1 Phase
Cell doubles in size as organelles increase in number
103
Interphase order
G1, S, G2
104
Plasmodesmata
Adjacent cells connected via narrow, membrane-lined channels
105
What are pits?
Pits are interruptions in the secondary cell walls
106
Cell walls contain
Structural glycoproteins, lignin, cutin, suberin, and waxes
107
How does the cell wall provide defense for the cell?
Creates a physical barrier that keeps bacteria and fungi from getting into the cell
108
Cell walls
Surround cell membranes
Provide structure
Contain enzymes for absorption and transport of substances
109
Kinases
Enzymes that catalyze phosphorylation
110
ATPases
Enzymes that catalyze ATP hydrolysis
111
Feedback loop
Product created shuts down the first enzyme in the metabolic pathway
112
Allosteric Enzymes
Active site, effector site
113
Regulatory Enzymes
Slow, rate-limiting catalysts
114
List some types of enzyme regulation
Temperature, pH, Regulatory Enzymes, Allosteric Enzymes, and Feedback loops
115
Explain metabolic pathways
Biological processes act as a series of steps, a "pathway" of sorts
116
Coenzymes
Cofactors that are organic molecules
117
What are organic molecules?
Molecules that contain carbon
118
What are cofactors?
Nonprotein components that complete the catalytic function of enzymes
119
What are catalysts?
Catalysts alter the rate at which reactions exist by lowering the activation energy
120
Photosynthesis equation
6CO_2 + 6H_2O + Energy = 2C_3H_6O_3 + 60_2
121
Cellular respiration equation
C_6H_12O_6 = 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + Energy
122
Reduction
Gain of an electron
123
Oxidation
Loss of an electron
124
Gibbs free energy
```
ΔG = ΔH - TΔS
H = enthalpy
T = temp
S = entropy
```
125
Endergonic reactions
Energy is increased, while enthalpy is decreased
126
Exergonic reactions
Energy is decreased (released), while enthalpy is increased
127
2nd law of thermodynamics
The final potential energy is always lower than the initial potential energy
128
1st law of thermodynamics
Energy can be converted from one form to another, but never created or destroyed
129
Apoplastic transport
Plasma membrane -> cell wall -> cell wall -> plasma membrane
130
Symplastic transport
Transport of small molecules through the plasmodesmata
131
Signal transduction
Second messengers transduce an information signal from outside the cell to inside the cell
132
Receptor - mediated endocytosis
Coated pits in the membrane have proteins that bind to certain particles
133
Pinocytosis
Bringing fluids into the cell
134
Phagocytosis
Bringing larger molecules into the cell
135
List the 3 types of endocytosis
Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and Receptor-mediated endocytosis
136
Aquaporins
Transport proteins that block solutes but allow water through
Uses electrostatic repulsion
Water passes through "gates" that help them "navigate" into the cell using dipole reorientation
137
Vesicle - mediated transport
Molecules are "wrapped" in a membrane-bound sac that binds with the cell membrane to then release these molecules outside the cell
138
Active transport
Energy is "spent" to move molecules against the concentration gradient
139
Facilitated diffusion
Carrier mediated and channel mediated
| A protein facilitates the diffusion
140
Simple diffusion
Small nonpolar molecules that follow diffusion
Usually oxygen and carbon
Water does NOT do this
141
Name the 3 types of movement across the membrane
Active transport, facilitated diffusion, and simple diffusion
142
Explain the fluid - mosaic model of the membrane
Phospholipid bilayer isn't bounded by anything, so the membrane is somewhat fluid
143
Plasmolysis
Low water level in the cell
| Membrane shrinks away from the cell wall
144
Turgid cell
Membrane is pressed against cell wall
| Higher water level in the cell
145
Diffusion direction: _________ -> _______ osmotic potential
high, low
146
Diffusion direction: __________ -> ________ solute concentration
Low, high
147
Diffusion direction: ______ -> _______ water potential
High, low
148
Turgor pressure
Internal pressure of fluid on the cell membrane
149
Pressure potential
Physical pressure on the system
150
Solute potential/osmotic potential
Number of dissolved particles
151
Four levels of protein structure
Primary (polypeptide chain)
Secondary (The coiling or folding of the chain)
Tertiary (multiple polypeptide chains bonding together)
Quaternary (multiple tertiary structures binding together)
152
What are the characteristics of plants?
Plastids, Vacuoles, and Cell walls
153
How old is the earth?
4.5 billion years
154
Eukarya v Bacteria
Eukarya have nuclei
155
Archaea v Bacteria
Archaea have linked lipids
156
Cytoskeleton
Protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells that give them shape
157
Cotransport
Two substances are simultaneously transported across a membrane by one protein
