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biology 2400 > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

true membrane-bound nucleus

A

bacteria - no
archaea - no
eukaryotes - yes

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2
Q

DNA complex with histones

A

bacteria - no
archaea - some
eukaryotes - yes

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3
Q

chromosomes

A

bacteria - one circular, single origin
archaea - one circular, multiple origins
eukaryotes - more than one

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4
Q

Plasmids

A

bacteria - very common
archaea - very common
eukaryotes - rare

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5
Q

Introns in genes

A

bacteria - rare
archaea - rare
eukaryotes - yes

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6
Q

nucleolus

A

bacteria - no
archaea - no
eukaryotes - yes

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7
Q

mitochondria, chloroplasts, ER, Golgi, and lysosomes

A

bacteria - no
archaea - no
eukaryotes - yes

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8
Q

plasma membrane

A

bacteria - ester link, hopanoids, some sterols
archaea - glycerol and diglycerol tetraethers
eukaryotes - ester-linka and sterols

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9
Q

flagella

A

bacteria - single type
archaea - more than one type
eukaryotes - 9+2 pattern, 20 microtubules

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10
Q

peptidoglycan in cell walls

A

bacteria - yes
archaea - no
eukaryotes - no

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11
Q

ribosomes size and structure

A

bacteria - 70s; 3 rRNAs; 55ribosomal proteins
archaea - 70s; most have 3 rRNA - 68 ribosomal proteins
eukaryotes - 80s; 4rRNAs - 80 ribosomal proteins

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12
Q

cytoskeleton

A

bacteria - rudimentary
archaea - rudimentary
eukaryotes - yes

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13
Q

gas vesicles

A

bacteria - yes
archaea - yes
eukaryotes - no

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14
Q

study of disease in humans and animals is the field of :

1) medical
2) immunology
3) biotech

A

1) medical

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15
Q

epidemiologists working in the field of ____microbiology monitor the prevalence of disease in populations:

1) medical
2) public health
3) ecology

A

2) public health

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16
Q

scientists study how the immune system protects the body in the field of __:

1) medical
2) public health
3) immunology

A

3) immunology

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17
Q

in the field of __ , however, a variety of approaches are used to describe microbial diversity in terms of relationships between organisms and their governments:

1) molecular
2) microbial ecology
3) virology

A

2) microbial ecology

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18
Q

merging both medical and microbial ecology, the field of ___microbiology concerns the role of microbes in crop production and as pesticides :

1) food and dairy
2) agricultural
3) industrial

A

2) agricultural

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19
Q

another area that parallels agricultural microbiology is the study of microbial spoilage, which is part of the field of ____ micro:

1) industrial
2) public health
3) food and dairy

A

3) food and dairy

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20
Q

Researchers in the field of ___ microbiology develop ways to exploit the metabolic abilities of microbes to generate valuable products:

1) Industrial
2) public health
3) food and dairy

A

1) industrial

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21
Q

Bacteria and archaea are typically fixed to slides by _____ while eukaryotes with subcellular structure, such as protists, are typically fixed by ______.

A

heat ; chemicals

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22
Q

The initial statement of the _______ hypothesis proposed that over time a bacterial endosymbiont of an ancestral cell in the eukaryotic lineage lost its ability to live independently.

A

Endosymbiotic

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23
Q

The endosymbiont then became either a _______, if the intracellular bacterium used aerobic respiration, or a ________, if the endosymbiont was a photosynthetic bacterium.

A

mitochondrion ; chloroplast

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24
Q

Recently the endosymbiotic hypothesis for mitochondria has been modified by the ______ hypothesis. This asserts that the endosymbiont was an anaerobic bacterium that produced hydrogen and carbon dioxide as end products of its metabolism.

A

hydrogen

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25
Q

Over time, the host became dependent on the hydrogen produced by the endosymbiont. Ultimately the endosymbiont evolved into one of two organelles. If the endosymbiont developed the capacity to perform _______ respiration, it evolved into a mitochondrion.

A

aerobic

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26
Q

However, if the endosymbiont did not develop this capacity, it evolved into a __________ - an organelle found in some extant protists that produce ATP by a process called ___________.

A

hydrogenosome ; fermentation

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27
Q

Which domain describes an organism that lacks linear chromosomes BUT has peptidoglycan cell walls?

A

Bacteria

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28
Q

In endospore formation, when DNA condenses and aligns itself in the center of the cell, the cell is called a __________.

A

mother cell

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29
Q

The “cis” side of the Golgi complex refers to which side of the Golgi?

A

The side of the Golgi facing the ER.

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30
Q

The proper sequence of reagents in the Gram stain procedure is:

A

crystal violet, iodine, ethanol, safranin

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31
Q

In the gram-positive bacterial cell wall, the tetrapeptides that extend from the peptidoglycan layers are linked by _________.

A

peptide interbridges

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32
Q

What domain produces hams and cannulae?

A

Archaea

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33
Q

What domain has a cell envelope that often contains an S layer?

A

Archaea

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34
Q

The domain that has chromosomes associated with histones.

A

Archaea

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35
Q

The domain that has membrane lipids containing isoprenic hydrocarbons.

A

Archaea

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36
Q

The domain with membranes that can be monolayers or bilayers.

A

Archaea

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37
Q

The domain with flagellar rotation powered by proton motive force.

A

Bacteria

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38
Q

The domain that has lipids with fatty acids attached to glycerol by water bonds.

A

Bacteria

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39
Q

The domain that contains hollow flagella.

A

Bacteria

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40
Q

The domain with cell envelopes with peptidoglycan.

A

Bacteria

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41
Q

What microscope would be the best to use to constituents within a cell?

A

Transmission electron microscope

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42
Q

What is a component of the outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria that results in septic shock upon entering the bloodstream?

A

Lipopolysaccharide

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43
Q

An archaeologist in a nutrient-poor environment is most likely to use _______ for nutrient uptake.

A

ABC transport

44
Q

An organism characterized by having cells containing DNA in a membrane-bound organelle.

A

Eukaryote

45
Q

An organism characterized by having a cell lacking a membrane-bound nucleus.

A

Prokaryote

46
Q

An infectious agent consisting of only protein.

A

Prion

47
Q

An infectious agent consisting of only RNA.

A

Viroid

48
Q

An infectious agent made up of protein, nucleic acids and sometimes a lipid membrane.

A

Virus

49
Q

What microscope is used to examine both stained or unstained specimens?

A

bright-field microscope

50
Q

It is called a bright-field microscope because it forms a ______ image against a _______ background.

A

dark ; brighter

51
Q

What is mounted within or beneath the stage of the bright-field microscope and focuses a cone of light on the slide?

A

condenser

52
Q

A microscope that retains proper focus when the objectives are changed.

A

par focal

53
Q

Light from the illuminated specimen is focused by the ______, creating an enlarged image with the microscope. The ______ further magnifies this primary image.

A

objective lens ; ocular lens

54
Q

The total magnification is calculated by multiplying the _____ and _____ magnifications together.

A

objective ; eyepiece

55
Q

The ability of a lens to separate or distinguish between small objects that are close together.

A

resolution

56
Q

Name the three types of light microscopes that create detailed, clear images of living specimens.

A
  1. ) dark-field microscopes
  2. ) phase-contrast microscopes
  3. ) differential interference contrast microscopes
57
Q

Microscopy in which the specimen is brightly illuminated while the background is dark.

A

dark-field microscopy

58
Q

The minimal distance becomes smaller as the ______ of light used decreases and as the numerical aperture increases.

A

wavelength

59
Q

What will increase numerical aperture and resolution when using a microscope?

A

immersion oil

60
Q

Using dark-field microscopy, a hollow cone of light is focused on the specimen to that unreflected and unrefracted rays do not enter the ________ lens.

A

objective

61
Q

What two microscopes create images by detecting the differences in refractive indices and thickness?

A
  1. ) differential interference contrast microscope

2. ) phase-contrast microscope

62
Q

A fluorescent dye.

A

fluorochrome

63
Q

Green fluorescent gene encodes a ______ that naturally fluoresces green when exposed to light of a certain wavelength.

A

protein

64
Q

What type of light source is used by a confocal microscope?

A

laser

65
Q

What is obtained using a lens with the largest possible numerical aperture and light of the shortest wavelength?

A

the best resolution

66
Q

When preparing a specimen for microscopy, what two things generally occur during the fixation step?

A
  1. ) cells are attached to the slide

2. ) cells are killed

67
Q

A light microscope in which monochromatic laser derived light scans across the specimen at a specific level. Stray light from above and below the plane of focus is blocked out to give an image with excellent contrast and resolution.

A

confocal microscope

68
Q

The only light used to create an image by what microscope is from the plane of focus, and a much sharper image is formed.

A

confocal microscope

69
Q

Fixation technique that inactivates proteins, and destroys proteins of sub cellular structures.

A

heat fixation

70
Q

Fixation technique that inactivates proteins, but protects fine cellular substructure.

A

chemical fixation

71
Q

A chemical group with double bonds that absorbs visible light and gives a dye its color.

A

chromophore group

72
Q

A staining procedure in which a dye is used to make the background dark while the specimen is unstained.

A

negative staining

73
Q

What unique biomolecule is found in acid-fast bacterial cell walls that prevents dyes from binding readily to these cells?

A

mycolic acid

74
Q

A substance that helps fix dye on or in a cell.

A

mordant

75
Q

An extremely heat and chemical-resistant dormant, thick-walled spore that develops within some members of the bacterial phylum Firmicutes.

A

endospore

76
Q

Capsules are networks composed mostly of ______ that surround many bacteria.

A

polysaccharide

77
Q

Methylene blue, crystal violet and safranin are examples of which type of dye?

A

basic

78
Q

Most membrane-associated lipids are _______: they are structurally symmetrical with polar and nonpolar ends.

A

amphipathic

79
Q

A polar substance that has a strong affinity for water (or is readily soluble in water).

A

hydrophilic

80
Q

A non polar substance lacking affinity for water (or which is not readily soluble in water).

A

hydrophobic

81
Q

Are loosely connected to the membrane and can be easily removed. They are soluble in aqueous solutions and make up about 20-30% of total membrane protein.

A

peripheral membrane proteins

82
Q

Are not easily extracted from membranes and are insoluble in aqueous solutions when freed of lipids. They are amphipathic.

A

integral membrane proteins

83
Q

Hydrophobic regions are buried in the lipid while the hydrophilic portions project form the membrane surface.

A

amphipathic

84
Q

2 functions for integral membrane proteins.

A
  1. ) transport proteins

2. ) energy-conserving processes

85
Q

Lipids found in bacterial membranes that are similar in structure and function to the steroids found in eukaryotic membranes.

A

hopanoids

86
Q

What are the three types of growth factors?

A
  1. ) amino acids
  2. ) purines and pyrimidines
  3. ) vitamins
87
Q

Compounds that must be acquired from the environment for cell survival.

A

growth factors

88
Q

The unaided energy-free movement of molecules across a membrane.

A

passive diffusion

89
Q

The use of ATP to power the movement of substance across a membrane is commonly referred to as ________ transport.

A

primary active transport

90
Q

Transport of molecules across the membrane using an additional solute.

A

secondary active transport

91
Q

What term is used to describe the plasma membrane and all layers external to it?

A

call envelope

92
Q

Describes the chemical modification of a molecule as it is transported into a bacterial cell.

A

group translocation

93
Q

Elements such as carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus are considered what?

A

macronutrients

94
Q

The “energy free” movement of molecules across a membrane with the aid of a transporting protein is called what?

A

facilitated diffusion

95
Q

What is the layer of lipid macromolecules that surround the cell’s cytoplasm?

A

plasma membrane

96
Q

Complex of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh like structure.

A

peptidoglycan

97
Q

Peptidoglycan is composed of what two things?

A
  1. ) sugars

2. ) amino acids

98
Q

What is the role of teichoic acids?

A

give added strength to then cell wall

99
Q

Teichoic acids are common among gram (+ or -?) bacteria.

A

gram +

100
Q

Lipopolysaccharieds are found in gram (+ or -?) bacteria?

A

gram -

101
Q

What is well known to protect gram-negative bacteria from environmental toxic substances?

A

LPS

102
Q

The LPS component responsible for stimulating an antibody response in gram-negative bacterial infections is the what?

A

O antigen

103
Q

Which organism group has cell walls composed of peptidoglycan?

A

bacteria

104
Q

A regularly structured layer composed of protein or glycoprotein the tiles on the surface of many bacteria and archaea.

A

S-layer

105
Q

Who established the 3 domains

A

Carl Woese

biology 2400 (5 decks)

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