Exam 1 Flashcards
(579 cards)
1
Q
Symmetric alopecia appears on a 3 year old F guinea pig. What is your possible diagnosis?
A
Ovarian cysts.
2
Q
A rodent patient has pruritic dermatitis, + the skin scraping is -ve. Which is the best idea to do?
A
Anti- parasitic treatment.
3
Q
Which is the most common cause of fur chewing in chinchillas?
A
Bad husbandry, small cage.
4
Q
Which sp. does ø have marking gl?
A
Degu.
5
Q
What is the etiology of malocclusion in rodents?
A
- Genetic predisposition.
- Iatrogenous harm.
- Malnutrition.
6
Q
What is typical of mucoid enteritis?
A
..
7
Q
What is the Ab that can be used orally in rodents?
A
Sulfometoxazol.
8
Q
What is ø the etiology of CRD in rats?
A
Traumatic injury.
9
Q
What is typical of hypercalcuria in rabbits?
A
The urinary bladder is full of crystal- sludge.
10
Q
Which is true for ovarian cysts in guinea pigs?
A
It can be palpated during routine physical examination.
11
Q
Which is true for the reproduction of guinea pigs?
A
M must be kept separately after parturition.
12
Q
Which is true for pregnancy toxicosis in rodents?
A
Usually poor prognosis in spite of treatment.
13
Q
You diagnose a swelling of mammary gl on a 2 yr old rat. What to do next?
A
Cytology, surgical removal, based on cytology results.
14
Q
How can a rabbit get infected with Encephalitozoonosis?
A
The infectious form spreads with urine.
15
Q
When was the ferret domesticated?
A
> than 2000 yrs ago.
16
Q
When can you neuter a F ferret?
A
Only after the 1st oestrus.
17
Q
What is overproduced in Ferret Adrenal Gl Disease complex?
A
Sexual steroid.
18
Q
Which is false about the GnRH analogues used for treatment of Ferret Adrenal Gl Disease Complex?
A
They directly affect the melatonin secretion.
19
Q
What drug is used fo rmedical treatment of insulinoma?
A
Diazoxid.
20
Q
Which is false about the ferret’s GI tract?
A
Min gut flora.
21
Q
A 9 mnth old, non- neutered F ferret has alopecia, but her skin is intact. Which causes is the most likely?
A
Prolonged oestrous.
22
Q
A spayed F ferret has vulvar swelling, alopecia ( intact skin) 4 yrs after neutering. Which cause is the most likely?
A
Adrenal Gl Disease Complex.
23
Q
Prolonged oestrous in Ferrets
A
Can cause the death of animal, because of suppression of bone marrow function.
24
Q
Which is false for nutrition of parrots?
A
The nutrition based on commercial pellets can cause addiciton + nutritional imbalances.
25
Which one you must ø miss, while examining a bird?
Breathing rate.
26
Which is true for polyuria in birds?
Excreting much yellowish urine allows easy diagnosis.
27
Spaying of legs appears in a juvenile African grey parrot. What to do next?
X- ray to exclude rachitis.
28
You take a swab- sample from the crop for Trichomonas examination. What do you do with the sample?
Examine a native smear directly.
29
What is/ are the best sites of venepuncture in birds?
Vena jugularis + vena cutanea ulnaris.
30
How is the erythrocyte morphology in birds?
Oval cells, dark nucleus, homologous abundant cytoplasm.
31
What is typical for creatinine in birds?
Even if it has ø clinical significance, you should measure it in every case.
32
What is/ are the cause(s) of the feather plucking syndrome?
Lots of infectious + non- infectious causes.
33
The main symptom of liver damage in birds are
Greenish urates, ascites + abnormal beak/ nails.
34
What are hepatoprotectants in birds?
Ursodeoxycholic acid, S- adenosylmethionine, silymarin, Vit E.
35
The course of treatment of kidney disease is
Fluid therapy, allopurinol, omega3 FA, Vit A.
36
Etiology of avian tuberculosis
Mycobacterium avium.
37
Possible treatment of megabacteriosis?
Amphotericin B.
38
What is the etiology of Macaw wasting disease (PDD)?
Degeneration of ganglions in wall of proventriculus.
39
Which is false?
There is ø shedding in turtles. (?)
40
The nutrition of tortoises is based on
Plants + flowers collected in garden.
41
Which is false for the hibernation of Hermann's tortoise?
Is it only recommended for breeders.
42
Where to give great amt of fluid to a turtle?
Intracoelomial.
43
Which is ø connected with the etiology of nutritive osteodystrophia?
High K diet.
44
Which is important in pathogenesis of Vit A deficiency?
Metaplasia in surface of MM.
45
How to treat otitis media in turtles?
Surgical debridement, Ab.
46
Follicular stasis in a green iguana can be treated with
Surgery.
47
Which characteristic of reptiles can affect -vely the success of a surgical procedure?
Small total blood volume.
48
Which can cause stomatitis in tortoises?
Herpes virus infection.
49
What can you see in a turtle patient with wet shell rot?
Reddish- brownish drawing like areas on plastron.
50
What is the etiology of hypertrophic gastritis in snakes?
Cryptosporidium serpentis.
51
Symptoms of RNS disease are
Upper respiratory infection with nasal discharge.
52
Which can cause pneumonia vermiosa?
Rhabdias sp.
53
What is a possible treatment of septicaemia in turtles?
Enrofloxacin.
54
Why should we protect the integrity of plumage of an injured bird?
If the plumage is damaged abnormal behaviour starts ( automutilation, feather pecking).
55
Which is false? When the neurological examination of bird takes place
The loss of pain perception means a fair prognosis.
56
The treatment of Pd intoxication can be carried out with
Ca- EDTA, D- penicillamin.
57
Which statement is true? Atropin can be given ' routinely' for intoxicated birds, if
Organic phosphate intoxication is suspected.
58
Which method would you choose in a zoo for interventions with serious pain?
Neuroleptanalgesia.
59
Which statement is true about primates?
Because of the risk of zoonosis, personal safety must get a high priority.
60
Which birds can be infected by Histomonas, + what is the vector?
Galliform birds, Heterakis gallinae worms.
61
What are the clinical signs of histomonosis?
Black head + yellowish foamy diarrhoea.
62
What is the therapy of histomonosis?
Klion ( metronidazol).
63
Which birds can suffer from lymphoma?
Canaries + parrots.
64
What is the causative agent of lymphoma?
Retroviridae virus.
65
What non- infectious agents can cause serous nasal discharge in birds?
Pollen, dust, smoke, + fungal spores.
66
What infectious agenst can cause serous nasal discharge in birds?
- Viruses: Paramyxovirus.
| - Bacteria: Mycoplasma + Chlamydophila.
67
What is the cause of purulent nasal discharge in birds?
2º bacterial infections.
68
Which sp causes mycoplasmosis of exotic pheasants?
Mycoplasma gallisepticum.
69
Is Mycoplasma sp resistant or sensitive?
Sensitive ( virulence fr max 1 - 2 days).
70
How can you treat mycoplasmosis in birds?
- Nutritional: Vit, proteins + probiotics.
| - Ab: Enrofloxacin.
71
What is the causative of Amazon tracheitis?
Parrot herpesvirus 2 + 3.
72
What are the clinical symptoms of Amazon tracheitis?
Lethargy, loss of appetite, dyspnoea + nasal discharge, + conjunctivitis in peracute cases.
73
How can you treat Amazon tracheitis in birds?
Change the place of cage, treat 2) bacterial infections with Ab + Vits + inhalation therapy.
74
What are the causative + clinical symptoms of paramyovirus infection in canaries?
- Causative: PMV-1.
| - Clinical symptoms: Conjunctivitis, specific noises at respiration, sneezing + shaking head.
75
Which part of respiratory tract of birds is common for poxvirus, mycobacterium avium + trichomonas, what is the treatment?
- Part: Trachea.
| - Treatment: Clean the house/ cage of bird + give Ivermectin.
76
What is the causative agent of syngamus infection of pheasants + what is the IH?
- Causative agent: Syngamus tracheae.
| - IH: Ring worms.
77
What is the diagnosis + therapy of syngamus infection in pheasants?
- Diagnosis: Fecal examination + larval examiantion.
| - Therapy: Mebendazol/ Fenbendazol.
78
Which bacteria are likely to cause changes in bird lung?
Tuberculosis, E.coli.
79
Which stains are good for differential diagnosis of bacterial infections in bird lung?
Grocott, HE, PAS + ZN.
80
What are the causatives of serous, purulent + chronic fibrinous air sacculitis in birds?
- Serous: Virus, Mycoplasma.
- Purulent: Bacteria.
- Chronic fibrinous: Bacteria, Fungi.
81
What is the causative of infectious diseases of pericardial sac in birds?
Microfialria.
82
Which pathogens can cause bleeding in pericardium?
- Bacteria: Pasteurella multocida, E. rhusiopathiae, E.coli.
| - Viral: Bird flu + other.
83
Which bird is very sensitive to Nephritis Virus?
Tragopans.
84
What is the causative of kidney coccidiosis in young geese?
Eimeria truncata.
85
Which bacteria can cause inflammation of testis in birds?
- Salmonella sp: Necrotic inflammation.
| - Mycobacteria: Tubercles in testis.
86
Which birds are more likely to suffer from infectious diseases in copulatory organs?
Ducks + geese due to bad keeping techniques.
87
Do chelonians have a diaphragm?
No.
88
What does the term poikilotherm mean?
Cold blooded.
89
Why does it ø make any sense to take the temp of a reptile?
Because their temp = to ext temp.
90
What is the optimal environmental temp for reptiles?
22 - 27ºC.
91
How many phases of shedding can be differentiated in snakes?
5.
92
What is a common cause of shedding problems?
Keeping.
93
Is bigger always better when it comes to the size of terrarium?
No.
94
How many hours of light is necessary each day?
8 - 10.
95
In case of tropical sp. of reptiles, how high humidity do they need?
90%.
96
What kind of terrarium type do you have concerning habitat?
Rain forest, Savannah, Mediterranean, Desert.
97
What kind of terrarium type do you have concerning way of living?
Higher style, Flat style, Aqua- terrarium.
98
Which reptiles are considered herbivorous?
Testudinidae, Green iguana.
99
Which reptiles are considered Car?
Snake, Sweet H2O turtle + Monitors.
100
Which reptiles are considered omnivorous?
Some Geckos, Agamas.
101
What are the positions for x-ray in a soft shelled turtle?
DV, LL, Cranio-caud.
102
Which sites can be used for blood sampling in a chelonian?
Sub- carpaxial sinus, dors coccygeal vein, vena jugularis, other, peripheral veins/ heart.
103
Which sites can be used for blood sampling in lizards?
Vent coccygeal vein, heart, abd veins.
104
Which sites can be used for blood sampling in snakes?
Vent coccygeal vein, heart + vena palatina.
105
What can be the consequence of too high humidity?
Dermatitis.
106
What can be consequence of too low humidity?
Shedding problems.
107
Poxvirus dermatitis is common in which sp?
Kaiman, Green iguana + Sceloporus spp.
108
What are the clinical signs of poxvirus dermatitis?
Small brownish papules, localisation.
109
What are the most common tick infection of reptiles?
Ophinonyssus natricis.
110
What are the clinical signs of Ophinonysussus natricis infection?
Anaemia, shedding problems.
111
What is the correct therapy if suspecting Ophinonyssus natricis infections?
Ivermectin, Frontline.
112
Shell disease is most common in which type of chelonian?
Aqua chelonian.
113
In what reptiles do you most commonly find stomatitis?
Snakes + larger lizards, venomous snakes.
114
How does stomatitis looks like?
Yellowish fibrin layer, under the fibrin you find bleeding mucosa.
115
Treatment of stomatitis?
Change the keeping environment + remove fibrin layer, + Enrofloxacin 4 mg/kg for 4- 5 days + vit C inj every day.
116
When does stomatitis commonly in terrestrial tortoises?
After hibernation + shipping.
117
What are the clinical signs of hypertrophic gastritis in snakes?
Weight loss, good appetite but vomiting + H2O- like smelly diarrhoea.
118
What are the clinical signs of hypertrophic gastritis in geckos?
Weight loss + refusal to eat.
119
Treatment for hypertrophic gastritis?
Spiramycin, 160 mg/kg for 7 days repeat 2 weeks later.
120
How to prevent hypertrophic gastritis?
Change in hygiene.
121
What are the causative agents for acute mucoid enterocolities?
Parvo + Adenovirus, Proteus + Shigella.
122
What are the causative agents for necrotic enterocolities?
Entamoeba invadens, Trichomonas + Hexamita spp.
123
What is the pathogen causing ulcerative enteritis?
Kalicephalus sp.
124
Which sp are highly susceptible to enteritis caused by Entamoeba?
Herbivorous reptiles, Car sp.
125
What are the clinical signs of entamoeba enteritis?
Loss of appetite, diarrhoea + lethargy.
126
What are the different forms of viral pneumonia?
Acute respiratory: Wide breaths with open mouth + sneezing.
- Chronic respiratory: Pneumonia.
- CNS form: Incoordiantion.
- Asymptomatic form: Virus carrier.
127
What pathological lesion do you find in viral pneumonia?
Catarrhal/ Purulent pneumonia.
128
What is the treatment for viral pneumonia?
Ab together with Vit C.
129
Fungal pneumonia: Susceptible sp + predisposing factors?
All reptiles sp are affected, high humidity helps fungi overgrowth.
130
Which snake sp are sensitive to parasitic pneumonia?
All snakes are sensitive.
131
Therapy in case of parasitic pnemonia of snakes?
Ivermectin inj.
132
How to perform a blood examiantion?
Collect blood, serology examination, blood smear, stain with Giemsa.
133
Which reptile sp are susceptible to nephritis?
All sp. are susceptible.
134
Most common causative agent for nephritis?
Bacteria.
135
Types of nephritis found in reptiles?
Purulent nephritis.
136
What is the treatment for egg myasis?
Infertile egg should be taken out from the hatchery, the healthy egg should be transferred into clean hatching medium + hatchery must be cleaned + all edges should be cleaned well.
137
In which sp is it common to see post- hibernation anorexia?
Snakes + turtles.
138
Disease which are related to hubernation, includes?
Mechanical damage, Post- hibernation anorexia, Post- hibernation icterus, Septicaemia.
139
Which Ab is ø to be given /os / /oral in reptiles?
Gentamycin.
140
Which is a very good Ab to use with wide spectrum + less resistance?
Enrofloxacin.
141
Which Ab is highly oto- + nephrotoxic?
Gentamycin.
142
For how long should you keep treating reptiles with Maphotericin B?
2 weeks.
143
How often should you use Grisofulvin?
Every 3rd day.
144
Which disease is nystatin highly effective against?
Enteral mycotic infections.
145
Which fungi is Amphotericin B highly effective agaisnt?
Aspergillus.
146
What disease do you use metroindazole for in reptiles?
Entamoeba + ciliated infections.
147
Which sp should never get Ivermectin?
Turtles.
148
The color of reptiles skin depends on several factors, which factors?
Genetic, cond, season, age, reproduction status.
149
Darker skin color may be due to what?
Stress, illness, physiological accomodation.
150
In which animals is it physiological to have tattered shedding?
Lizards, Boid snakes.
151
In which sp is it pathological to have tattered shedding?
Colubrid snakes.
152
What types of dermatitis is found in reptiles?
Necrotic, ulcerative, vent derma necrosis + nodular dermatitis.
153
What are the symptoms of scale rot?
Brownish scales + abscesses.
154
What are common neoplasms in reptiles?
Papillmatosis, carcinoma, melanoma.
155
What are the clinical signs of Vit A hypovitaminosis?
Eyelids are swollen, hyper- + parakeratosis.
156
What is a non- infectious cause of stomatitis?
Uric acid excretion.
157
In what cases is liver lipidosis physiological in reptiles?
Under gravity, after hibernation + before 1st shedding.
158
Under which circumstances is it physiological for reptiles to refuse feed?
Hibernation, gravidity, breeding season + before shedding.
159
What are the reasons for post hibernation anorexia in reptiles?
Dehydration.
160
What is the therapy for post hibernation anorexia?
Rehydration by swimming in low lukewarm H2O.
161
Common tumors in lung of tortoises?
Fibroma + Fibrosarcoma.
162
Common tumors in lungs of snakes?
Adenocarcinoma.
163
What is the reason for atelectatic lung in reptiles?
Overconditioning.
164
What are the predisposing factors for pregnancy toxaemia?
Young F, big litter, ø resting time + malnutrition.
165
What is the treatment if you have suspected pregnancy toxaemia?
Warm fluid, E support + shock therapy.
166
What are the most common pathogens causing mastitis?
Pasteurella, Stap + Strep sp.
167
What are the clinical signs of mastitis?
Swollen, warm + painful mammary gl.
168
Therapy in case of suspected mastitis?
Ab, NSAID, fluid therapy + hot packs.
169
What is the most common mammary tumors?
Adenocarcinoma.
170
Clinical findings in case of mammary tumor?
In- homogenous palpation, ø swollen + ø painful.
171
What is the treatment of mammary gl tumor?
Mammectomy of OHE.
172
In which animal is paraphimosis common?
Chinchillas.
173
Encephalotozoonosis is found in what sp, + caused by what pathogen?
Rabbits, caused by E. cuniculi.
174
Where are the spores of encephalitozoon expelled/ excreeted?
Urine.
175
What is the infection route of encephalitozoon?
/os or aerogenous.
176
What are the symptoms in a rabbit with encephalitozoon infection?
Head tilt, behavioural changes, nystagmus, seizures, interstitial nephritis + renal failure, PD/ PU.
177
Treatment of Encephalitozoon infecions?
Dexamethason, Chlroamphenicol, Oxibendazole, Diazepam.
178
Is Encephalitozoon infections zoonotic?
Yes.
179
Lymphocytic choriomenigitis, affects which sp?
All rodents, expecially mouse + hamsters.
180
What are the 4 different forms of lymphocytic choriomenigits + their clinical symptoms?
- Cerebral form: Abnormal posture, tremor, tonic seizures + death.
- Visceral form: Conjunctivitis, ascites + lethargy.
- Late form: 9 - 12 mnths after antal/ prenatal infection, cause lethargy, ascites + proteinuria.
- Visceral form: Abnormal development + death.
181
What is the pathogen causing LCM?
Arenavirus.
182
What are the clinical signs of trauma/ stroke in rodents/ rabbits?
Head tilt + CNS symptoms.
183
What is the preferred treatment of stroke?
Glucocorticoids, B- vit supplement.
184
What are the symptoms of heat stroke in rabbit + rodents?
Bad general status, seizures, dyspnoea + warm body.
185
Treatment when suspecting heat stroke?
Cooling of body, shock treatment, diuretics + O2.
186
HL weakness, cause + treatment?
Spinal cord injury, glucocorticoids, B- vit, euthanasia.
187
DM affects which sp in particular?
Degus.
188
Lymphoma is common n which sp?
Commonly in guinea pigs + rabbits.
189
Lymphoma in guinea pigs is caused by?
Retrovirus.
190
What are the diseases which are related to obesity?
Pododermatitis, hypercalcuria, incontinentia, dermatitis, hepatic lipidosis, dysochia, joint problems, spinal problems.
191
To which family does the ferret belong to?
Mustellidae.
192
Which 3 ferret sp do we have?
M. putenus, M eversmannt + M. nigripes.
193
What are the uses of ferrets?
Rodent control, hunting, pelt, biomedical research, cable transport, sports + companion.
194
What is the BW of a ferret?
1.5 - 2 kg in M, 0.6 - 1 kg in F.
195
How long does ferrets ~ live?
7 - 9 years.
196
When is a ferret mature?
6 - 12 mnths.
197
How long is the gestation period of ferrets, + when are they weaned?
41 0 43 days of gestation, weaned after 6 - 8 weeks.
198
What is the normal body temp of ferrets?
38 - 39. 5ºC.
199
What can you say about the digestive tract of ferrets?
Big dilating stomach, very short GI tract, Car, lots of prey + GI parasitism is rare.
200
How can the diet help prevent/ treat hypocalcuria?
More vegetable, grass/ hay + fresh H2O, less seeds + timothy based pellets.
201
Chronic renal failure is common at what age?
Old age.
202
Ovarian cysts are common in which sp + at what age?
Guinea pigs after 1.5 years.
203
How do you diagnose ovarian cysts?
Palpation, found behind the kidneys ( round shape) + US.
204
What is the treatment in case of ovarian cyst?
Ovarian hysterectomy.
205
In which animals is endometritis + uterine tumors common?
Rabbits.
206
Pyometra in rabbits is caused by which pathogens?
Pasteurella multocida + Staph aureus.
207
How do you prevent adenocarcinoma in rabbits?
Sparing (< 2yrs of age).
208
Dystochia is common in which sp?
Guinea pigs.
209
What is the cause of dystochia in guinea pig?
Large foetus, permanent fuse of symphysis + abnormal position of foetus.
210
What is the treatment of dystochia?
Ca + oxytocin, C- section, OHE + manual removal of foetus.
211
How do you prevent dystochia in guinea pigs?
ø breed until min 6 mnths of age, separate M + F at 3- 4 weeks of age.
212
When does symphysis fusion happens in guinea pigs?
1 - 1.5 years.
213
How long is the resting time in guinea pigs?
Min 1 mnth.
214
Pregnancy toxaemia is especially important in which sp?
Guinea pig, chinchillas + rabbits.
215
What is the time period you should expect pregnancy toxaemia?
2 weeks of pregnancy + 1 week after delivery.
216
Which sp are prone to Vit B1 hypovitaminosis?
Moving disorder.
217
What are the parts of carpax?
Nuchale, Neuralia, Costalia, Marginalia.
218
What are the parts of pasitrom?
Gularia, Humeralia, Pectoralia, Abdominalia, Femoralia, Analia.
219
What type of blood sampling tubes should be used to take blood sample in reptiles?
Li- heparin.
220
What may be the reason for tattered shedding?
Low humidity, high temp, abscence of rubbing material, abscence of H2O + Ophionyssus natricis.
221
What are the clinical signs of tattered shedding?
Old skin remains, nervosuness + feed refusal.
222
What is the appropriate therapy for tattered shedding?
Swimming H2O.
223
What may be the cause of failed shedding?
Too low/ too high temp.
224
What may be the cause of shortened shedding cycle?
Damage of skin, after surgery/ bite, too high thyroxin levels + high temp.
225
Which sp are referred to as large agamas?
Iguana iguana ( green), barbed dragons + HaO agamas.
226
What may be the cause if you see scarring of skin ?
Prey bites, fighting + fixing bite during copulation.
227
What may be the reason for generalized oedema in reptiles?
Heart/ kidney failure.
228
What is another name for vent dermal necrosis?
Scale rot.
229
Why does mycosis happen in eggs?
Inappropriate hatching medium.
230
What happens if you use peat ( turf) as hatching medium?
ø mildew.
231
What happens if you use peril as hatching medium?
Mould may occur.
232
How to treat mycosis in eggs?
Affected area should be dusted with C activates.
233
In which sp does encephalitis occur?
Snakes.
234
What are the causative agents encephalitis in snakes?
Paramyxovirus, systemic mycosis + tophus.
235
In which sp is int ear inflammation caused by?
Turtles.
236
What is int ear inflammation caused by?
Bacterial infections.
237
What is the symptom of int ear infection?
Lat part of head is enlarged.
238
How to treat int ear inflammation?
Surgery + Ab inj.
239
When is it physiological to have opal/ white discoloration of eyes in snakes?
During shedding.
240
What is the causative agent, if you have chronic eye infections?
Mite infection.
241
What are the reasons for developing ceratopathy?
Post- hibernation certopathy, lipidosis + erosion.
242
What is the proposed therpy for Entamoeba enteritis?
Metronidazole, 250mg/kg, every 2nd day x3; High temp, vit inj + Ab.
243
How to prevent Entamoeba enteritis?
Separate Car snakes + lizards from herbivorous tortoises.
244
What is the aetiology behind discilliasis of snakes?
Too low temp under digestion.
245
Causative agent for acute purulent like hepatitis?
Bacteria.
246
Chronic hepatitis with tubercle formation is caused by which pathogen?
Mycobacterium, fungi, alga.
247
Nodular hepatitis is caused by which type of parasite?
Capillaria + Larvae migrans viscellaris.
248
What types of hepatitis are found in reptiles?
Acute purulent, necrotic, chronic with tubercle formation + nodular hepatitis.
249
What are the . most common viruses causing hepatitis?
Iridovirus, Herpesvirus + Adenovirus.
250
Rhinitis + Sinusitis most commonly affects which reptile sp?
Terrestrial tortoises.
251
Causes for Rhinitis + sinusitis?
- Virus: Herpesvirus + Iridovirus.
- Allergic, non- infectious.
- Intestinal parasitosis.
- Fungi spore.
252
Clinical signs of sinusitis + rhinitis?
Serous to purulent discharge.
253
Which snake types are sensitive to viral pnemonia?
Venomous + colubrid.
254
Causative agent for viral pneumonia in snakes?
Paramyxovirus.
255
What can be consequence of too high humidity?
Dermatitis.
256
What can be the consequence of too low humidity?
Shedding problems.
257
Poxvirus dermatitis is common in which sp?
Kaiman, Green iguana + Sceloporus sp.
258
What are the clinical signs of poxvirus dermatitis?
Small brownish papules, localisation.
259
What are the most common surgical procedures in rodents + rabbits?
Explorative laparotomy, excision of neoplasms, ovary- hyterectomy, exstripatio bulbi + cystotomy.
260
What is the maintenance volume of isoflurane?
2 - 2.5 %.
261
What is the introduction volume of Isoflurane?
4 - 5 %.
262
Dosages of painkillers intra + postoperative?
Butorphanol: 3mg/kg, Flunixin: 1- 10 mg/kg, Ketoprofen: 5 - 10mg/kg.
263
What is the sp causing intestinal coccidiosis in guinea pig?
Eimeria caviae.
264
What are the clinical signs of intestinal coccidiosis of guinea pigs + rabbits, and what are the treatment?
- Clinical signs: Bloody diarrhoea, weight loss.
| - Treatment: SA.
265
What are the causative agents for alopecia + pruritis?
Husbandry problems.
266
What can be causative agents for dermatitis?
Fungi, bacterial, parasite + allergy.
267
Clinical signs of flea dermatitis?
Discomfort, pruritus, fur- + skin damage.
268
Clinical signs of lice dermatitis?
Pruritus + nervous animals.
269
Give an example of common mites which is causing dermatitis?
Gyropus ovalis, Chirodiscoides caviae, Trixacarus caviae.
270
Which animals have most commonly problems with their marking gl?
Hamsters + Gerbils.
271
Which animals get ateroma?
Guinea pigs.
272
What is a good diet in case of malnutrition status in an animal?
Good quality commercial food, apples + good quality hay.
273
What may be the cause of malocclusion?
Teeth growing in the wrong direction, incomplete wear, prognatha inferior, trauma, malnutrition.
274
What may be the symptoms of malocclusion?
Anorexia, stop eating due to pain, increased salivation, causing moist dermatitis, injury + ulceration.
275
What can you use to examing the teeth in rodents?
Vaginal speculum + otoscope.
276
Which animals 1ºly get cheek pouch impaction?
Hamsters.
277
How do you recognise cheek pouch impaction?
Hard, unhomogenously swelling of cheek.
278
Symptoms of zootrichobezoar?
Anorexia, unable to eat enough + weight loss.
279
Treatment for zootrichobezoar?
Intensive fluid therapy, laxatives, GI- motility stimulators, enzyme extract/ fresh pineapple juice.
280
Etiology of constipation?
Low exercise, causing atonia, malnutrition/ lack of fresh H2O + abd mass.
281
Which Ab may you give /os without any complications?
Fluroquinolones, SA, Chloramphenicol, Metronidazol.
282
What is the treatment for Giardia Infection?
Metronidazol + Fenbendazol.
283
Mucoid enteritis is seen in which animal + what age groups?
Rabbits, 7- 14 weeks of age.
284
Symptoms of mucoid enteritis includes?
Lethargy, anorexia, tympani, abd pain, mucid like faeces, chronic + ø defecation.
285
What is the treatment when confirmed mucoid enteritis?
Force feeding with baby food + fiber, probiotics, GI- motility stimulants, fresh pineapple juice.
286
What are the clinical forms of Pasteurellosis?
Upper respratory tract infection, otitis media, otitis interna + septicaemia.
287
Which animal gets Pasteurrellosis?
Rabbits.
288
How do you diagnose Pasteurrellosis in rabbits?
Clinical signs, xray of skull, abd + thorax, US + blood test.
289
What do you use as treatment for Pasteurellosis?
Enrofloxacin ( + metronidazol) + treat for at least 3 weeks.
290
Supportive treatment of Pasterurellosis maybe?
Fluid therapy, force feeding + NSAIDs, mucolytics, nasal spray + eye drops.
291
Can you vaccinate against Pasterellosis?
No.
292
What is the causative agent of rabbit haemorrhagic disease, which age grps are susceptible?
Calicivirus, 4 -5 weeks of age,
293
Clinical signs of rabbit haemorrhagic disease include?
Lethargy, fever, respiratory signs + sudden death.
294
Can you vaccinate against rabbit haemorrhagic disease?
Yes.
295
How many serotypes are known which causes infectious disease of the birds brain?
PMV 1- 9.
296
In which birds can PMV- 1 cause infection?
All birds.
297
In which birds can PMV- 2 cause infection?
Song birds, parrots + domestic sp.
298
In which birds can PMV-3 cause infection?
Song birds, parrots + domestic sp.
299
In which birds can PMV- 4 cause infection?
Ducks, geese + domestic sp.
300
In which birds can PMV- 5 cause infection?
Small parrots + lories.
301
In which birds can PMV- 6 cause infection?
Ducks, geese + turkey.
302
In which birds can PMV- 7 cause infection?
Pigeons + doves.
303
In which birds can PMV-8 cause infection?
Ducks + geese.
304
In which birds can PMV- 9 cause infection?
Domestic duck.
305
Which PMV serotypes causes asymptomatic infection?
4, 7, 8 + 9.
306
What is the causative of Newcastle disease in domestic + wild birds?
Paramyxovirus 1.
307
Clinical symptoms of Newcastle disease?
Apathy, lethary, enteritis, ophistotonus in doves, due to encephalitis, respiratory signs in song birds.
308
Which viruses can cause infections of brain, other than paramyxovirus?
Polyomavirus + West- Bile Virus.
309
What kind of inflammation can be seen in brain in case of pneumomycosis?
Granulomatous inflammation.
310
Which birds are prone to botulism + during what season?
Exotic pheasants + ducks during the summer.
311
What is the best treatment against botulism in birds?
Remove the sick birds from H2O.
312
Which disease causes changes in lumbosacral plexus?
Marek's disease.
313
Which birds are sensitive to Marek's diseases + what can be seen in n.?
Galliform birds, lymphoid cell infiltration in n.
314
Which pathogens cause changes in eyelids, + what changes do they cause?
Paramyxovirus, Chlamydophila psittatci + mycoplasma causes conjunctivitis followed by discharge, poxvirus causes papules or knots, papillomavirus causes tumors.
315
Which bacteria can cause septic arthriculitis in jts of birds? And what is the cause of aseptic arthriculitis?
- Mycoplasma, chlamydophila psittaci, Salmonella, Strep + Staph.
- Aseptic: uric acid deposits.
316
Why is it important to remember the high metabolic rate that birds have?
They starve fast.
317
Which ovary is present in birds?
L.
318
Which jugular vein is present in birds?
R.
319
What can you do if the birds lacks grit in crop?
Add it to the food/ directly into the crop.
320
What is the DD of birds which have crop without grit?
Proventricular dialtion disease, malabsorption, enteritis + megabacteriosis.
321
Where should you examine a bird to find out if it's obese?
Sternum.
322
What can be the consequence of feecing only sunflower seeds to a bird?
Vit A deficiency.
323
How do you do treat bumble foot?
Local Ab.
324
Which mites are found on birds + where?
Knemidokoptes pila ( beak), K. mutans ( legs) + K. gallinae ( feather shafts).
325
In which bird do you 1ºly find Knemidokptes jamaicaensis?
Canary + other finches.
326
In which bird do you 1ºly find Knemidokoptes mutans?
On legs of domestic birds.
327
What are the clinical signs of Knemidokoptes infestation?
Ivermectin, Cydectin.
328
What are the clinical sings of paramyxovirus/ mycoplasma infection in pheasants?
Oversecretion of mucous, leads to suffocation.
329
What are the agents causing diptheric infection in birds?
Poxvirus, candid, trichomonas.
330
Which bacteria cause Megabacteriosus?
Macrorohabdus ornithogaster.
331
Wher can Megabacteriosis localise?
In Supf proprial gl of proventriculus.
332
How to treat Megabacteriosis in birds?
Amphotericin B (/os), separation, drinking H2O should have a pH 6 + Lactobacillus supplement.
333
Which birds are liekly to suffer from proventricular dialtion disease?
Larger parrot sp.
334
The clinical signs of PDD?
Lethargy, loss of appetite, bad cond, change in faeces consistency + suffocation.
335
Which birds are prone to Megabacteriosis?
Canaray birds, small + large parrot sp.
336
Which birds are likely to get haemorrhagic enteritis?
Small song birds + parrots.
337
What can be the cause for bleeding in intestinal mucosa?
Mycotoxins, paramyxovirus + bird flu.
338
What are the clinical signs of necrotic enteritis, caused by Cl perfringens toxins in pheasants?
Lethargy + loss of appetite.
339
Where can tuberculosis be founs in birds?
Pharynx, oesophagus, proventriculus, intestine, respiratory tract, bone marrow, CNS + spleen.
340
Pathology seen in case of Salmonella infection?
Enteritis, necrotic inflammation in parenchymal organs, necrotic inflammation in testis + follicular degeneration of ovaries.
341
PAthogen, clinical sign + diagnosis of coccidiosis
- Eimeria sp.
- Diarrhoea, sudden death + weight loss.
- Flotation technique for oocyst detection.
342
Which ascarid worms infect birds, + which birds are most likely to get infected?
- Ascaridia gali + Ascaridia columbae.
| - Parrots, doves, pheasants + partridges.
343
Which heterakis sp infects birds, + which birds are most likely to get infected?
- Heterakis gallinarum, dispar + isolonche.
| - Pheasants, patridges + some geese.
344
What type of tumor may be seen in cloaca of parrots?
Papilloma.
345
What are the causatives of inclusion body hepatitis?
Herpesvirus + adenovirus.
346
Infectious agent + susceptible age of duck viral hepatitis?
Picornaciridae in young ducks.
347
Clinical signs + prevention of duck viral hepatitis.
- Peracute: Sudden death.
- Acute: Acute liver dystrophy, tremors, moving problems + incoordination.
- Prevention: Vaccination.
348
Bacterial infections in parrots + doves?
Salmonella, Yersinia, Pasteurella, Citrobacter + Pseudomonas.
349
Bacterial infections in duck + geese?
Staph, Strep + Erysipelas.
350
Cause + clinical signs of Psittacosis?
- Chlamydophila psittaci.
| - Lethary, apathy, decreased appetite, diarrhoea, weight loss + respiratory symptoms.
351
Therapy _ prevention of Psittacosis?
Doxycyclin/ enrofloxacin, closed colonies + quarantine.
352
What would you feed a flinch?
- Quality formualted pellet diet: Pulses.
| - Tropical fruit, pigmented vegetables + vit.
353
What are the symptoms if a bird lacks grit?
Poor cond + undigested material in faeces.
354
Why is it dangerous to use penalty when you are training your bird?
Creates fear + aggression.
355
What happens if you use louder voice to your bird?
It will imitate you.
356
Which m. is used for IM drugs?
Pectoral m.
357
Where do you give SC inj in a bird?
In femoral skin, on back between the wings.
358
What do you need for general anesthesia in a bird?
Isoflurance/ Sevoflurane, mask/ endotracheal tube.
359
What is the aime of feather clipping?
Limit flying, ø terminate.
360
What is the recommended method of feather clipping?
Clip the inner + outer permanent feathers, bilat, max 7.5m flight capacity, cut ends should be below the cover feathers.
361
Clinical signs for pox infection in birds?
Septicaemia, changes of MM + skin.
362
What is the preferred therapy + prevention of bird pox?
Use Ab to prevent 2nd bacterial infections, prevent pox infection by vaccination.
363
What types of birds are predisposed for bumble foot?
Predator birds.
364
Which type of bird should be handled extra carefully?
Pigeons.
365
Why is it so important to reduce the birds visit to vet?
They are very sensitive to transportation.
366
Why is the bird x-ray always blurry?
They are always moving because of their breathing.
367
Which x-ray position is contra- indicated in case of birds with dyspnoea?
Laterolat.
368
How do you determine the sex of birds?
Endoscopy, DNA.
369
Why is the birds lung so excellent for pathogens?
High O2, humidity + temp.
370
Is US often used in birds?
No, because of airsacs ( except for egg retention).
371
What are the methods for real drug administration in birds?
Feeding tube with blunt.
372
Can IV cathethers be used in birds?
Only in large sp.
373
What is teh indication for interosseous catheter placement?
Intra/ postoperative fluid therapy.
374
Why are injectable anaesthetics ø recommended in birds?
Difficult to control.
375
Do birds need small cages to feel safe?
No, min x3 wing span.
376
Which sp of birds are seed eaters?
Most Psittacins + Finchers.
377
Which sp of birds are fruit eaters?
Parrots.
378
Which birds are soft feed eaters?
Lories, Beo + Toucan.
379
Which bacteria are responsible for follicular degeneration on ovary?
Salmonella + other.
380
Which 3 infection routes are possible for infection of oviduct during egg laying season?
Ascending, descending + hematogenous.
381
Clinical symptoms of infectious disease of oviduct?
Asymptomatic in beginning, laying suddenly stops egg pseudoconcretion.
382
How can you treat infectious disease of oviduct, what about prognosis?
Ab, remove nest + poor prognosis.
383
The causative of egg drop syndrome + in which birds is it more common?
Adenovirus in pheasants.
384
Clinical symptoms of egg drop syndrome?
Skin like egg shell + broken egg shell.
385
Which factors can have serious consequences around hatching?
- During egg development: Vit + mineral insufficiency.
- During egg laying: Bad nest hygiene.
- During incubation: Humidity + temp.
386
What can be consequence of improper cond around hatching?
- Chickens are hatched but with low vitality.
- Loud peeping.
- Disheveled feathers + swaging.
387
What is the causative + victimes of Marbie spleen disease?
Adenovirus, exotic pheasants + turkey.
388
What are the clinical signs of Marble spleen disease?
Soft faeces, lethargy, loss of appetite + dyspnoea.
389
Which virus is likely to infect the bursa of Fabricii + what are the signs?
Circovirus: depeltion of lymphoid tissue + inclusion bodies.
390
Which infectious disease of bone marrow can be seen in birds?
Lymphoma, mycotoxicosis, tuberculosis.
391
What is the causative agent for bacterial respiratory infection in guinea pigs?
Bordetella bronchiseptica, strep penumoniae.
392
What is the treatment for bacterial respiratory infection in guinea pigs?
Ab + supportive treatment.
393
Respiratory disease in rats is a multifactorial disease, what are the factors?
Mycoplasma pulmonis, latent respiratory virus + high NH3 levels.
394
Waht are the symptoms of CRD in rats?
Weight loss, nasal discharge, dyspnoea, poor quality fur + porphyrine.
395
What is the treatment of CRD in rats?
Enrofloxacin, supportive treatment + flucocorticoids + optimal husbandry.
396
What are the bacteria causing bacterial respiratory disease in rats?
Strep pneumonia + Corynebacterium kutscheri.
397
Non infectious respiratory diseases in rabbits + rodents includes?
Allergies + pulmonary tumor.
398
What is the most common pulmonary tumor in all sp?
Alveolar adenocarcinoma.
399
Which animals are susceptible to urolithiasis formation?
Rabbots + guinea pig.
400
Symptoms in case of urolithiasis?
Anorexia, abd pain, blood in urine + porphyrinurea.
401
How do you diagnose urotlithiases?
X-ray, US + urine examination.
402
What is the treatment for urolithiasis?
Surgical removal of stone, fluid therapy + pain control, ab to prevent 2nd cystitis.
403
What is hypercalcuria?
ø a uroliths, but rather amorphous Ca sludge's instead.
404
What are the signs of hypercalcuria?
Pasty urine, bleeding + 2nd inflammation of urinary tract.
405
What type of examination is always needed to determine enteral pathogens?
Faecal samples.
406
Which animals are especially sensitive to E.coli infections?
Guine pig, Hamster + Chinchillas.
407
What are the predisposing factors to E.coli infections?
Improper Ab use, stress + malnutrition.
408
What are the symptoms of E.coli infections?
Acute- Subacute diarrhoea, salivation _ tympani.
409
What are the causative agents of Salmonelosis, + what animals are sensitive?
- S. enteritidis, S. typhimurium.
| - All rodents + rabbits.
410
What are predispising factors for salmonellosis?
Stress, hypovitaminosis + malnutriiton.
411
What is the causative agent of Tyzzer's disease + which animal are sensitive?
Cl. piliformis, gerbils.
412
What is the pathological picture of Tyzzer's disease?
Necrosis in liver + intestinal mucosa, myocardial degeneration.
413
Which animal is sensitive to Lawsonia intracellularis infections?
Hamster, rabbit + guinea pig.
414
What are the symptoms for L. intracellularis infections?
Anorexia, weight loss, yellowish diarrhoea + rectal prolapse.
415
Whatt do you use to treat L/ intreacellularis infection?
Tetracycline, chloramphenicol + fluid therapy.
416
What is the causative agent of entamoebosis of guinea pigs + what is the treatment?
Entamoeba caviae, metroindazol.
417
Which animals are sensitive to giardiosis?
Mouse, rat, hamster + chinchillas.
418
What is the most common fungi causing dermatitis?
Trichophyton mentagrophytes.
419
Which are the bacterial agents most commonly causing bacterial dermatitis?
Staph, pasteurella.
420
What is the treatment for dermatitis due to fungal infection?
Local treatment: Myconazole, Ketoconazole + Natamycin, systemic itraconazole.
421
What is the treatment for dermatitis caused by parasites?
Pyrethroids contact powder, Ivermectin.
422
Which drugs are highly prohibited in case of parasitic dermatitis?
Fipronil + Amitraz.
423
What do you use for puritis management in rodents + rabbits?
Glucocorticoids, antihist, lidocaine gel + skin hydration.
424
What are the ear mites, pathogens + treatment?
Psoroptes caniculs, Ivermectin.
425
What are the symptoms of C- hypovitaminosis?
Hyperkeratosis on lips, salivation, pathological fractures, slow wound healing, abnormal dentin formation, periarthritis + myositis.
426
What are the causes of pododermatitis?
Obesities, age + weak immune system, hard bedding, contamination with urine/ faeces.
427
Which animals is pododermatitis 1ºly a disease off?
Guine pigs + rabbits.
428
What is the treatment of pododermatitis?
Change in bedding, diet _ cream of epithlisation, prolonged: betadine, cream + bandage + NSAID for pain.
429
When is the breeding season of ferrets?
Spring, controlled by photoperiod.
430
Is the ferrets polyestrus/ monoestrus?
Seasonally polyestrus, induced ovulation.
431
What are the signs of hyperoestrogenism?
Anaemia + alopecia, death if ø treated.
432
What causes the special odour of a male ferrets?
The sebaceous gl.
433
What is appropriate feed for ferrets?
Mice + day- old chickens, ferret + cat food, meat, egg + cheese.
434
What is the danger of giving vegetables + fruits to a ferret?
Ileus.
435
What is the danger of giving food rich in sugar to ferrets?
Insulinoma.
436
What is the criteria for blood transfusion in ferrets?
Healthy M ? 1.5kg.
437
Which vaccinations are obligatory + which are recommended?
None are obligatory, distemper + rabies are recommended.
438
What is the cause + consequences of distemper?
Paramyxovirus is non- vaccinated animals, CNS symptoms.
439
What can be seen + done in case of vaccine reactions?
- Symptoms: Puritus, salivation, vomiting, diarrhoea, shock + death.
- Treatment: FLuid therapy, antihist + corticosteroids.
440
How much + what to give to ferrets as fluid therapy?
Average 50 ml/kg ringer ( lactate) + glucose.
441
In which ferret are enrofloxacin contraindicated?
Young + pregnant.
442
Which bacteria are enrofloxacin active against?
G +/-, but ø anaerobes.
443
Which bacteria are Amoxicillin _ clavulinica acid active against?
G -, anaerobes, some G +.
444
Contraindications for Amoxicillin + Clavulinic acid?
None.
445
Spectrum + contraindications of metronidazole?
Narrow spectrum ( anaerobes), ø contraindications.
446
Which analgesia are safe to use in ferrets?
Buterphenol, against abd pain: Ketoprofen.
447
What are the indications for blood trans fusion?
Severe anaemia.
448
How many blood type grps exist in ferret?
None.
449
What ferret is good for being a blood donor?
1.5 kg healthy male ferret, 5 - 10 ml of blood.
450
Indications for castrating a male ferret?
Smell + aggression.
451
Symptoms + incidence of GI foreign
Common in young ferrets, lethargy, anorexia, salivation, fierce rubbing, vomiting, diarrhoea _ dehydration/
452
Aetiology + pathogenesis of hydronephrosis?
Obstruction of ureter, urine retention, distension + dilation of renal pelvis, progressive atrophy.
453
What is the most common tumor in ferrets?
Insulinoma.
454
Symptoms of insulinoma?
- Acute: hypocalcaemia, adrenal symptoms.
| - Chronic: lethargy, weakness, anorexia.
455
What is the physiological glucose conc in ferrets?
5 - 11.5 mmol/l
456
What is the problem with haematology in birds?
Small sp, venipuncture causes stress + fast hemolysis.
457
What can be used as anticoagulant if you want a blood smear, vlood sample for hematology + biochem?
- Blood smear: None.
- Haematology: EDTA.
- Biochemsitry: Heparin.
458
Which sites can be used for venipuncture in birds?
Vena jugularis, cutanea ulnaris, caudalis tibialis, sinus venosus occipitalis, heart, nail cutting.
459
What can cause blood loss anaemia in birds?
Trauma, ulcer, ecto/ endo parasites + coagulation disorders.
460
What can cause haemolytic anaemia in birds?
- Haemoparasites: Plasmodium, Haemoproteins, Leukocytes.
- Bacteria: Salmonella.
- Toxicosis: Aflatoxin.
- Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia.
461
What can cause aplastic anaemia in birds?
- Chronic infections: tuberculosis, chlamydophilosis aspergillosis.
- Chronic renal disease.
- Toxicosis: Mycotoxin.
462
Are haematological machines useful for counting avian blood?
No.
463
In which cases can basophilia be observe in birds?
Inflammation of skin/ m, parasites, chlamydophilosis, respiratory disease, severe tissue damage, starvation + mycotoxicosis.
464
Non infectious causes for feather plucking?
Malnutrition, genetic feather disorder, allergies, tumors, heavy metal toxicosis, pain, hepatopathy + proventricular dilation disease.
465
Social causes of feather plucking?
Separation, attention seeking, stress, reproduction related, failure to learn, proening behaviour + poor socialisation.
466
Infectious causes of feather plucking?
Chlamydophilosis, endo/ectoparasites, folliculitis, air sacculitis + puritus.
467
What are the non- infectious causes of bumble foot, + in which birds is it more common?
- Inadequate perches, poor hygiene, obesity + inactivity.
| - Rators + parrots,
468
Treatment of bumblefoot in birds?
- Topical anitmicrobials, hydrophilic dressing + pedding of feet, anti- inflammatory + analgesics, devridement + suturing, consider systemic Ab.
- Long term: after/ pad perches, exercise, altered diet to control obesity + supply enough vit A.
469
Incidence + causes of bone fractures?
- Wild birds: Gun shot/ car accidents.
| - Pet: Improper handling, cage.
470
Causes + incidence of rachitis in birds?
Ca deficiency, vit D/ IV light deficiency in young birds.
471
Symptoms + treatment of rachitis in young birds?
Painful malformation, mostly untreatable + surgery in case of malformated tibiotarsus.
472
Treatment of band + ring injuries in birds?
Remove band with min tissues damage, assess dist feet viability, hydroscopic dressing, Ab + prevent trauma.
473
What is the incidence + aetiology of beak deformities?
Captive birds, improper abression of beak + beak damage.
474
How can you treat + prevent beak deformities?
Correction, prevention with proper toys + proper food.
475
Is it good to measure ALT, ALP + AST for detecting liver disease in birds?
- ALT, LDH + ALP are ø sensitive/ specific for liver disorders in birds.
- AST is sensitive, but ø specific for hepatocytes.
476
What can increase BA suggest in birds?
Hepatic insufficiency + decreased liver function.
477
Is endoscopic examined biopsy recommended as diagnostic tools in liver disease?
- Risky, liver failure, results of biopsy usually ø conclusive except in cases of tumor, mycobacterial infections + cond unresponsive to therapy.
478
Treatment time for chlamydia in birds?
45 days.
479
Drugs for chlamydiosis?
Enrofloxacine, Doxycydine, Chlortetracycline.
480
What are the guine pig mites?
Glincola porcelli, Glyropus ovalis, Chirodiscoides caniae, Trixocarus caniae.
481
When was the ferret domesticated?
2000 yrs agp.
482
What is protected contact?
Contact through a secure barrier.
483
What can be conservative medecine?
Hyperol, betadine, anti-septic creams, bandages + NSAIDs.
484
How long is the pregnancy if ferrets?
41- 43 days.
485
Puberty in ferrets occurs around?
6 - 12 mnths.
486
Treatment of scabies in rabbits?
Ivermectin.
487
Treatment time for salmonella in birds?
14 - 21 days.
488
Ab which shouldn't be given for rodents?
Penicollin, Amoxycillin.
489
What is the most precise diagnostic testing for kidney disease in birds?
Endoscopic exam + biopsy.
490
Non- infectious causes of liver disease?
Vit deficiency, starving, toxicosis + tumor.
491
Which sp are easy to intubate?
Swan.
492
Which of the following sp belong to medium sized parrots?
Nanday.
493
Which of the following sp has a true winter sleep?
Hedgehog.
494
Wt what temp cannot hedgehogs be kept in captivity?
8 - 16 ºC.
495
How many times a day do you feed hedgehogs in captivity?
Once a day ( evening).
496
What is true for hand reared birds?
Bond to people.
497
Animal which prefers sunflower seeds?
Large + medium parrots.
498
Animal which prefers millet seeds?
Budgerigar.
499
What vit deficiency is common in turtles?
Vit A.
500
Animal which is fed mainly rapeseed?
Canary.
501
What is French moult?
PLoss of flight feathers.
502
Soft food mix, to whom do you add it?
Parrots + finches.
503
Which adult reptile is omnivorous?
Red eared slider.
504
When to neuter ferret?
If general state allows surgery.
505
Can you give Ivermectin to turtles?
No.
506
What is megabacteria?
It is a fungus.
507
Where to take blood/ give fluid in bird?
- Blood sampling: Jugular vein, cutaneous ulnar vein.
| - Fluids: in small birds--> SC in different places, IV catheter in large birds--> intraosseal.
508
Which sp is real herbivores?
Rabbit, Chinchilla, Degu + Guinea pig.
509
Which sp is real omnivores?
Hamsters, Gerbil, Squirrels, Rat + mouse.
510
Pulsioxymeter measures what?
It is a non- invasive method to measure O2, saturation during anaesthesia.
511
How can you treat feather plucking in birds?
Eliminate the cause, environmental enrichment, psychiatric treatment _ medical treatment.
512
What are the mycobacterium sp in reptiles?
M. marinum, M. chelonae, M. tamnopheos.
513
Non- infectious causes of kidney disease in birds?
Dehydatrion, lameness, weakness, vomiting, regurgitation, weight loss, anorexia + apathy.
514
How would you treat kidney disease in birds?
Fluid therapy, Ab, colchicin for fibrosis, omega 3 + Vit A.
515
What can cause crop inpation?
Too much feed + foreign bodies, swelling, dilation + atony.
516
What is the cause of crop burn?
Too hot feeding formulars to hand reared chicks.
517
What are the symptoms + treatment of foreign bodies in GI tract of birds?
- Symptoms: Poor apetite, regurgitation, depression + lethargy.
- Treatment: FLuids, Ab, paraffin oil + surgery.
518
What are the symptoms of moulting disorders in birds?
Lengthened moulting period, malformation of feathers + discolouration of feathers.
519
In which birds are feather cysts a genetic problem?
Finches.
520
Causes of moulting disorders in birds?
Protein deficiency, vit deficiency + chronic diseases.
521
Pathogenesis, symptoms + treatment of feather cysts?
Feathers cannot grow, forms a cyst beneath skin + surgery is the only option.
522
Incidence, aetiology + treatment of egg binding?
In parrots, absolute/ relative bif egg, systemic diseases, remove egg/ surgery.
523
Aetiology, symptoms + treatment of mycotoxicosis?
From mouldy feeds, black blood diarrhoea + general symptoms, changing of feed is treatment.
524
Incidence, aetiology, symptoms + treatment of Pd toxicosis?
Mostly in parrots, by ingestion of things containing Pd, general symptoms, CNS symptoms, treat with Ca EDTA + D- penicillamine.
525
Symptoms + treatment of crop burn?
Local necrosis, hole + dehydration, surgical treatment.
526
Incidence, aetiology + treatment of cloacal prolapse?
Mostly in parrots ( egg laying), surgical treatment.
527
Diagnostic teting for feather plucking?
Blood analysis, X-ray, seeing, fecal exam, skin scraping, feather pulp cytology, chlamydophila test + skin biopsy.
528
Can propofol be used as a pain regulator?
ø.
529
What are the general zoonotic diseases?
- Snakes: Pentastomida, Entamoeba, Toxoplasma, Salmonella.
| - Birds: Psittacosis, Mycobacterium.
530
What is blister disease in reptiles?
Sudden in snakes, due to high humidity + poor cage hygiene, fluid filled blisters vent + 2º bacterial infections.
531
What can cause dipheteric membrane in mouth of birds?
Avipoxvirus, vit A deficiency, trichomonas + conidia.
532
What can cause myxomatosis in rabbits, + what are the symptoms?
- Lepori Poxvirus.
| - Lethargy, anorexia, skin hemorrhages, seizures, oedematous nodules on face + perineum + mucosal form.
533
Often things on how to treat parasites in different exotic animals?
- Eimeria: Sulfonamids.
- Giardia, Amoeba, Cillia: Metronidazole.
- Praziquantel: Tapeworm.
534
Liver disease specific symptoms?
Green/ yellow urates, abd swelling ( ascites), coagulopathies, melena, abnormal beak/ nails + discoloured feathers.
535
Infectious agents of liver diseases?
- Viral: Herpes, Adeno, Polyoma.
- Bacterial: Salmonella, E.coli, Klebsiella, Chlamydophila, Mycobacterium + Mycoplasma.
- Fungal: Aspergillus, Candida.
- Protozoal: Toxoplasma, Histomonas + Trichomonas.
536
What are causes of metabolic bone disease?
Defiency of Ca, P + vit D3, poor husbandry + lack of UVB- light.
537
What are the symptoms of metabolic bone disease?
LEthargy, reluctance of movement, difficulty in lifting body off the ground, ataxia, paresis + paralysis of HL, weight loss + softening, swelling + deformities of bones.
538
According to CITES, what appendix does tortoise belong to?
Appendix II.
539
How to sex determine grey parrot?
Endoscopy + DNA.
540
Which mite is found on beak of bird?
Knemidokoptes pilae ( Scaly face mites).
541
Which statement is true regarding he scent gl?
Castration greatly reduces the smell.
542
What is atheroma?
Reversible accumulation of degenerative material in the inner layer of an A wall.
543
How can you treat atheroma?
Surgery.
544
Why is Xylazine contraindicated in rabbits?
It decreases the motility of gut, + do ø give in case of heart disease.
545
What are other consequence of long hibernation?
Exication, severe weight loss, frost inhuries + bite injuries in rats + mice.
546
How to reduce the smell of ferrets?
Castration/ neutering.
547
How to diagnose Encephalitozoonosis?
With the clinical signs.
548
What is usually contraindicated in birds during x-ray?
A grid.
549
When can you see seeds in faeces of parrot?
When there is lack of grit.
550
Ferret enzymes (ALT, AST) liver specific or ø?
Liver specific.
551
How to open a lizard for a coeliotomy?
Paramedian incision.
552
What are the signs of stomatitis in snake + gecko?
Excessive salivation, anorexia, weight loss, lethargy, lower respiratory tract disease + blocked nasolacrimal ducts.
553
When do you need to do a liver biopsy?
In case of Mycobacterium infection _ cond unresponsive to therapy.
554
What are the wrong statement regarding Epizootic catarrhal enteritis?
High mortality + low morbidity.
555
What is the perfect cage size for a bird?
- The bigger the better, min x3 the wingspan.
| - Smoke free, ø windy, never next to household appliances, uncovered stainless steel + wire thickness + density.
556
What are the anatomy parts of turtle shell?
Keratinised, hard shell ( living bone tissue), lower shell, upper shell, spinal column, shoulder blades, ribs, hipbone, scales + shields.
557
Which bone part is missing from the turtles?
ø breastbone.
558
What is the cause of proventriculus dilation syndrome?
Bornavirus.
559
What are the clinical signs of proventriculus dilation syndrome?
Anorexia, weight loss, delayed crop emptying + CNS signs.
560
What is the most important parameter to check in a bird?
Respiratory rate in case they have dyspnoea.
561
Diagnosis of rabbit hemorrhagic disease?
- Calivirus after 4 - 5 weeks of age, systemic disease with fast progression, high morbidity + mortality, fever, lethargy, respiratory signs + sudden death.
- Pulmonary hemorrhages + catharral eneritis with paler liver due to hepatocyte necrosis.
- Vaccinate agaisnt it, diagnosis: mainly with autopsy for pale friable liver + black spleen, + diffuse hemorrhages, also reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, ELISA + Western blot.
562
C- section is contraindicated in which rodent?
Guinea pig.
563
How to handle a frog?
By washing your hands thoroughly before _ after + if you have to wear gloves, wear latex free + powder free, or use a wet sponge or wet rag to hold animal.
564
Penis prolapse is most common in which sp?
Turtle + degu/ chinchilla.
565
With a suspected shoulder injury what tests should you do?
Physical examination + X-ray.
566
Parameter of blood to measure regarding uricosis in birds?
Check for uric acid level in blood x2 in fasted + dehydrated bird.
567
Which are the blood parameters of ferret?
- Venipuncture sites: V. cava cran, V. jugularis + V. cephalica.
- Hematology ( EDTA tube).
- Clinical chemistry: ( Li- heparin tube), AST, CK, ALT, GGT, Br, amylase, glucose, urea, creatinin, Ca + P.
568
Which drug to maintain pain relief intra- operative?
Fentanyl, Tiletamin, Ketamin, Medetomidine, Droperidol + Fluanison.
569
How to sedate a reptile?
Put reptiles in refrigerator.
570
During rabbit surgery, which one do you ø put in?
Cerclage.
571
What is Rhabdias infection?
Lungworm of toads that causes penumonia.
572
What is the min weight a hedgehog can be accomodated?
<700g if adult, 450g if growing, + sucking 100 - 130g.
573
Age for breeding guinea pig?
6 mnths + >650g.
574
What is Bumblefoot?
Ulcerative pododermatitis.
575
What is specific or sensitive to liver?
AST sensitive, but ø specific.
576
How to diagnose Encephalitozoon cuniculi?
Serology, anamnesis, X-ray, CT.
577
In case of dystocia in turtle, what should you ø do?
Give parafiin oil/ os.
578
Ab suitable for/os use in rodents?
Fluoroquinolons, SA, Chloramphenicol + Metronidazol.
579
Infectiouse causes of kidney disease in birds?
- Viral: Corona, birna, astro, entero.
- Bacterial: E.coli, Staph, actinomyces, chlamydohili.
- Fungal: Aspergilus.
- Parasitic: Eimeria, Sarcocystitis, cryptosporidium.
