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Avian + ExoticAnimal Medecine > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Symmetric alopecia appears on a 3 year old F guinea pig. What is your possible diagnosis?

A

Ovarian cysts.

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2
Q

A rodent patient has pruritic dermatitis, + the skin scraping is -ve. Which is the best idea to do?

A

Anti- parasitic treatment.

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3
Q

Which is the most common cause of fur chewing in chinchillas?

A

Bad husbandry, small cage.

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4
Q

Which sp. does ø have marking gl?

A

Degu.

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5
Q

What is the etiology of malocclusion in rodents?

A
  • Genetic predisposition.
  • Iatrogenous harm.
  • Malnutrition.
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6
Q

What is typical of mucoid enteritis?

A

..

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7
Q

What is the Ab that can be used orally in rodents?

A

Sulfometoxazol.

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8
Q

What is ø the etiology of CRD in rats?

A

Traumatic injury.

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9
Q

What is typical of hypercalcuria in rabbits?

A

The urinary bladder is full of crystal- sludge.

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10
Q

Which is true for ovarian cysts in guinea pigs?

A

It can be palpated during routine physical examination.

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11
Q

Which is true for the reproduction of guinea pigs?

A

M must be kept separately after parturition.

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12
Q

Which is true for pregnancy toxicosis in rodents?

A

Usually poor prognosis in spite of treatment.

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13
Q

You diagnose a swelling of mammary gl on a 2 yr old rat. What to do next?

A

Cytology, surgical removal, based on cytology results.

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14
Q

How can a rabbit get infected with Encephalitozoonosis?

A

The infectious form spreads with urine.

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15
Q

When was the ferret domesticated?

A

> than 2000 yrs ago.

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16
Q

When can you neuter a F ferret?

A

Only after the 1st oestrus.

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17
Q

What is overproduced in Ferret Adrenal Gl Disease complex?

A

Sexual steroid.

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18
Q

Which is false about the GnRH analogues used for treatment of Ferret Adrenal Gl Disease Complex?

A

They directly affect the melatonin secretion.

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19
Q

What drug is used fo rmedical treatment of insulinoma?

A

Diazoxid.

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20
Q

Which is false about the ferret’s GI tract?

A

Min gut flora.

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21
Q

A 9 mnth old, non- neutered F ferret has alopecia, but her skin is intact. Which causes is the most likely?

A

Prolonged oestrous.

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22
Q

A spayed F ferret has vulvar swelling, alopecia ( intact skin) 4 yrs after neutering. Which cause is the most likely?

A

Adrenal Gl Disease Complex.

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23
Q

Prolonged oestrous in Ferrets

A

Can cause the death of animal, because of suppression of bone marrow function.

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24
Q

Which is false for nutrition of parrots?

A

The nutrition based on commercial pellets can cause addiciton + nutritional imbalances.

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25
Q

Which one you must ø miss, while examining a bird?

A

Breathing rate.

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26
Q

Which is true for polyuria in birds?

A

Excreting much yellowish urine allows easy diagnosis.

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27
Q

Spaying of legs appears in a juvenile African grey parrot. What to do next?

A

X- ray to exclude rachitis.

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28
Q

You take a swab- sample from the crop for Trichomonas examination. What do you do with the sample?

A

Examine a native smear directly.

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29
Q

What is/ are the best sites of venepuncture in birds?

A

Vena jugularis + vena cutanea ulnaris.

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30
Q

How is the erythrocyte morphology in birds?

A

Oval cells, dark nucleus, homologous abundant cytoplasm.

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31
Q

What is typical for creatinine in birds?

A

Even if it has ø clinical significance, you should measure it in every case.

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32
Q

What is/ are the cause(s) of the feather plucking syndrome?

A

Lots of infectious + non- infectious causes.

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33
Q

The main symptom of liver damage in birds are

A

Greenish urates, ascites + abnormal beak/ nails.

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34
Q

What are hepatoprotectants in birds?

A

Ursodeoxycholic acid, S- adenosylmethionine, silymarin, Vit E.

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35
Q

The course of treatment of kidney disease is

A

Fluid therapy, allopurinol, omega3 FA, Vit A.

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36
Q

Etiology of avian tuberculosis

A

Mycobacterium avium.

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37
Q

Possible treatment of megabacteriosis?

A

Amphotericin B.

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38
Q

What is the etiology of Macaw wasting disease (PDD)?

A

Degeneration of ganglions in wall of proventriculus.

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39
Q

Which is false?

A

There is ø shedding in turtles. (?)

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40
Q

The nutrition of tortoises is based on

A

Plants + flowers collected in garden.

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41
Q

Which is false for the hibernation of Hermann’s tortoise?

A

Is it only recommended for breeders.

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42
Q

Where to give great amt of fluid to a turtle?

A

Intracoelomial.

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43
Q

Which is ø connected with the etiology of nutritive osteodystrophia?

A

High K diet.

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44
Q

Which is important in pathogenesis of Vit A deficiency?

A

Metaplasia in surface of MM.

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45
Q

How to treat otitis media in turtles?

A

Surgical debridement, Ab.

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46
Q

Follicular stasis in a green iguana can be treated with

A

Surgery.

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47
Q

Which characteristic of reptiles can affect -vely the success of a surgical procedure?

A

Small total blood volume.

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48
Q

Which can cause stomatitis in tortoises?

A

Herpes virus infection.

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49
Q

What can you see in a turtle patient with wet shell rot?

A

Reddish- brownish drawing like areas on plastron.

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50
Q

What is the etiology of hypertrophic gastritis in snakes?

A

Cryptosporidium serpentis.

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51
Q

Symptoms of RNS disease are

A

Upper respiratory infection with nasal discharge.

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52
Q

Which can cause pneumonia vermiosa?

A

Rhabdias sp.

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53
Q

What is a possible treatment of septicaemia in turtles?

A

Enrofloxacin.

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54
Q

Why should we protect the integrity of plumage of an injured bird?

A

If the plumage is damaged abnormal behaviour starts ( automutilation, feather pecking).

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55
Q

Which is false? When the neurological examination of bird takes place

A

The loss of pain perception means a fair prognosis.

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56
Q

The treatment of Pd intoxication can be carried out with

A

Ca- EDTA, D- penicillamin.

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57
Q

Which statement is true? Atropin can be given ‘ routinely’ for intoxicated birds, if

A

Organic phosphate intoxication is suspected.

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58
Q

Which method would you choose in a zoo for interventions with serious pain?

A

Neuroleptanalgesia.

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59
Q

Which statement is true about primates?

A

Because of the risk of zoonosis, personal safety must get a high priority.

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60
Q

Which birds can be infected by Histomonas, + what is the vector?

A

Galliform birds, Heterakis gallinae worms.

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61
Q

What are the clinical signs of histomonosis?

A

Black head + yellowish foamy diarrhoea.

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62
Q

What is the therapy of histomonosis?

A

Klion ( metronidazol).

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63
Q

Which birds can suffer from lymphoma?

A

Canaries + parrots.

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64
Q

What is the causative agent of lymphoma?

A

Retroviridae virus.

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65
Q

What non- infectious agents can cause serous nasal discharge in birds?

A

Pollen, dust, smoke, + fungal spores.

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66
Q

What infectious agenst can cause serous nasal discharge in birds?

A
  • Viruses: Paramyxovirus.

- Bacteria: Mycoplasma + Chlamydophila.

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67
Q

What is the cause of purulent nasal discharge in birds?

A

2º bacterial infections.

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68
Q

Which sp causes mycoplasmosis of exotic pheasants?

A

Mycoplasma gallisepticum.

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69
Q

Is Mycoplasma sp resistant or sensitive?

A

Sensitive ( virulence fr max 1 - 2 days).

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70
Q

How can you treat mycoplasmosis in birds?

A
  • Nutritional: Vit, proteins + probiotics.

- Ab: Enrofloxacin.

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71
Q

What is the causative of Amazon tracheitis?

A

Parrot herpesvirus 2 + 3.

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72
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of Amazon tracheitis?

A

Lethargy, loss of appetite, dyspnoea + nasal discharge, + conjunctivitis in peracute cases.

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73
Q

How can you treat Amazon tracheitis in birds?

A

Change the place of cage, treat 2) bacterial infections with Ab + Vits + inhalation therapy.

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74
Q

What are the causative + clinical symptoms of paramyovirus infection in canaries?

A
  • Causative: PMV-1.

- Clinical symptoms: Conjunctivitis, specific noises at respiration, sneezing + shaking head.

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75
Q

Which part of respiratory tract of birds is common for poxvirus, mycobacterium avium + trichomonas, what is the treatment?

A
  • Part: Trachea.

- Treatment: Clean the house/ cage of bird + give Ivermectin.

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76
Q

What is the causative agent of syngamus infection of pheasants + what is the IH?

A
  • Causative agent: Syngamus tracheae.

- IH: Ring worms.

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77
Q

What is the diagnosis + therapy of syngamus infection in pheasants?

A
  • Diagnosis: Fecal examination + larval examiantion.

- Therapy: Mebendazol/ Fenbendazol.

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78
Q

Which bacteria are likely to cause changes in bird lung?

A

Tuberculosis, E.coli.

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79
Q

Which stains are good for differential diagnosis of bacterial infections in bird lung?

A

Grocott, HE, PAS + ZN.

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80
Q

What are the causatives of serous, purulent + chronic fibrinous air sacculitis in birds?

A
  • Serous: Virus, Mycoplasma.
  • Purulent: Bacteria.
  • Chronic fibrinous: Bacteria, Fungi.
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81
Q

What is the causative of infectious diseases of pericardial sac in birds?

A

Microfialria.

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82
Q

Which pathogens can cause bleeding in pericardium?

A
  • Bacteria: Pasteurella multocida, E. rhusiopathiae, E.coli.

- Viral: Bird flu + other.

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83
Q

Which bird is very sensitive to Nephritis Virus?

A

Tragopans.

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84
Q

What is the causative of kidney coccidiosis in young geese?

A

Eimeria truncata.

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85
Q

Which bacteria can cause inflammation of testis in birds?

A
  • Salmonella sp: Necrotic inflammation.

- Mycobacteria: Tubercles in testis.

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86
Q

Which birds are more likely to suffer from infectious diseases in copulatory organs?

A

Ducks + geese due to bad keeping techniques.

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87
Q

Do chelonians have a diaphragm?

A

No.

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88
Q

What does the term poikilotherm mean?

A

Cold blooded.

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89
Q

Why does it ø make any sense to take the temp of a reptile?

A

Because their temp = to ext temp.

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90
Q

What is the optimal environmental temp for reptiles?

A

22 - 27ºC.

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91
Q

How many phases of shedding can be differentiated in snakes?

A

5.

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92
Q

What is a common cause of shedding problems?

A

Keeping.

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93
Q

Is bigger always better when it comes to the size of terrarium?

A

No.

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94
Q

How many hours of light is necessary each day?

A

8 - 10.

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95
Q

In case of tropical sp. of reptiles, how high humidity do they need?

A

90%.

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96
Q

What kind of terrarium type do you have concerning habitat?

A

Rain forest, Savannah, Mediterranean, Desert.

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97
Q

What kind of terrarium type do you have concerning way of living?

A

Higher style, Flat style, Aqua- terrarium.

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98
Q

Which reptiles are considered herbivorous?

A

Testudinidae, Green iguana.

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99
Q

Which reptiles are considered Car?

A

Snake, Sweet H2O turtle + Monitors.

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100
Q

Which reptiles are considered omnivorous?

A

Some Geckos, Agamas.

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101
Q

What are the positions for x-ray in a soft shelled turtle?

A

DV, LL, Cranio-caud.

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102
Q

Which sites can be used for blood sampling in a chelonian?

A

Sub- carpaxial sinus, dors coccygeal vein, vena jugularis, other, peripheral veins/ heart.

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103
Q

Which sites can be used for blood sampling in lizards?

A

Vent coccygeal vein, heart, abd veins.

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104
Q

Which sites can be used for blood sampling in snakes?

A

Vent coccygeal vein, heart + vena palatina.

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105
Q

What can be the consequence of too high humidity?

A

Dermatitis.

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106
Q

What can be consequence of too low humidity?

A

Shedding problems.

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107
Q

Poxvirus dermatitis is common in which sp?

A

Kaiman, Green iguana + Sceloporus spp.

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108
Q

What are the clinical signs of poxvirus dermatitis?

A

Small brownish papules, localisation.

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109
Q

What are the most common tick infection of reptiles?

A

Ophinonyssus natricis.

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110
Q

What are the clinical signs of Ophinonysussus natricis infection?

A

Anaemia, shedding problems.

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111
Q

What is the correct therapy if suspecting Ophinonyssus natricis infections?

A

Ivermectin, Frontline.

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112
Q

Shell disease is most common in which type of chelonian?

A

Aqua chelonian.

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113
Q

In what reptiles do you most commonly find stomatitis?

A

Snakes + larger lizards, venomous snakes.

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114
Q

How does stomatitis looks like?

A

Yellowish fibrin layer, under the fibrin you find bleeding mucosa.

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115
Q

Treatment of stomatitis?

A

Change the keeping environment + remove fibrin layer, + Enrofloxacin 4 mg/kg for 4- 5 days + vit C inj every day.

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116
Q

When does stomatitis commonly in terrestrial tortoises?

A

After hibernation + shipping.

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117
Q

What are the clinical signs of hypertrophic gastritis in snakes?

A

Weight loss, good appetite but vomiting + H2O- like smelly diarrhoea.

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118
Q

What are the clinical signs of hypertrophic gastritis in geckos?

A

Weight loss + refusal to eat.

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119
Q

Treatment for hypertrophic gastritis?

A

Spiramycin, 160 mg/kg for 7 days repeat 2 weeks later.

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120
Q

How to prevent hypertrophic gastritis?

A

Change in hygiene.

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121
Q

What are the causative agents for acute mucoid enterocolities?

A

Parvo + Adenovirus, Proteus + Shigella.

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122
Q

What are the causative agents for necrotic enterocolities?

A

Entamoeba invadens, Trichomonas + Hexamita spp.

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123
Q

What is the pathogen causing ulcerative enteritis?

A

Kalicephalus sp.

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124
Q

Which sp are highly susceptible to enteritis caused by Entamoeba?

A

Herbivorous reptiles, Car sp.

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125
Q

What are the clinical signs of entamoeba enteritis?

A

Loss of appetite, diarrhoea + lethargy.

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126
Q

What are the different forms of viral pneumonia?

A

Acute respiratory: Wide breaths with open mouth + sneezing.

  • Chronic respiratory: Pneumonia.
  • CNS form: Incoordiantion.
  • Asymptomatic form: Virus carrier.
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127
Q

What pathological lesion do you find in viral pneumonia?

A

Catarrhal/ Purulent pneumonia.

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128
Q

What is the treatment for viral pneumonia?

A

Ab together with Vit C.

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129
Q

Fungal pneumonia: Susceptible sp + predisposing factors?

A

All reptiles sp are affected, high humidity helps fungi overgrowth.

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130
Q

Which snake sp are sensitive to parasitic pneumonia?

A

All snakes are sensitive.

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131
Q

Therapy in case of parasitic pnemonia of snakes?

A

Ivermectin inj.

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132
Q

How to perform a blood examiantion?

A

Collect blood, serology examination, blood smear, stain with Giemsa.

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133
Q

Which reptile sp are susceptible to nephritis?

A

All sp. are susceptible.

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134
Q

Most common causative agent for nephritis?

A

Bacteria.

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135
Q

Types of nephritis found in reptiles?

A

Purulent nephritis.

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136
Q

What is the treatment for egg myasis?

A

Infertile egg should be taken out from the hatchery, the healthy egg should be transferred into clean hatching medium + hatchery must be cleaned + all edges should be cleaned well.

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137
Q

In which sp is it common to see post- hibernation anorexia?

A

Snakes + turtles.

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138
Q

Disease which are related to hubernation, includes?

A

Mechanical damage, Post- hibernation anorexia, Post- hibernation icterus, Septicaemia.

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139
Q

Which Ab is ø to be given /os / /oral in reptiles?

A

Gentamycin.

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140
Q

Which is a very good Ab to use with wide spectrum + less resistance?

A

Enrofloxacin.

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141
Q

Which Ab is highly oto- + nephrotoxic?

A

Gentamycin.

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142
Q

For how long should you keep treating reptiles with Maphotericin B?

A

2 weeks.

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143
Q

How often should you use Grisofulvin?

A

Every 3rd day.

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144
Q

Which disease is nystatin highly effective against?

A

Enteral mycotic infections.

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145
Q

Which fungi is Amphotericin B highly effective agaisnt?

A

Aspergillus.

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146
Q

What disease do you use metroindazole for in reptiles?

A

Entamoeba + ciliated infections.

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147
Q

Which sp should never get Ivermectin?

A

Turtles.

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148
Q

The color of reptiles skin depends on several factors, which factors?

A

Genetic, cond, season, age, reproduction status.

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149
Q

Darker skin color may be due to what?

A

Stress, illness, physiological accomodation.

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150
Q

In which animals is it physiological to have tattered shedding?

A

Lizards, Boid snakes.

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151
Q

In which sp is it pathological to have tattered shedding?

A

Colubrid snakes.

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152
Q

What types of dermatitis is found in reptiles?

A

Necrotic, ulcerative, vent derma necrosis + nodular dermatitis.

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153
Q

What are the symptoms of scale rot?

A

Brownish scales + abscesses.

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154
Q

What are common neoplasms in reptiles?

A

Papillmatosis, carcinoma, melanoma.

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155
Q

What are the clinical signs of Vit A hypovitaminosis?

A

Eyelids are swollen, hyper- + parakeratosis.

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156
Q

What is a non- infectious cause of stomatitis?

A

Uric acid excretion.

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157
Q

In what cases is liver lipidosis physiological in reptiles?

A

Under gravity, after hibernation + before 1st shedding.

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158
Q

Under which circumstances is it physiological for reptiles to refuse feed?

A

Hibernation, gravidity, breeding season + before shedding.

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159
Q

What are the reasons for post hibernation anorexia in reptiles?

A

Dehydration.

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160
Q

What is the therapy for post hibernation anorexia?

A

Rehydration by swimming in low lukewarm H2O.

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161
Q

Common tumors in lung of tortoises?

A

Fibroma + Fibrosarcoma.

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162
Q

Common tumors in lungs of snakes?

A

Adenocarcinoma.

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163
Q

What is the reason for atelectatic lung in reptiles?

A

Overconditioning.

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164
Q

What are the predisposing factors for pregnancy toxaemia?

A

Young F, big litter, ø resting time + malnutrition.

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165
Q

What is the treatment if you have suspected pregnancy toxaemia?

A

Warm fluid, E support + shock therapy.

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166
Q

What are the most common pathogens causing mastitis?

A

Pasteurella, Stap + Strep sp.

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167
Q

What are the clinical signs of mastitis?

A

Swollen, warm + painful mammary gl.

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168
Q

Therapy in case of suspected mastitis?

A

Ab, NSAID, fluid therapy + hot packs.

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169
Q

What is the most common mammary tumors?

A

Adenocarcinoma.

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170
Q

Clinical findings in case of mammary tumor?

A

In- homogenous palpation, ø swollen + ø painful.

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171
Q

What is the treatment of mammary gl tumor?

A

Mammectomy of OHE.

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172
Q

In which animal is paraphimosis common?

A

Chinchillas.

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173
Q

Encephalotozoonosis is found in what sp, + caused by what pathogen?

A

Rabbits, caused by E. cuniculi.

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174
Q

Where are the spores of encephalitozoon expelled/ excreeted?

A

Urine.

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175
Q

What is the infection route of encephalitozoon?

A

/os or aerogenous.

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176
Q

What are the symptoms in a rabbit with encephalitozoon infection?

A

Head tilt, behavioural changes, nystagmus, seizures, interstitial nephritis + renal failure, PD/ PU.

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177
Q

Treatment of Encephalitozoon infecions?

A

Dexamethason, Chlroamphenicol, Oxibendazole, Diazepam.

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178
Q

Is Encephalitozoon infections zoonotic?

A

Yes.

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179
Q

Lymphocytic choriomenigitis, affects which sp?

A

All rodents, expecially mouse + hamsters.

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180
Q

What are the 4 different forms of lymphocytic choriomenigits + their clinical symptoms?

A
  • Cerebral form: Abnormal posture, tremor, tonic seizures + death.
  • Visceral form: Conjunctivitis, ascites + lethargy.
  • Late form: 9 - 12 mnths after antal/ prenatal infection, cause lethargy, ascites + proteinuria.
  • Visceral form: Abnormal development + death.
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181
Q

What is the pathogen causing LCM?

A

Arenavirus.

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182
Q

What are the clinical signs of trauma/ stroke in rodents/ rabbits?

A

Head tilt + CNS symptoms.

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183
Q

What is the preferred treatment of stroke?

A

Glucocorticoids, B- vit supplement.

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184
Q

What are the symptoms of heat stroke in rabbit + rodents?

A

Bad general status, seizures, dyspnoea + warm body.

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185
Q

Treatment when suspecting heat stroke?

A

Cooling of body, shock treatment, diuretics + O2.

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186
Q

HL weakness, cause + treatment?

A

Spinal cord injury, glucocorticoids, B- vit, euthanasia.

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187
Q

DM affects which sp in particular?

A

Degus.

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188
Q

Lymphoma is common n which sp?

A

Commonly in guinea pigs + rabbits.

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189
Q

Lymphoma in guinea pigs is caused by?

A

Retrovirus.

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190
Q

What are the diseases which are related to obesity?

A

Pododermatitis, hypercalcuria, incontinentia, dermatitis, hepatic lipidosis, dysochia, joint problems, spinal problems.

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191
Q

To which family does the ferret belong to?

A

Mustellidae.

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192
Q

Which 3 ferret sp do we have?

A

M. putenus, M eversmannt + M. nigripes.

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193
Q

What are the uses of ferrets?

A

Rodent control, hunting, pelt, biomedical research, cable transport, sports + companion.

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194
Q

What is the BW of a ferret?

A

1.5 - 2 kg in M, 0.6 - 1 kg in F.

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195
Q

How long does ferrets ~ live?

A

7 - 9 years.

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196
Q

When is a ferret mature?

A

6 - 12 mnths.

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197
Q

How long is the gestation period of ferrets, + when are they weaned?

A

41 0 43 days of gestation, weaned after 6 - 8 weeks.

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198
Q

What is the normal body temp of ferrets?

A

38 - 39. 5ºC.

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199
Q

What can you say about the digestive tract of ferrets?

A

Big dilating stomach, very short GI tract, Car, lots of prey + GI parasitism is rare.

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200
Q

How can the diet help prevent/ treat hypocalcuria?

A

More vegetable, grass/ hay + fresh H2O, less seeds + timothy based pellets.

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201
Q

Chronic renal failure is common at what age?

A

Old age.

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202
Q

Ovarian cysts are common in which sp + at what age?

A

Guinea pigs after 1.5 years.

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203
Q

How do you diagnose ovarian cysts?

A

Palpation, found behind the kidneys ( round shape) + US.

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204
Q

What is the treatment in case of ovarian cyst?

A

Ovarian hysterectomy.

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205
Q

In which animals is endometritis + uterine tumors common?

A

Rabbits.

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206
Q

Pyometra in rabbits is caused by which pathogens?

A

Pasteurella multocida + Staph aureus.

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207
Q

How do you prevent adenocarcinoma in rabbits?

A

Sparing (< 2yrs of age).

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208
Q

Dystochia is common in which sp?

A

Guinea pigs.

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209
Q

What is the cause of dystochia in guinea pig?

A

Large foetus, permanent fuse of symphysis + abnormal position of foetus.

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210
Q

What is the treatment of dystochia?

A

Ca + oxytocin, C- section, OHE + manual removal of foetus.

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211
Q

How do you prevent dystochia in guinea pigs?

A

ø breed until min 6 mnths of age, separate M + F at 3- 4 weeks of age.

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212
Q

When does symphysis fusion happens in guinea pigs?

A

1 - 1.5 years.

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213
Q

How long is the resting time in guinea pigs?

A

Min 1 mnth.

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214
Q

Pregnancy toxaemia is especially important in which sp?

A

Guinea pig, chinchillas + rabbits.

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215
Q

What is the time period you should expect pregnancy toxaemia?

A

2 weeks of pregnancy + 1 week after delivery.

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216
Q

Which sp are prone to Vit B1 hypovitaminosis?

A

Moving disorder.

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217
Q

What are the parts of carpax?

A

Nuchale, Neuralia, Costalia, Marginalia.

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218
Q

What are the parts of pasitrom?

A

Gularia, Humeralia, Pectoralia, Abdominalia, Femoralia, Analia.

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219
Q

What type of blood sampling tubes should be used to take blood sample in reptiles?

A

Li- heparin.

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220
Q

What may be the reason for tattered shedding?

A

Low humidity, high temp, abscence of rubbing material, abscence of H2O + Ophionyssus natricis.

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221
Q

What are the clinical signs of tattered shedding?

A

Old skin remains, nervosuness + feed refusal.

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222
Q

What is the appropriate therapy for tattered shedding?

A

Swimming H2O.

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223
Q

What may be the cause of failed shedding?

A

Too low/ too high temp.

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224
Q

What may be the cause of shortened shedding cycle?

A

Damage of skin, after surgery/ bite, too high thyroxin levels + high temp.

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225
Q

Which sp are referred to as large agamas?

A

Iguana iguana ( green), barbed dragons + HaO agamas.

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226
Q

What may be the cause if you see scarring of skin ?

A

Prey bites, fighting + fixing bite during copulation.

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227
Q

What may be the reason for generalized oedema in reptiles?

A

Heart/ kidney failure.

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228
Q

What is another name for vent dermal necrosis?

A

Scale rot.

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229
Q

Why does mycosis happen in eggs?

A

Inappropriate hatching medium.

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230
Q

What happens if you use peat ( turf) as hatching medium?

A

ø mildew.

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231
Q

What happens if you use peril as hatching medium?

A

Mould may occur.

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232
Q

How to treat mycosis in eggs?

A

Affected area should be dusted with C activates.

233
Q

In which sp does encephalitis occur?

A

Snakes.

234
Q

What are the causative agents encephalitis in snakes?

A

Paramyxovirus, systemic mycosis + tophus.

235
Q

In which sp is int ear inflammation caused by?

A

Turtles.

236
Q

What is int ear inflammation caused by?

A

Bacterial infections.

237
Q

What is the symptom of int ear infection?

A

Lat part of head is enlarged.

238
Q

How to treat int ear inflammation?

A

Surgery + Ab inj.

239
Q

When is it physiological to have opal/ white discoloration of eyes in snakes?

A

During shedding.

240
Q

What is the causative agent, if you have chronic eye infections?

A

Mite infection.

241
Q

What are the reasons for developing ceratopathy?

A

Post- hibernation certopathy, lipidosis + erosion.

242
Q

What is the proposed therpy for Entamoeba enteritis?

A

Metronidazole, 250mg/kg, every 2nd day x3; High temp, vit inj + Ab.

243
Q

How to prevent Entamoeba enteritis?

A

Separate Car snakes + lizards from herbivorous tortoises.

244
Q

What is the aetiology behind discilliasis of snakes?

A

Too low temp under digestion.

245
Q

Causative agent for acute purulent like hepatitis?

A

Bacteria.

246
Q

Chronic hepatitis with tubercle formation is caused by which pathogen?

A

Mycobacterium, fungi, alga.

247
Q

Nodular hepatitis is caused by which type of parasite?

A

Capillaria + Larvae migrans viscellaris.

248
Q

What types of hepatitis are found in reptiles?

A

Acute purulent, necrotic, chronic with tubercle formation + nodular hepatitis.

249
Q

What are the . most common viruses causing hepatitis?

A

Iridovirus, Herpesvirus + Adenovirus.

250
Q

Rhinitis + Sinusitis most commonly affects which reptile sp?

A

Terrestrial tortoises.

251
Q

Causes for Rhinitis + sinusitis?

A
  • Virus: Herpesvirus + Iridovirus.
  • Allergic, non- infectious.
  • Intestinal parasitosis.
  • Fungi spore.
252
Q

Clinical signs of sinusitis + rhinitis?

A

Serous to purulent discharge.

253
Q

Which snake types are sensitive to viral pnemonia?

A

Venomous + colubrid.

254
Q

Causative agent for viral pneumonia in snakes?

A

Paramyxovirus.

255
Q

What can be consequence of too high humidity?

A

Dermatitis.

256
Q

What can be the consequence of too low humidity?

A

Shedding problems.

257
Q

Poxvirus dermatitis is common in which sp?

A

Kaiman, Green iguana + Sceloporus sp.

258
Q

What are the clinical signs of poxvirus dermatitis?

A

Small brownish papules, localisation.

259
Q

What are the most common surgical procedures in rodents + rabbits?

A

Explorative laparotomy, excision of neoplasms, ovary- hyterectomy, exstripatio bulbi + cystotomy.

260
Q

What is the maintenance volume of isoflurane?

A

2 - 2.5 %.

261
Q

What is the introduction volume of Isoflurane?

A

4 - 5 %.

262
Q

Dosages of painkillers intra + postoperative?

A

Butorphanol: 3mg/kg, Flunixin: 1- 10 mg/kg, Ketoprofen: 5 - 10mg/kg.

263
Q

What is the sp causing intestinal coccidiosis in guinea pig?

A

Eimeria caviae.

264
Q

What are the clinical signs of intestinal coccidiosis of guinea pigs + rabbits, and what are the treatment?

A
  • Clinical signs: Bloody diarrhoea, weight loss.

- Treatment: SA.

265
Q

What are the causative agents for alopecia + pruritis?

A

Husbandry problems.

266
Q

What can be causative agents for dermatitis?

A

Fungi, bacterial, parasite + allergy.

267
Q

Clinical signs of flea dermatitis?

A

Discomfort, pruritus, fur- + skin damage.

268
Q

Clinical signs of lice dermatitis?

A

Pruritus + nervous animals.

269
Q

Give an example of common mites which is causing dermatitis?

A

Gyropus ovalis, Chirodiscoides caviae, Trixacarus caviae.

270
Q

Which animals have most commonly problems with their marking gl?

A

Hamsters + Gerbils.

271
Q

Which animals get ateroma?

A

Guinea pigs.

272
Q

What is a good diet in case of malnutrition status in an animal?

A

Good quality commercial food, apples + good quality hay.

273
Q

What may be the cause of malocclusion?

A

Teeth growing in the wrong direction, incomplete wear, prognatha inferior, trauma, malnutrition.

274
Q

What may be the symptoms of malocclusion?

A

Anorexia, stop eating due to pain, increased salivation, causing moist dermatitis, injury + ulceration.

275
Q

What can you use to examing the teeth in rodents?

A

Vaginal speculum + otoscope.

276
Q

Which animals 1ºly get cheek pouch impaction?

A

Hamsters.

277
Q

How do you recognise cheek pouch impaction?

A

Hard, unhomogenously swelling of cheek.

278
Q

Symptoms of zootrichobezoar?

A

Anorexia, unable to eat enough + weight loss.

279
Q

Treatment for zootrichobezoar?

A

Intensive fluid therapy, laxatives, GI- motility stimulators, enzyme extract/ fresh pineapple juice.

280
Q

Etiology of constipation?

A

Low exercise, causing atonia, malnutrition/ lack of fresh H2O + abd mass.

281
Q

Which Ab may you give /os without any complications?

A

Fluroquinolones, SA, Chloramphenicol, Metronidazol.

282
Q

What is the treatment for Giardia Infection?

A

Metronidazol + Fenbendazol.

283
Q

Mucoid enteritis is seen in which animal + what age groups?

A

Rabbits, 7- 14 weeks of age.

284
Q

Symptoms of mucoid enteritis includes?

A

Lethargy, anorexia, tympani, abd pain, mucid like faeces, chronic + ø defecation.

285
Q

What is the treatment when confirmed mucoid enteritis?

A

Force feeding with baby food + fiber, probiotics, GI- motility stimulants, fresh pineapple juice.

286
Q

What are the clinical forms of Pasteurellosis?

A

Upper respratory tract infection, otitis media, otitis interna + septicaemia.

287
Q

Which animal gets Pasteurrellosis?

A

Rabbits.

288
Q

How do you diagnose Pasteurrellosis in rabbits?

A

Clinical signs, xray of skull, abd + thorax, US + blood test.

289
Q

What do you use as treatment for Pasteurellosis?

A

Enrofloxacin ( + metronidazol) + treat for at least 3 weeks.

290
Q

Supportive treatment of Pasterurellosis maybe?

A

Fluid therapy, force feeding + NSAIDs, mucolytics, nasal spray + eye drops.

291
Q

Can you vaccinate against Pasterellosis?

A

No.

292
Q

What is the causative agent of rabbit haemorrhagic disease, which age grps are susceptible?

A

Calicivirus, 4 -5 weeks of age,

293
Q

Clinical signs of rabbit haemorrhagic disease include?

A

Lethargy, fever, respiratory signs + sudden death.

294
Q

Can you vaccinate against rabbit haemorrhagic disease?

A

Yes.

295
Q

How many serotypes are known which causes infectious disease of the birds brain?

A

PMV 1- 9.

296
Q

In which birds can PMV- 1 cause infection?

A

All birds.

297
Q

In which birds can PMV- 2 cause infection?

A

Song birds, parrots + domestic sp.

298
Q

In which birds can PMV-3 cause infection?

A

Song birds, parrots + domestic sp.

299
Q

In which birds can PMV- 4 cause infection?

A

Ducks, geese + domestic sp.

300
Q

In which birds can PMV- 5 cause infection?

A

Small parrots + lories.

301
Q

In which birds can PMV- 6 cause infection?

A

Ducks, geese + turkey.

302
Q

In which birds can PMV- 7 cause infection?

A

Pigeons + doves.

303
Q

In which birds can PMV-8 cause infection?

A

Ducks + geese.

304
Q

In which birds can PMV- 9 cause infection?

A

Domestic duck.

305
Q

Which PMV serotypes causes asymptomatic infection?

A

4, 7, 8 + 9.

306
Q

What is the causative of Newcastle disease in domestic + wild birds?

A

Paramyxovirus 1.

307
Q

Clinical symptoms of Newcastle disease?

A

Apathy, lethary, enteritis, ophistotonus in doves, due to encephalitis, respiratory signs in song birds.

308
Q

Which viruses can cause infections of brain, other than paramyxovirus?

A

Polyomavirus + West- Bile Virus.

309
Q

What kind of inflammation can be seen in brain in case of pneumomycosis?

A

Granulomatous inflammation.

310
Q

Which birds are prone to botulism + during what season?

A

Exotic pheasants + ducks during the summer.

311
Q

What is the best treatment against botulism in birds?

A

Remove the sick birds from H2O.

312
Q

Which disease causes changes in lumbosacral plexus?

A

Marek’s disease.

313
Q

Which birds are sensitive to Marek’s diseases + what can be seen in n.?

A

Galliform birds, lymphoid cell infiltration in n.

314
Q

Which pathogens cause changes in eyelids, + what changes do they cause?

A

Paramyxovirus, Chlamydophila psittatci + mycoplasma causes conjunctivitis followed by discharge, poxvirus causes papules or knots, papillomavirus causes tumors.

315
Q

Which bacteria can cause septic arthriculitis in jts of birds? And what is the cause of aseptic arthriculitis?

A
  • Mycoplasma, chlamydophila psittaci, Salmonella, Strep + Staph.
  • Aseptic: uric acid deposits.
316
Q

Why is it important to remember the high metabolic rate that birds have?

A

They starve fast.

317
Q

Which ovary is present in birds?

A

L.

318
Q

Which jugular vein is present in birds?

A

R.

319
Q

What can you do if the birds lacks grit in crop?

A

Add it to the food/ directly into the crop.

320
Q

What is the DD of birds which have crop without grit?

A

Proventricular dialtion disease, malabsorption, enteritis + megabacteriosis.

321
Q

Where should you examine a bird to find out if it’s obese?

A

Sternum.

322
Q

What can be the consequence of feecing only sunflower seeds to a bird?

A

Vit A deficiency.

323
Q

How do you do treat bumble foot?

A

Local Ab.

324
Q

Which mites are found on birds + where?

A

Knemidokoptes pila ( beak), K. mutans ( legs) + K. gallinae ( feather shafts).

325
Q

In which bird do you 1ºly find Knemidokptes jamaicaensis?

A

Canary + other finches.

326
Q

In which bird do you 1ºly find Knemidokoptes mutans?

A

On legs of domestic birds.

327
Q

What are the clinical signs of Knemidokoptes infestation?

A

Ivermectin, Cydectin.

328
Q

What are the clinical sings of paramyxovirus/ mycoplasma infection in pheasants?

A

Oversecretion of mucous, leads to suffocation.

329
Q

What are the agents causing diptheric infection in birds?

A

Poxvirus, candid, trichomonas.

330
Q

Which bacteria cause Megabacteriosus?

A

Macrorohabdus ornithogaster.

331
Q

Wher can Megabacteriosis localise?

A

In Supf proprial gl of proventriculus.

332
Q

How to treat Megabacteriosis in birds?

A

Amphotericin B (/os), separation, drinking H2O should have a pH 6 + Lactobacillus supplement.

333
Q

Which birds are liekly to suffer from proventricular dialtion disease?

A

Larger parrot sp.

334
Q

The clinical signs of PDD?

A

Lethargy, loss of appetite, bad cond, change in faeces consistency + suffocation.

335
Q

Which birds are prone to Megabacteriosis?

A

Canaray birds, small + large parrot sp.

336
Q

Which birds are likely to get haemorrhagic enteritis?

A

Small song birds + parrots.

337
Q

What can be the cause for bleeding in intestinal mucosa?

A

Mycotoxins, paramyxovirus + bird flu.

338
Q

What are the clinical signs of necrotic enteritis, caused by Cl perfringens toxins in pheasants?

A

Lethargy + loss of appetite.

339
Q

Where can tuberculosis be founs in birds?

A

Pharynx, oesophagus, proventriculus, intestine, respiratory tract, bone marrow, CNS + spleen.

340
Q

Pathology seen in case of Salmonella infection?

A

Enteritis, necrotic inflammation in parenchymal organs, necrotic inflammation in testis + follicular degeneration of ovaries.

341
Q

PAthogen, clinical sign + diagnosis of coccidiosis

A
  • Eimeria sp.
  • Diarrhoea, sudden death + weight loss.
  • Flotation technique for oocyst detection.
342
Q

Which ascarid worms infect birds, + which birds are most likely to get infected?

A
  • Ascaridia gali + Ascaridia columbae.

- Parrots, doves, pheasants + partridges.

343
Q

Which heterakis sp infects birds, + which birds are most likely to get infected?

A
  • Heterakis gallinarum, dispar + isolonche.

- Pheasants, patridges + some geese.

344
Q

What type of tumor may be seen in cloaca of parrots?

A

Papilloma.

345
Q

What are the causatives of inclusion body hepatitis?

A

Herpesvirus + adenovirus.

346
Q

Infectious agent + susceptible age of duck viral hepatitis?

A

Picornaciridae in young ducks.

347
Q

Clinical signs + prevention of duck viral hepatitis.

A
  • Peracute: Sudden death.
  • Acute: Acute liver dystrophy, tremors, moving problems + incoordination.
  • Prevention: Vaccination.
348
Q

Bacterial infections in parrots + doves?

A

Salmonella, Yersinia, Pasteurella, Citrobacter + Pseudomonas.

349
Q

Bacterial infections in duck + geese?

A

Staph, Strep + Erysipelas.

350
Q

Cause + clinical signs of Psittacosis?

A
  • Chlamydophila psittaci.

- Lethary, apathy, decreased appetite, diarrhoea, weight loss + respiratory symptoms.

351
Q

Therapy _ prevention of Psittacosis?

A

Doxycyclin/ enrofloxacin, closed colonies + quarantine.

352
Q

What would you feed a flinch?

A
  • Quality formualted pellet diet: Pulses.

- Tropical fruit, pigmented vegetables + vit.

353
Q

What are the symptoms if a bird lacks grit?

A

Poor cond + undigested material in faeces.

354
Q

Why is it dangerous to use penalty when you are training your bird?

A

Creates fear + aggression.

355
Q

What happens if you use louder voice to your bird?

A

It will imitate you.

356
Q

Which m. is used for IM drugs?

A

Pectoral m.

357
Q

Where do you give SC inj in a bird?

A

In femoral skin, on back between the wings.

358
Q

What do you need for general anesthesia in a bird?

A

Isoflurance/ Sevoflurane, mask/ endotracheal tube.

359
Q

What is the aime of feather clipping?

A

Limit flying, ø terminate.

360
Q

What is the recommended method of feather clipping?

A

Clip the inner + outer permanent feathers, bilat, max 7.5m flight capacity, cut ends should be below the cover feathers.

361
Q

Clinical signs for pox infection in birds?

A

Septicaemia, changes of MM + skin.

362
Q

What is the preferred therapy + prevention of bird pox?

A

Use Ab to prevent 2nd bacterial infections, prevent pox infection by vaccination.

363
Q

What types of birds are predisposed for bumble foot?

A

Predator birds.

364
Q

Which type of bird should be handled extra carefully?

A

Pigeons.

365
Q

Why is it so important to reduce the birds visit to vet?

A

They are very sensitive to transportation.

366
Q

Why is the bird x-ray always blurry?

A

They are always moving because of their breathing.

367
Q

Which x-ray position is contra- indicated in case of birds with dyspnoea?

A

Laterolat.

368
Q

How do you determine the sex of birds?

A

Endoscopy, DNA.

369
Q

Why is the birds lung so excellent for pathogens?

A

High O2, humidity + temp.

370
Q

Is US often used in birds?

A

No, because of airsacs ( except for egg retention).

371
Q

What are the methods for real drug administration in birds?

A

Feeding tube with blunt.

372
Q

Can IV cathethers be used in birds?

A

Only in large sp.

373
Q

What is teh indication for interosseous catheter placement?

A

Intra/ postoperative fluid therapy.

374
Q

Why are injectable anaesthetics ø recommended in birds?

A

Difficult to control.

375
Q

Do birds need small cages to feel safe?

A

No, min x3 wing span.

376
Q

Which sp of birds are seed eaters?

A

Most Psittacins + Finchers.

377
Q

Which sp of birds are fruit eaters?

A

Parrots.

378
Q

Which birds are soft feed eaters?

A

Lories, Beo + Toucan.

379
Q

Which bacteria are responsible for follicular degeneration on ovary?

A

Salmonella + other.

380
Q

Which 3 infection routes are possible for infection of oviduct during egg laying season?

A

Ascending, descending + hematogenous.

381
Q

Clinical symptoms of infectious disease of oviduct?

A

Asymptomatic in beginning, laying suddenly stops egg pseudoconcretion.

382
Q

How can you treat infectious disease of oviduct, what about prognosis?

A

Ab, remove nest + poor prognosis.

383
Q

The causative of egg drop syndrome + in which birds is it more common?

A

Adenovirus in pheasants.

384
Q

Clinical symptoms of egg drop syndrome?

A

Skin like egg shell + broken egg shell.

385
Q

Which factors can have serious consequences around hatching?

A
  • During egg development: Vit + mineral insufficiency.
  • During egg laying: Bad nest hygiene.
  • During incubation: Humidity + temp.
386
Q

What can be consequence of improper cond around hatching?

A
  • Chickens are hatched but with low vitality.
  • Loud peeping.
  • Disheveled feathers + swaging.
387
Q

What is the causative + victimes of Marbie spleen disease?

A

Adenovirus, exotic pheasants + turkey.

388
Q

What are the clinical signs of Marble spleen disease?

A

Soft faeces, lethargy, loss of appetite + dyspnoea.

389
Q

Which virus is likely to infect the bursa of Fabricii + what are the signs?

A

Circovirus: depeltion of lymphoid tissue + inclusion bodies.

390
Q

Which infectious disease of bone marrow can be seen in birds?

A

Lymphoma, mycotoxicosis, tuberculosis.

391
Q

What is the causative agent for bacterial respiratory infection in guinea pigs?

A

Bordetella bronchiseptica, strep penumoniae.

392
Q

What is the treatment for bacterial respiratory infection in guinea pigs?

A

Ab + supportive treatment.

393
Q

Respiratory disease in rats is a multifactorial disease, what are the factors?

A

Mycoplasma pulmonis, latent respiratory virus + high NH3 levels.

394
Q

Waht are the symptoms of CRD in rats?

A

Weight loss, nasal discharge, dyspnoea, poor quality fur + porphyrine.

395
Q

What is the treatment of CRD in rats?

A

Enrofloxacin, supportive treatment + flucocorticoids + optimal husbandry.

396
Q

What are the bacteria causing bacterial respiratory disease in rats?

A

Strep pneumonia + Corynebacterium kutscheri.

397
Q

Non infectious respiratory diseases in rabbits + rodents includes?

A

Allergies + pulmonary tumor.

398
Q

What is the most common pulmonary tumor in all sp?

A

Alveolar adenocarcinoma.

399
Q

Which animals are susceptible to urolithiasis formation?

A

Rabbots + guinea pig.

400
Q

Symptoms in case of urolithiasis?

A

Anorexia, abd pain, blood in urine + porphyrinurea.

401
Q

How do you diagnose urotlithiases?

A

X-ray, US + urine examination.

402
Q

What is the treatment for urolithiasis?

A

Surgical removal of stone, fluid therapy + pain control, ab to prevent 2nd cystitis.

403
Q

What is hypercalcuria?

A

ø a uroliths, but rather amorphous Ca sludge’s instead.

404
Q

What are the signs of hypercalcuria?

A

Pasty urine, bleeding + 2nd inflammation of urinary tract.

405
Q

What type of examination is always needed to determine enteral pathogens?

A

Faecal samples.

406
Q

Which animals are especially sensitive to E.coli infections?

A

Guine pig, Hamster + Chinchillas.

407
Q

What are the predisposing factors to E.coli infections?

A

Improper Ab use, stress + malnutrition.

408
Q

What are the symptoms of E.coli infections?

A

Acute- Subacute diarrhoea, salivation _ tympani.

409
Q

What are the causative agents of Salmonelosis, + what animals are sensitive?

A
  • S. enteritidis, S. typhimurium.

- All rodents + rabbits.

410
Q

What are predispising factors for salmonellosis?

A

Stress, hypovitaminosis + malnutriiton.

411
Q

What is the causative agent of Tyzzer’s disease + which animal are sensitive?

A

Cl. piliformis, gerbils.

412
Q

What is the pathological picture of Tyzzer’s disease?

A

Necrosis in liver + intestinal mucosa, myocardial degeneration.

413
Q

Which animal is sensitive to Lawsonia intracellularis infections?

A

Hamster, rabbit + guinea pig.

414
Q

What are the symptoms for L. intracellularis infections?

A

Anorexia, weight loss, yellowish diarrhoea + rectal prolapse.

415
Q

Whatt do you use to treat L/ intreacellularis infection?

A

Tetracycline, chloramphenicol + fluid therapy.

416
Q

What is the causative agent of entamoebosis of guinea pigs + what is the treatment?

A

Entamoeba caviae, metroindazol.

417
Q

Which animals are sensitive to giardiosis?

A

Mouse, rat, hamster + chinchillas.

418
Q

What is the most common fungi causing dermatitis?

A

Trichophyton mentagrophytes.

419
Q

Which are the bacterial agents most commonly causing bacterial dermatitis?

A

Staph, pasteurella.

420
Q

What is the treatment for dermatitis due to fungal infection?

A

Local treatment: Myconazole, Ketoconazole + Natamycin, systemic itraconazole.

421
Q

What is the treatment for dermatitis caused by parasites?

A

Pyrethroids contact powder, Ivermectin.

422
Q

Which drugs are highly prohibited in case of parasitic dermatitis?

A

Fipronil + Amitraz.

423
Q

What do you use for puritis management in rodents + rabbits?

A

Glucocorticoids, antihist, lidocaine gel + skin hydration.

424
Q

What are the ear mites, pathogens + treatment?

A

Psoroptes caniculs, Ivermectin.

425
Q

What are the symptoms of C- hypovitaminosis?

A

Hyperkeratosis on lips, salivation, pathological fractures, slow wound healing, abnormal dentin formation, periarthritis + myositis.

426
Q

What are the causes of pododermatitis?

A

Obesities, age + weak immune system, hard bedding, contamination with urine/ faeces.

427
Q

Which animals is pododermatitis 1ºly a disease off?

A

Guine pigs + rabbits.

428
Q

What is the treatment of pododermatitis?

A

Change in bedding, diet _ cream of epithlisation, prolonged: betadine, cream + bandage + NSAID for pain.

429
Q

When is the breeding season of ferrets?

A

Spring, controlled by photoperiod.

430
Q

Is the ferrets polyestrus/ monoestrus?

A

Seasonally polyestrus, induced ovulation.

431
Q

What are the signs of hyperoestrogenism?

A

Anaemia + alopecia, death if ø treated.

432
Q

What causes the special odour of a male ferrets?

A

The sebaceous gl.

433
Q

What is appropriate feed for ferrets?

A

Mice + day- old chickens, ferret + cat food, meat, egg + cheese.

434
Q

What is the danger of giving vegetables + fruits to a ferret?

A

Ileus.

435
Q

What is the danger of giving food rich in sugar to ferrets?

A

Insulinoma.

436
Q

What is the criteria for blood transfusion in ferrets?

A

Healthy M ? 1.5kg.

437
Q

Which vaccinations are obligatory + which are recommended?

A

None are obligatory, distemper + rabies are recommended.

438
Q

What is the cause + consequences of distemper?

A

Paramyxovirus is non- vaccinated animals, CNS symptoms.

439
Q

What can be seen + done in case of vaccine reactions?

A
  • Symptoms: Puritus, salivation, vomiting, diarrhoea, shock + death.
  • Treatment: FLuid therapy, antihist + corticosteroids.
440
Q

How much + what to give to ferrets as fluid therapy?

A

Average 50 ml/kg ringer ( lactate) + glucose.

441
Q

In which ferret are enrofloxacin contraindicated?

A

Young + pregnant.

442
Q

Which bacteria are enrofloxacin active against?

A

G +/-, but ø anaerobes.

443
Q

Which bacteria are Amoxicillin _ clavulinica acid active against?

A

G -, anaerobes, some G +.

444
Q

Contraindications for Amoxicillin + Clavulinic acid?

A

None.

445
Q

Spectrum + contraindications of metronidazole?

A

Narrow spectrum ( anaerobes), ø contraindications.

446
Q

Which analgesia are safe to use in ferrets?

A

Buterphenol, against abd pain: Ketoprofen.

447
Q

What are the indications for blood trans fusion?

A

Severe anaemia.

448
Q

How many blood type grps exist in ferret?

A

None.

449
Q

What ferret is good for being a blood donor?

A

1.5 kg healthy male ferret, 5 - 10 ml of blood.

450
Q

Indications for castrating a male ferret?

A

Smell + aggression.

451
Q

Symptoms + incidence of GI foreign

A

Common in young ferrets, lethargy, anorexia, salivation, fierce rubbing, vomiting, diarrhoea _ dehydration/

452
Q

Aetiology + pathogenesis of hydronephrosis?

A

Obstruction of ureter, urine retention, distension + dilation of renal pelvis, progressive atrophy.

453
Q

What is the most common tumor in ferrets?

A

Insulinoma.

454
Q

Symptoms of insulinoma?

A
  • Acute: hypocalcaemia, adrenal symptoms.

- Chronic: lethargy, weakness, anorexia.

455
Q

What is the physiological glucose conc in ferrets?

A

5 - 11.5 mmol/l

456
Q

What is the problem with haematology in birds?

A

Small sp, venipuncture causes stress + fast hemolysis.

457
Q

What can be used as anticoagulant if you want a blood smear, vlood sample for hematology + biochem?

A
  • Blood smear: None.
  • Haematology: EDTA.
  • Biochemsitry: Heparin.
458
Q

Which sites can be used for venipuncture in birds?

A

Vena jugularis, cutanea ulnaris, caudalis tibialis, sinus venosus occipitalis, heart, nail cutting.

459
Q

What can cause blood loss anaemia in birds?

A

Trauma, ulcer, ecto/ endo parasites + coagulation disorders.

460
Q

What can cause haemolytic anaemia in birds?

A
  • Haemoparasites: Plasmodium, Haemoproteins, Leukocytes.
  • Bacteria: Salmonella.
  • Toxicosis: Aflatoxin.
  • Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia.
461
Q

What can cause aplastic anaemia in birds?

A
  • Chronic infections: tuberculosis, chlamydophilosis aspergillosis.
  • Chronic renal disease.
  • Toxicosis: Mycotoxin.
462
Q

Are haematological machines useful for counting avian blood?

A

No.

463
Q

In which cases can basophilia be observe in birds?

A

Inflammation of skin/ m, parasites, chlamydophilosis, respiratory disease, severe tissue damage, starvation + mycotoxicosis.

464
Q

Non infectious causes for feather plucking?

A

Malnutrition, genetic feather disorder, allergies, tumors, heavy metal toxicosis, pain, hepatopathy + proventricular dilation disease.

465
Q

Social causes of feather plucking?

A

Separation, attention seeking, stress, reproduction related, failure to learn, proening behaviour + poor socialisation.

466
Q

Infectious causes of feather plucking?

A

Chlamydophilosis, endo/ectoparasites, folliculitis, air sacculitis + puritus.

467
Q

What are the non- infectious causes of bumble foot, + in which birds is it more common?

A
  • Inadequate perches, poor hygiene, obesity + inactivity.

- Rators + parrots,

468
Q

Treatment of bumblefoot in birds?

A
  • Topical anitmicrobials, hydrophilic dressing + pedding of feet, anti- inflammatory + analgesics, devridement + suturing, consider systemic Ab.
  • Long term: after/ pad perches, exercise, altered diet to control obesity + supply enough vit A.
469
Q

Incidence + causes of bone fractures?

A
  • Wild birds: Gun shot/ car accidents.

- Pet: Improper handling, cage.

470
Q

Causes + incidence of rachitis in birds?

A

Ca deficiency, vit D/ IV light deficiency in young birds.

471
Q

Symptoms + treatment of rachitis in young birds?

A

Painful malformation, mostly untreatable + surgery in case of malformated tibiotarsus.

472
Q

Treatment of band + ring injuries in birds?

A

Remove band with min tissues damage, assess dist feet viability, hydroscopic dressing, Ab + prevent trauma.

473
Q

What is the incidence + aetiology of beak deformities?

A

Captive birds, improper abression of beak + beak damage.

474
Q

How can you treat + prevent beak deformities?

A

Correction, prevention with proper toys + proper food.

475
Q

Is it good to measure ALT, ALP + AST for detecting liver disease in birds?

A
  • ALT, LDH + ALP are ø sensitive/ specific for liver disorders in birds.
  • AST is sensitive, but ø specific for hepatocytes.
476
Q

What can increase BA suggest in birds?

A

Hepatic insufficiency + decreased liver function.

477
Q

Is endoscopic examined biopsy recommended as diagnostic tools in liver disease?

A
  • Risky, liver failure, results of biopsy usually ø conclusive except in cases of tumor, mycobacterial infections + cond unresponsive to therapy.
478
Q

Treatment time for chlamydia in birds?

A

45 days.

479
Q

Drugs for chlamydiosis?

A

Enrofloxacine, Doxycydine, Chlortetracycline.

480
Q

What are the guine pig mites?

A

Glincola porcelli, Glyropus ovalis, Chirodiscoides caniae, Trixocarus caniae.

481
Q

When was the ferret domesticated?

A

2000 yrs agp.

482
Q

What is protected contact?

A

Contact through a secure barrier.

483
Q

What can be conservative medecine?

A

Hyperol, betadine, anti-septic creams, bandages + NSAIDs.

484
Q

How long is the pregnancy if ferrets?

A

41- 43 days.

485
Q

Puberty in ferrets occurs around?

A

6 - 12 mnths.

486
Q

Treatment of scabies in rabbits?

A

Ivermectin.

487
Q

Treatment time for salmonella in birds?

A

14 - 21 days.

488
Q

Ab which shouldn’t be given for rodents?

A

Penicollin, Amoxycillin.

489
Q

What is the most precise diagnostic testing for kidney disease in birds?

A

Endoscopic exam + biopsy.

490
Q

Non- infectious causes of liver disease?

A

Vit deficiency, starving, toxicosis + tumor.

491
Q

Which sp are easy to intubate?

A

Swan.

492
Q

Which of the following sp belong to medium sized parrots?

A

Nanday.

493
Q

Which of the following sp has a true winter sleep?

A

Hedgehog.

494
Q

Wt what temp cannot hedgehogs be kept in captivity?

A

8 - 16 ºC.

495
Q

How many times a day do you feed hedgehogs in captivity?

A

Once a day ( evening).

496
Q

What is true for hand reared birds?

A

Bond to people.

497
Q

Animal which prefers sunflower seeds?

A

Large + medium parrots.

498
Q

Animal which prefers millet seeds?

A

Budgerigar.

499
Q

What vit deficiency is common in turtles?

A

Vit A.

500
Q

Animal which is fed mainly rapeseed?

A

Canary.

501
Q

What is French moult?

A

PLoss of flight feathers.

502
Q

Soft food mix, to whom do you add it?

A

Parrots + finches.

503
Q

Which adult reptile is omnivorous?

A

Red eared slider.

504
Q

When to neuter ferret?

A

If general state allows surgery.

505
Q

Can you give Ivermectin to turtles?

A

No.

506
Q

What is megabacteria?

A

It is a fungus.

507
Q

Where to take blood/ give fluid in bird?

A
  • Blood sampling: Jugular vein, cutaneous ulnar vein.

- Fluids: in small birds–> SC in different places, IV catheter in large birds–> intraosseal.

508
Q

Which sp is real herbivores?

A

Rabbit, Chinchilla, Degu + Guinea pig.

509
Q

Which sp is real omnivores?

A

Hamsters, Gerbil, Squirrels, Rat + mouse.

510
Q

Pulsioxymeter measures what?

A

It is a non- invasive method to measure O2, saturation during anaesthesia.

511
Q

How can you treat feather plucking in birds?

A

Eliminate the cause, environmental enrichment, psychiatric treatment _ medical treatment.

512
Q

What are the mycobacterium sp in reptiles?

A

M. marinum, M. chelonae, M. tamnopheos.

513
Q

Non- infectious causes of kidney disease in birds?

A

Dehydatrion, lameness, weakness, vomiting, regurgitation, weight loss, anorexia + apathy.

514
Q

How would you treat kidney disease in birds?

A

Fluid therapy, Ab, colchicin for fibrosis, omega 3 + Vit A.

515
Q

What can cause crop inpation?

A

Too much feed + foreign bodies, swelling, dilation + atony.

516
Q

What is the cause of crop burn?

A

Too hot feeding formulars to hand reared chicks.

517
Q

What are the symptoms + treatment of foreign bodies in GI tract of birds?

A
  • Symptoms: Poor apetite, regurgitation, depression + lethargy.
  • Treatment: FLuids, Ab, paraffin oil + surgery.
518
Q

What are the symptoms of moulting disorders in birds?

A

Lengthened moulting period, malformation of feathers + discolouration of feathers.

519
Q

In which birds are feather cysts a genetic problem?

A

Finches.

520
Q

Causes of moulting disorders in birds?

A

Protein deficiency, vit deficiency + chronic diseases.

521
Q

Pathogenesis, symptoms + treatment of feather cysts?

A

Feathers cannot grow, forms a cyst beneath skin + surgery is the only option.

522
Q

Incidence, aetiology + treatment of egg binding?

A

In parrots, absolute/ relative bif egg, systemic diseases, remove egg/ surgery.

523
Q

Aetiology, symptoms + treatment of mycotoxicosis?

A

From mouldy feeds, black blood diarrhoea + general symptoms, changing of feed is treatment.

524
Q

Incidence, aetiology, symptoms + treatment of Pd toxicosis?

A

Mostly in parrots, by ingestion of things containing Pd, general symptoms, CNS symptoms, treat with Ca EDTA + D- penicillamine.

525
Q

Symptoms + treatment of crop burn?

A

Local necrosis, hole + dehydration, surgical treatment.

526
Q

Incidence, aetiology + treatment of cloacal prolapse?

A

Mostly in parrots ( egg laying), surgical treatment.

527
Q

Diagnostic teting for feather plucking?

A

Blood analysis, X-ray, seeing, fecal exam, skin scraping, feather pulp cytology, chlamydophila test + skin biopsy.

528
Q

Can propofol be used as a pain regulator?

A

ø.

529
Q

What are the general zoonotic diseases?

A
  • Snakes: Pentastomida, Entamoeba, Toxoplasma, Salmonella.

- Birds: Psittacosis, Mycobacterium.

530
Q

What is blister disease in reptiles?

A

Sudden in snakes, due to high humidity + poor cage hygiene, fluid filled blisters vent + 2º bacterial infections.

531
Q

What can cause dipheteric membrane in mouth of birds?

A

Avipoxvirus, vit A deficiency, trichomonas + conidia.

532
Q

What can cause myxomatosis in rabbits, + what are the symptoms?

A
  • Lepori Poxvirus.

- Lethargy, anorexia, skin hemorrhages, seizures, oedematous nodules on face + perineum + mucosal form.

533
Q

Often things on how to treat parasites in different exotic animals?

A
  • Eimeria: Sulfonamids.
  • Giardia, Amoeba, Cillia: Metronidazole.
  • Praziquantel: Tapeworm.
534
Q

Liver disease specific symptoms?

A

Green/ yellow urates, abd swelling ( ascites), coagulopathies, melena, abnormal beak/ nails + discoloured feathers.

535
Q

Infectious agents of liver diseases?

A
  • Viral: Herpes, Adeno, Polyoma.
  • Bacterial: Salmonella, E.coli, Klebsiella, Chlamydophila, Mycobacterium + Mycoplasma.
  • Fungal: Aspergillus, Candida.
  • Protozoal: Toxoplasma, Histomonas + Trichomonas.
536
Q

What are causes of metabolic bone disease?

A

Defiency of Ca, P + vit D3, poor husbandry + lack of UVB- light.

537
Q

What are the symptoms of metabolic bone disease?

A

LEthargy, reluctance of movement, difficulty in lifting body off the ground, ataxia, paresis + paralysis of HL, weight loss + softening, swelling + deformities of bones.

538
Q

According to CITES, what appendix does tortoise belong to?

A

Appendix II.

539
Q

How to sex determine grey parrot?

A

Endoscopy + DNA.

540
Q

Which mite is found on beak of bird?

A

Knemidokoptes pilae ( Scaly face mites).

541
Q

Which statement is true regarding he scent gl?

A

Castration greatly reduces the smell.

542
Q

What is atheroma?

A

Reversible accumulation of degenerative material in the inner layer of an A wall.

543
Q

How can you treat atheroma?

A

Surgery.

544
Q

Why is Xylazine contraindicated in rabbits?

A

It decreases the motility of gut, + do ø give in case of heart disease.

545
Q

What are other consequence of long hibernation?

A

Exication, severe weight loss, frost inhuries + bite injuries in rats + mice.

546
Q

How to reduce the smell of ferrets?

A

Castration/ neutering.

547
Q

How to diagnose Encephalitozoonosis?

A

With the clinical signs.

548
Q

What is usually contraindicated in birds during x-ray?

A

A grid.

549
Q

When can you see seeds in faeces of parrot?

A

When there is lack of grit.

550
Q

Ferret enzymes (ALT, AST) liver specific or ø?

A

Liver specific.

551
Q

How to open a lizard for a coeliotomy?

A

Paramedian incision.

552
Q

What are the signs of stomatitis in snake + gecko?

A

Excessive salivation, anorexia, weight loss, lethargy, lower respiratory tract disease + blocked nasolacrimal ducts.

553
Q

When do you need to do a liver biopsy?

A

In case of Mycobacterium infection _ cond unresponsive to therapy.

554
Q

What are the wrong statement regarding Epizootic catarrhal enteritis?

A

High mortality + low morbidity.

555
Q

What is the perfect cage size for a bird?

A
  • The bigger the better, min x3 the wingspan.

- Smoke free, ø windy, never next to household appliances, uncovered stainless steel + wire thickness + density.

556
Q

What are the anatomy parts of turtle shell?

A

Keratinised, hard shell ( living bone tissue), lower shell, upper shell, spinal column, shoulder blades, ribs, hipbone, scales + shields.

557
Q

Which bone part is missing from the turtles?

A

ø breastbone.

558
Q

What is the cause of proventriculus dilation syndrome?

A

Bornavirus.

559
Q

What are the clinical signs of proventriculus dilation syndrome?

A

Anorexia, weight loss, delayed crop emptying + CNS signs.

560
Q

What is the most important parameter to check in a bird?

A

Respiratory rate in case they have dyspnoea.

561
Q

Diagnosis of rabbit hemorrhagic disease?

A
  • Calivirus after 4 - 5 weeks of age, systemic disease with fast progression, high morbidity + mortality, fever, lethargy, respiratory signs + sudden death.
  • Pulmonary hemorrhages + catharral eneritis with paler liver due to hepatocyte necrosis.
  • Vaccinate agaisnt it, diagnosis: mainly with autopsy for pale friable liver + black spleen, + diffuse hemorrhages, also reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, ELISA + Western blot.
562
Q

C- section is contraindicated in which rodent?

A

Guinea pig.

563
Q

How to handle a frog?

A

By washing your hands thoroughly before _ after + if you have to wear gloves, wear latex free + powder free, or use a wet sponge or wet rag to hold animal.

564
Q

Penis prolapse is most common in which sp?

A

Turtle + degu/ chinchilla.

565
Q

With a suspected shoulder injury what tests should you do?

A

Physical examination + X-ray.

566
Q

Parameter of blood to measure regarding uricosis in birds?

A

Check for uric acid level in blood x2 in fasted + dehydrated bird.

567
Q

Which are the blood parameters of ferret?

A
  • Venipuncture sites: V. cava cran, V. jugularis + V. cephalica.
  • Hematology ( EDTA tube).
  • Clinical chemistry: ( Li- heparin tube), AST, CK, ALT, GGT, Br, amylase, glucose, urea, creatinin, Ca + P.
568
Q

Which drug to maintain pain relief intra- operative?

A

Fentanyl, Tiletamin, Ketamin, Medetomidine, Droperidol + Fluanison.

569
Q

How to sedate a reptile?

A

Put reptiles in refrigerator.

570
Q

During rabbit surgery, which one do you ø put in?

A

Cerclage.

571
Q

What is Rhabdias infection?

A

Lungworm of toads that causes penumonia.

572
Q

What is the min weight a hedgehog can be accomodated?

A

<700g if adult, 450g if growing, + sucking 100 - 130g.

573
Q

Age for breeding guinea pig?

A

6 mnths + >650g.

574
Q

What is Bumblefoot?

A

Ulcerative pododermatitis.

575
Q

What is specific or sensitive to liver?

A

AST sensitive, but ø specific.

576
Q

How to diagnose Encephalitozoon cuniculi?

A

Serology, anamnesis, X-ray, CT.

577
Q

In case of dystocia in turtle, what should you ø do?

A

Give parafiin oil/ os.

578
Q

Ab suitable for/os use in rodents?

A

Fluoroquinolons, SA, Chloramphenicol + Metronidazol.

579
Q

Infectiouse causes of kidney disease in birds?

A
  • Viral: Corona, birna, astro, entero.
  • Bacterial: E.coli, Staph, actinomyces, chlamydohili.
  • Fungal: Aspergilus.
  • Parasitic: Eimeria, Sarcocystitis, cryptosporidium.

Avian + ExoticAnimal Medecine (4 decks)

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