Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
cumulus oophorous
A
oocyte, corona radiata, and underlying granulosa cells
2
Q
neurulation closing
A
cranial neuropore closes day 25 (if not, anencephaly)
caudal neuropore closes day 28 (if not, spina bifida)
3
Q
cyp21 defect vs cyp 11 defect
A
cyp 21: lack of mineralcorticoids –> vascular hypotension
cyp11: increased mineralcorticoids –> vascular hypertension
21 is before 11 in the pathway to making mineralcorticoids/glucocorticoids
4
Q
where is thyroglobulin made
A
follicular cells
5
Q
how does the st. basale remain attached to the dermis?
A
hemidesmosomes
6
Q
green arrow?
yellow arrow?
A
green - chief
yellow - parietal
7
Q
allantois
A
membrane who’s BV become part of umbilical cord
8
Q
Na conc. out/in
A
out - 145
in - 12
9
Q
the urinary and genital systems come from what (embryologically)
A
intermediate mesoderm
10
Q
neuroendocrine of duodenum
A
secretin (contraction of gall blader) and CCK (stimulates pancreatic exocrine secretion)
11
Q
what do sycytiotrophoblasts secrete
A
hCG which regulates the secretion of estrogen and progesterone from the corpus luteum
12
Q
how do estrogens inhibit bone resorption
A
decrease M-CSF, RANKL, IL-6, TNFa
13
Q
albinism
A
lack tyrosinase
14
Q
where do neural crest cells come from?
A
ectoderm
placodes also come from here!
15
Q
K conc out/in
A
out - 4
in - 155
16
Q
CRH from the placenta does what?
A
stimulates maternal release of ACTH from AP
stimulates fetal release of DHEA(S) and cortisol which gets converted to estriol which increases uterine blood flow/myometrial contractility
17
Q
what is the plica circularis
A
folding of the mucosa and submucosa in the SI
18
Q
what is hypospadias?
A
when urethral folds don’t meet under the genital swelling and seal off
19
Q
calcitriol on bone
A
stimulates osteoblasts to express M-CSF and RANKL –> bone erosion by endopeptidases
20
Q
what develops in 4th pharyngeal pouch
A
superior parathyroid gland
ultimobranchial body (source of parafollicular C cells)
21
Q
what is this
A
circumvallate papillae with taste buds, glands of von ebner at bottom
22
Q
what is the process of compaction?
A
outer cells of the morula develop tight junctions (a seal) that separates inner cells from outside world)
23
Q
potassium aggravated myotonia
A
defect in SCN4A (Nav channel) causes myotonia (muscle stiffness), hyperexcitable SkM and periodic paralysis
can get from exercise, stress, K rich foods
24
Q
what is lactose synthase made up of
A
galactosyl transferase and alpha-lactalbumin
25
pharyngeal arch/corresponding nerve
1- CN V.3
2- CN VII
3- CN IX
4- CN X
26
what is this
tonsil
27
effect of PTH on kidney
inc. Ca resorption at distal tubule - TRPV5 channel insertions onto luminal membrane, Na Ca exchanger & Ca ATPase on basolateral membrane
inc. phosphate excretion at proximal tubule
inc. expression of 1-alpha-hydroxylase (activates vitamin D)
28
h. pylori
infection in pylorus that causes duodenal ulcers and adenocarcinoma - occurs in mucous neck and surface mucous cells
1. active phase: make NH3
2. stationary phase: make proteases, inflammation
3. colonization phase
29
what cell type forms the fetal part of the placenta?
syncytiotrophoblasts
30
enzyme that adds iodines to thyroglobulin
thyroperoxidase
at apical membrane
31
V2 vasopressin receptor
kidney principal cells --\> cAMP --\> water resorption
32
calcitriol degradation
24 hydroxylase converts to calcitoic acid (principal excretion product)
33
how does cortisol have anti inflammatory effects?
it inactivates NFKB which is pro-inflammatory
34
what enzyme converts pregnenelone to progesterone?
3βHSD
35
what are the only cells in the male reproductive system that express FSH receptor?
sertoli cells
36
what is the amnion
surrounded entire embryo enclosing it in fluid filled amniotic cavity - protective cushion
(inner layer)
37
what is the gubernaculum
mesenchyme that attaches to inferior pole of testes, guided descent to the scrotum (processus vaginalis is tract)
38
hCS placental lactogen during pregnancy
breast development, mobilize nutrients for fetus, gestational diabetes (GH promotes growth and muscle is resistant to glucose)
39
where are colloid cysts found
pars intermedia
40
whats the diff histologically between efferent ductules and epididymus?
how does seminal vesicle look on slide?
efferent ductules - irregular lumen
epididymus - regular lumen
seminal vesicle looks like a crumpled up paper bag with lots of lumen, but really just one lumen
41
what hormone is required for growth and differentiation of mammary gland
prolactin (req E and P)
42
what does leptin do for puberty
it activates Kiss-1 gene of nerves in the amygdala to make kisspeptin-10
that synapses onto GnRH nerves
43
what am I
what does my basolateral membrane have receptors for?
parietal cell
secretory canaliculi
gastrin, histamine, Ach receptors (HAG)
44
what does PKA do?
phosphorylates CREB which is a gluconeogenic TF that inc. PEPCK expression
45
where is the epithalamus/what is it formed from
epithelial thickening at caudal end of diencephelon
46
ID
esophagus
GALT
thin walled lymphatic veins in LP
47
black arrow
paneth cell - protect and fuel stem cells (basic protein, lysozyme, antimicrobial peptides
mostly in jejunum
48
cushing's syndrome
hypercortisolemia --\> bad glucose tolerance/diabetes, osteoporosis, hyperpigmentation, female virilization, striae on abdomen and breasts
49
what type of capillaries are in gastric mucosa
fenestrated
50
what is the order of the epidermis (bottom to toP)
st. basale
st. spinosum
st. granulosum
st. lucidum
st. corneum
51
resp. acidosis or alkalosis in pregnancy?
alkalosis - blowing off CO2 because of increased minute ventilation due to progesterone
52
antimicrobial peptide in eccrine gland
dermcidin
53
what type of glands are mammary glands and whats their common name?
tubuloalveolar
called glands of montgomery
54
four hormones made by granulosa cells
1. AMH - controls rate that follicles become pre ovulatory
2. activin - enhances GC responsiveness to FSH
3. inhibin - downregulates release of FSH and promotes LH induced androgen synthesis
4. OMI (oocyte maturation inhibitor): prevents oocytes from progressing passed meiosis I before FSH/LH surge
55
what types of cells make up the oviduct
ciliated
nonciliated/Peg: provide nutrients to egg during migration
56
pemphigus test
nikolsy's sign - positive means loose skin slips free when rubbed with pencil eraser
57
what is this
submandibular gland
58
whats the BFD about chromaffin cells
they are modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons in the adrenal medulla that release epinephrine and NE
59
only layer of epidermis to go thru mitosis
st. basale
60
effects of TH
1. inc. BMR - inc. MVO2, Na/K ATPase activtiy, UCP-1 (inc. heat production)
2. inc. metabolism - inc. glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, enhanced lyipolysis, inc. LDL clearance
3. nervous system development
4. bone growth/mass
5. inc. BAR on heart, SkM, adipose
61
healing by primary vs. secondary intention
primary intention: healing without loss of tissue
secondary intention: healing takes longer because of tissue loss, need granulation to fill wound
62
what is the chorion
the outermost membrane that rests agaist the uterine cavity - develops from the trophoblasts and becomes embryo's major component to the placenta
63
types of cells in eccrine sweat glands
clear cells and dark cells
clear: secrete water and elctrolyte
dark: secrete glycoprotein
64
transient tachypnea of the newborn
ineffective clearance of lung fluid bc of bad Na transport
65
what are striations?
basal infoldings with assoc. mitochondria for Na pumping capacity out of cell
66
what develops from the urogenital sinus (females)?
bladder, rectum, urethra, lower vagina, paraurethral glands, greater vestibular glands (bartholin's glands)
67
what am I
fundic stomach
68
where do sperm become motile?
epididymus
69
what hormone is responsible for the pubertal growth spurt
estrogen
70
oxytocin V1 receptor
uterine myometrium --\> Ca/IP3/DAG --\> uterine contraction
mammary epi --\> Ca/IP3/DAG --\> milk secretion
71
what is spermiogenesis?
remodeling of early spermatid (not mitosis/meiosis)
72
what does the placenta depend on the fetus for? (steroidogenic)
fetal adrenal gland has lots of cyp 17 (pregnenelone --\> DHEA, becomes DHEAS in the fetal liver) so it can make estrogens
73
what am I
cardiac stomach
equal length pits and glands
74
how does a pyrogen work
breakdown products stim. immune cells
IL-1 causes fever by inducing formation of PGE2 which acts on hypothalamus (aspirin/cox inhibitor can block PG formation)
75
where are sperm capacitated? what happens?
oviduct
cholesterol leaves membrane of sperm head and becomes more permeable to Ca ions which inc. cAMP increasing progressive non-motility of sperm "hyperactivation", membrane proteins that bind to ZP are unmasked
76
phase III clinical trial
method to evaluate causation/treatment benefit
controlled/randomizzed
assigns group of subjects to one of two + interventions and follows prospectively
77
yolk sac
very small, site of early blood cell formation, contains primordial germ ells
78
what hormone is also produced by neurons that make CRH?
ADH - means that it can potentiate release of ACTH
79
where am I
esophagus --\> cardiac stomach
80
what is annulate lamellae?
in primordial follicle - stack of nuclear envelop like membranes
81
what is the difference between theca interna and externa
theca interna - high lipid content
theca externa - fibrous
82
RL step of steroid hormone formation?
pregnenelone formation (using STAR to get to inner mito membrane)
83
Cl conc. out/in
out - 110
in - 10
84
what does Kiss-1 do?
stimulates GnRH release by binding to GPR54 on GnRH neuron
85
cretinism
congenital hypothyroidism
86
palatine tonsil comes from
2nd pharyngeal pouch
87
diabetes insipidus
excessive thirst/urination due to bad secretion/utilization of vasopressin (could be due to damage to hypothalamus/pituitary stalk)
88
what is the main carrier protein for progesterone?
corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG)
89
RL step in biosynthesis of vitamin D
25 OH D3 --\> calcitriol by 1 alpha hydroxylase (stim. by PTH, made in the KIDNEY)
90
where does external auditory meatus come from?
1st pharyngeal cleft
91
hofbauer cell
fetal macrophages within the chorionic villus
92
what is this
fungiform papilla with taste bud
93
phase I clinical trial
establish safe dose/schedule of administration - incorporates dose escalation scheme to ID max. tolerated dose
94
phase II clinical trial
test feasibility and efficacy of drug at a fixed dose to estimate treatment efficacy
95
where is hPL made?
what does it do?
syncytiotrophoblasts
increases insulin resistance to shunt glucose and AA towards fetus, increases lipolysis
96
bulge stem cells
in bulge region at external root sheath of hair follicle; important in skin injury - migrate down and form matrix cells
97
Pit-1 TF
differentiation of thyrotropes, lactotropes, somatotropes
expression of GH, prolactin, TSH beta subunit
98
what is dentin secreted by
NC derived odontoblasts
99
where am I
jejunum
total absence of brunners glands
100
3 steps of spermiogenesis
1. cellular elongation
2. tail formation
3. nuclear condensation/DNA packaging/protamines
101
what develops in 3rd pharyngeal pouch
inferior parathyroid gland
thymus gland
102
relaxin vs. oxytocin
relaxin: made by placenta and ovary and inhibits SMC contraction
oxytocin: from PP promotes myometrial contraction
103
neurons to pars nervosa
supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
104
calbindin
Ca binding protein - helps keep Ca in cytosol low/helps get it out of the cell
105
where am I
duodenum
106
what is intrinsic factor used for and where is it secreted from
used for B12 absorption in the SI, if not =\> pernicious anemia
secreted by parietal cells
107
what is desquamation, where does it occur, and what proteins mediate it?
process of shedding outer laye of skin surface every day
occurs in st. corneum
mediated by cathepsin and calpain (pH dependent) - proteases that degrade desmosomes
108
plexuses of the enteric nervous system
myenteric plexus of auerbach - muscularis externa, parasympathetic
plexus of meissner - submucosa
109
MC4R
alpha MSH
potent negative regulator of food intake
110
what is a balbiani body?
in primordial follicle, the golgi/ER/vesicles/mito/lysosomes
111
what develops from the urogenital sinus (males)?
rectum, bladder, prostate, bulbourethral glands, urethra
112
what is enamel secreted by
ameloblasts
comes from oral epithelium
113
where is the primary motor center for shivering?
dorsomedial portion of posterior hypothalamus
114
KAL-1
induces migration of olfactory placode to olfactory bulb (olfactory tract) inducing GnRH nerves
115
what does CCK do?
what does secretin do?
what does gastrin do?
**CCK**: stimulates pancreatic exocrine seretion, bile release from GB, and tightening of pyloric sphincter to control release of chyme
**secretin**: GB contraction, HCO3 secretion from pancreas
**gastrin**: stim. HCl release from parietal cells, insulin secretion
116
what protein modulates the amount of free testosterone that enters a cell?
sex hormone binding globulin (androgen binding protein)
117
predominant estrogen of pregnancy
estriol
118
2 steps of implantation:
1. **adhesion**
2. **decidualization**: decidual cells close to syncitiotrophoblasts degenrate releasing nutrients for embryonic development/protection
119
what makes the blood testes barrier?
junctional complexes - isolate germ cells from imune system (job of the sertoli cells)
120
BPH vs prostatic carcinoma
where does prostatic carcinoma usually metastasize to?
BPH is hyperplasia of mucosa and submucosal glands
prostatic carcinoma is hyperplasia of glandular tissue
usually metastasizes to bone
121
where am I
ileum
lots of peyers patches
122
borders of the hypothalamus
anterior: optic chiasm
lateral: optic tracts
posterior: mamillary bodies
123
what type of secretion is a sebaceous gland and what does it mean?
holocrine secretion - means that entire cell dissolves so it secretes sebum and cell debris
124
what makes the skin impermeable to water?
membrane coating granules - surrounded by a single membrane, lamellate appearance/lipid rich. in st. granulosum
125
what develops from the foramen cecum? why is this location important?
thyroid gland - migration is marked by the thyroglossal duct which should disappear
divides anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of tongue
126
what does KCC-22 do?
inc. Cl outward transport resulting in lessened GABA inhibition of GnRH secreting nerves
(happens in puberty onset)
127
Ca conc out/in
out - 1
in - 0.0001
128
what is the cloaca?
expanded caudal portion of the hindgut - common channel that incoroporates the urinary system
divided by the **urorectal septum** into the rectum and _urogenital sinus_
129
prohormone convertase acts on
POMC
130
5 types of nerve endings
1. free nerve ending: pain and temp
1. end in st. granulosum
2. merkel disk: tactile
1. end in st. basale
3. peritrichial nerve ending: wrap around bsae of hair follicle
4. meissner's corpuscle: tactile, detects texture and shape
1. in dermal papilla
5. pacinian corpuscle: pressure and vibration sensitive
1. in deep dermis and hypodermis
131
dwarfism is a defect in
GHR (IGF-1 is low but normal/high levels of GH)
132
what is the mechanism of a penile erection?
1. stimulus which inc. parasympathetic (sacral) outflow and inhibits sympathetic (thoracolumbar) outflow
2. relaxation of SM in corpora cavernosa so blood fills spaces
3. expansion of trabecular tissue against tunica albuginea shuts off venous drainage --\> penile rigidity
133
maternal component of the placenta
decidua
134
what is activated for skin vasoconstriction? (body too cold)
posterior hypothalamic sympathetic centers
135
what are the two different forms of melanin?
1. eumelanin (brown)
2. pheomelanin (red)
136
what does a cyp21 defect lead to?
androgen excess - mineralcorticoids and glucocorticoids don't get made so more DHEA is made
137
SRY tells gonad to make testes. what tells gonad to make ovaries?
WNT4
138
what maintains open ductus arteriosus
PGE2
139
how does glucose enter/exit enterocyte
SGLT1 (Na/Glu sympoter on brush border/luminal side), GLUT2 on basolateral side
140
3 types of cells in efferent ductules
1. principal cells w/ microvilli (resorption)
2. ciliated cells (movement of non-motile sperm)
3. basal cells
141
what is this
sublingual gland
142
what do the mesonephric ducts become?
ureters/vas deferens/epididymis/seminal vesicle
143
what do the paramesonephric (mullerian) ducts become?
superior vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes
144
what is the BFD about the incisive foramen
it is the site where the palatine shelves/nasal septum are fused in the midline. needs to be numbed for dental work
145
what are acini
aka teminal ductules
make product/dump into lumen; have myoepithelial cells on periphery to expel product
146
what are the arrows pointing to
top: taste pore
side (top to bottom): sustanticular, neuroepithelial, basal
147
why is copper important?
needed for enzyme **lysyl oxidase** which cross links collagen and elastin
148
ID
pharynx
lots of seromucous glands
149
where are temp. sensitive neurons?
pre-optic area of hypothalamus
150
number needed to treat
amount of patients that must be treated to change the outcome in 1 individual
NNT = 1/(rate in untreated group - rate in treated group)
151
ejaculatory duct is composed of
vas deferens and seminal vesicle
152
bicornate uterus
incomplete fusion of paramesonephric ducts
153
what is this
parotid gland
tubuloalveolar
154
rufifni's corpuscle
sensitive to stretch and torque. assoc. with pacinian corpuscle
155
where are the different MCRs expressed?
MC1R - melanocytes
MC2R - adrenal cortex
MC3R - neurons in arcute nucleus
156
V1 vasopressin receptor
AP --\> Ca/IP3/DAG --\> ACTH release
vasc. smooth muscle --\> Ca/IP3/DAG --\> vasoconstriction
157
how does body temp increase in menopause
lowered E2 stim. arcuate nucleus to release neurokinin B which increases body temperatures
158
what hormone means that puberty has begun?
GnRH
159
cGRP gene
making calcitonin in parafollicular/C cells - major action on osteoclasts in bone
160
keratohyaline granules
**fillagrin** protein that cross links with tonofilaments to create cornified cell envelope
in st. granulosum
161
ID
esophagus
can see rly well defined inner circular, outer longitudinal
162
steps of wound healing:
1. **coagulation/hemostasis**
2. **inflammatory phase**
1. early: neutrophils, chemokines
2. late: macrophages, IL-1
3. **proliferative phase:** fibroblast migration, angiogenesis, epithelialization
4. **remodeling phase**
163
when is a morula formeD?
at the 8 cell stage at 3 days within the still intact zona pollucida
164
where am I
appendix
lymphatic nodules all around (not anti-mesenteric like peyers patches)
165
what are decapacitation factors
what structure mediates it?
increased cholesterol in plasma membrane of sperm which inhibits fertilizing capacity of sperm in versible fashion
done by epididymus
166
what makes up the mucosa?
epithelium, LP, muscularis mucosa/interna
167
four types of cells in epidermis
1. keratinocyte
2. melanocyte (basale)
3. langerhans cells - immune cells, trap antigens (spinosum)
4. merkel cells - tactile sensation (basale)
168
ID
prostate
