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Block 4: GI, Repro, Endocrine, Skin > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

cumulus oophorous

A

oocyte, corona radiata, and underlying granulosa cells

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2
Q

neurulation closing

A

cranial neuropore closes day 25 (if not, anencephaly)

caudal neuropore closes day 28 (if not, spina bifida)

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3
Q

cyp21 defect vs cyp 11 defect

A

cyp 21: lack of mineralcorticoids –> vascular hypotension

cyp11: increased mineralcorticoids –> vascular hypertension

21 is before 11 in the pathway to making mineralcorticoids/glucocorticoids

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4
Q

where is thyroglobulin made

A

follicular cells

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5
Q

how does the st. basale remain attached to the dermis?

A

hemidesmosomes

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6
Q

green arrow?

yellow arrow?

A

green - chief

yellow - parietal

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7
Q

allantois

A

membrane who’s BV become part of umbilical cord

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8
Q

Na conc. out/in

A

out - 145

in - 12

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9
Q

the urinary and genital systems come from what (embryologically)

A

intermediate mesoderm

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10
Q

neuroendocrine of duodenum

A

secretin (contraction of gall blader) and CCK (stimulates pancreatic exocrine secretion)

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11
Q

what do sycytiotrophoblasts secrete

A

hCG which regulates the secretion of estrogen and progesterone from the corpus luteum

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12
Q

how do estrogens inhibit bone resorption

A

decrease M-CSF, RANKL, IL-6, TNFa

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13
Q

albinism

A

lack tyrosinase

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14
Q

where do neural crest cells come from?

A

ectoderm

placodes also come from here!

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15
Q

K conc out/in

A

out - 4

in - 155

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16
Q

CRH from the placenta does what?

A

stimulates maternal release of ACTH from AP

stimulates fetal release of DHEA(S) and cortisol which gets converted to estriol which increases uterine blood flow/myometrial contractility

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17
Q

what is the plica circularis

A

folding of the mucosa and submucosa in the SI

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18
Q

what is hypospadias?

A

when urethral folds don’t meet under the genital swelling and seal off

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19
Q

calcitriol on bone

A

stimulates osteoblasts to express M-CSF and RANKL –> bone erosion by endopeptidases

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20
Q

what develops in 4th pharyngeal pouch

A

superior parathyroid gland

ultimobranchial body (source of parafollicular C cells)

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21
Q

what is this

A

circumvallate papillae with taste buds, glands of von ebner at bottom

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22
Q

what is the process of compaction?

A

outer cells of the morula develop tight junctions (a seal) that separates inner cells from outside world)

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23
Q

potassium aggravated myotonia

A

defect in SCN4A (Nav channel) causes myotonia (muscle stiffness), hyperexcitable SkM and periodic paralysis

can get from exercise, stress, K rich foods

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24
Q

what is lactose synthase made up of

A

galactosyl transferase and alpha-lactalbumin

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25
Q

pharyngeal arch/corresponding nerve

A

1- CN V.3

2- CN VII

3- CN IX

4- CN X

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26
Q

what is this

A

tonsil

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27
Q

effect of PTH on kidney

A

inc. Ca resorption at distal tubule - TRPV5 channel insertions onto luminal membrane, Na Ca exchanger & Ca ATPase on basolateral membrane
inc. phosphate excretion at proximal tubule
inc. expression of 1-alpha-hydroxylase (activates vitamin D)

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28
Q

h. pylori

A

infection in pylorus that causes duodenal ulcers and adenocarcinoma - occurs in mucous neck and surface mucous cells

  1. active phase: make NH3
  2. stationary phase: make proteases, inflammation
  3. colonization phase
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29
Q

what cell type forms the fetal part of the placenta?

A

syncytiotrophoblasts

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30
Q

enzyme that adds iodines to thyroglobulin

A

thyroperoxidase

at apical membrane

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31
Q

V2 vasopressin receptor

A

kidney principal cells –> cAMP –> water resorption

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32
Q

calcitriol degradation

A

24 hydroxylase converts to calcitoic acid (principal excretion product)

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33
Q

how does cortisol have anti inflammatory effects?

A

it inactivates NFKB which is pro-inflammatory

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34
Q

what enzyme converts pregnenelone to progesterone?

A

3βHSD

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35
Q

what are the only cells in the male reproductive system that express FSH receptor?

A

sertoli cells

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36
Q

what is the amnion

A

surrounded entire embryo enclosing it in fluid filled amniotic cavity - protective cushion

(inner layer)

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37
Q

what is the gubernaculum

A

mesenchyme that attaches to inferior pole of testes, guided descent to the scrotum (processus vaginalis is tract)

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38
Q

hCS placental lactogen during pregnancy

A

breast development, mobilize nutrients for fetus, gestational diabetes (GH promotes growth and muscle is resistant to glucose)

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39
Q

where are colloid cysts found

A

pars intermedia

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40
Q

whats the diff histologically between efferent ductules and epididymus?

how does seminal vesicle look on slide?

A

efferent ductules - irregular lumen

epididymus - regular lumen

seminal vesicle looks like a crumpled up paper bag with lots of lumen, but really just one lumen

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41
Q

what hormone is required for growth and differentiation of mammary gland

A

prolactin (req E and P)

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42
Q

what does leptin do for puberty

A

it activates Kiss-1 gene of nerves in the amygdala to make kisspeptin-10

that synapses onto GnRH nerves

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43
Q

what am I

what does my basolateral membrane have receptors for?

A

parietal cell

secretory canaliculi

gastrin, histamine, Ach receptors (HAG)

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44
Q

what does PKA do?

A

phosphorylates CREB which is a gluconeogenic TF that inc. PEPCK expression

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45
Q

where is the epithalamus/what is it formed from

A

epithelial thickening at caudal end of diencephelon

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46
Q

ID

A

esophagus

GALT

thin walled lymphatic veins in LP

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47
Q

black arrow

A

paneth cell - protect and fuel stem cells (basic protein, lysozyme, antimicrobial peptides

mostly in jejunum

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48
Q

cushing’s syndrome

A

hypercortisolemia –> bad glucose tolerance/diabetes, osteoporosis, hyperpigmentation, female virilization, striae on abdomen and breasts

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49
Q

what type of capillaries are in gastric mucosa

A

fenestrated

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50
Q

what is the order of the epidermis (bottom to toP)

A

st. basale
st. spinosum
st. granulosum
st. lucidum
st. corneum

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51
Q

resp. acidosis or alkalosis in pregnancy?

A

alkalosis - blowing off CO2 because of increased minute ventilation due to progesterone

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52
Q

antimicrobial peptide in eccrine gland

A

dermcidin

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53
Q

what type of glands are mammary glands and whats their common name?

A

tubuloalveolar

called glands of montgomery

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54
Q

four hormones made by granulosa cells

A
  1. AMH - controls rate that follicles become pre ovulatory
  2. activin - enhances GC responsiveness to FSH
  3. inhibin - downregulates release of FSH and promotes LH induced androgen synthesis
  4. OMI (oocyte maturation inhibitor): prevents oocytes from progressing passed meiosis I before FSH/LH surge
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55
Q

what types of cells make up the oviduct

A

ciliated

nonciliated/Peg: provide nutrients to egg during migration

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56
Q

pemphigus test

A

nikolsy’s sign - positive means loose skin slips free when rubbed with pencil eraser

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57
Q

what is this

A

submandibular gland

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58
Q

whats the BFD about chromaffin cells

A

they are modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons in the adrenal medulla that release epinephrine and NE

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59
Q

only layer of epidermis to go thru mitosis

A

st. basale

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60
Q

effects of TH

A
  1. inc. BMR - inc. MVO2, Na/K ATPase activtiy, UCP-1 (inc. heat production)
  2. inc. metabolism - inc. glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, enhanced lyipolysis, inc. LDL clearance
  3. nervous system development
  4. bone growth/mass
  5. inc. BAR on heart, SkM, adipose
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61
Q

healing by primary vs. secondary intention

A

primary intention: healing without loss of tissue

secondary intention: healing takes longer because of tissue loss, need granulation to fill wound

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62
Q

what is the chorion

A

the outermost membrane that rests agaist the uterine cavity - develops from the trophoblasts and becomes embryo’s major component to the placenta

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63
Q

types of cells in eccrine sweat glands

A

clear cells and dark cells

clear: secrete water and elctrolyte
dark: secrete glycoprotein

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64
Q

transient tachypnea of the newborn

A

ineffective clearance of lung fluid bc of bad Na transport

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65
Q

what are striations?

A

basal infoldings with assoc. mitochondria for Na pumping capacity out of cell

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66
Q

what develops from the urogenital sinus (females)?

A

bladder, rectum, urethra, lower vagina, paraurethral glands, greater vestibular glands (bartholin’s glands)

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67
Q

what am I

A

fundic stomach

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68
Q

where do sperm become motile?

A

epididymus

69
Q

what hormone is responsible for the pubertal growth spurt

A

estrogen

70
Q

oxytocin V1 receptor

A

uterine myometrium –> Ca/IP3/DAG –> uterine contraction

mammary epi –> Ca/IP3/DAG –> milk secretion

71
Q

what is spermiogenesis?

A

remodeling of early spermatid (not mitosis/meiosis)

72
Q

what does the placenta depend on the fetus for? (steroidogenic)

A

fetal adrenal gland has lots of cyp 17 (pregnenelone –> DHEA, becomes DHEAS in the fetal liver) so it can make estrogens

73
Q

what am I

A

cardiac stomach

equal length pits and glands

74
Q

how does a pyrogen work

A

breakdown products stim. immune cells

IL-1 causes fever by inducing formation of PGE2 which acts on hypothalamus (aspirin/cox inhibitor can block PG formation)

75
Q

where are sperm capacitated? what happens?

A

oviduct

cholesterol leaves membrane of sperm head and becomes more permeable to Ca ions which inc. cAMP increasing progressive non-motility of sperm “hyperactivation”, membrane proteins that bind to ZP are unmasked

76
Q

phase III clinical trial

A

method to evaluate causation/treatment benefit

controlled/randomizzed

assigns group of subjects to one of two + interventions and follows prospectively

77
Q

yolk sac

A

very small, site of early blood cell formation, contains primordial germ ells

78
Q

what hormone is also produced by neurons that make CRH?

A

ADH - means that it can potentiate release of ACTH

79
Q

where am I

A

esophagus –> cardiac stomach

80
Q

what is annulate lamellae?

A

in primordial follicle - stack of nuclear envelop like membranes

81
Q

what is the difference between theca interna and externa

A

theca interna - high lipid content

theca externa - fibrous

82
Q

RL step of steroid hormone formation?

A

pregnenelone formation (using STAR to get to inner mito membrane)

83
Q

Cl conc. out/in

A

out - 110

in - 10

84
Q

what does Kiss-1 do?

A

stimulates GnRH release by binding to GPR54 on GnRH neuron

85
Q

cretinism

A

congenital hypothyroidism

86
Q

palatine tonsil comes from

A

2nd pharyngeal pouch

87
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

excessive thirst/urination due to bad secretion/utilization of vasopressin (could be due to damage to hypothalamus/pituitary stalk)

88
Q

what is the main carrier protein for progesterone?

A

corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG)

89
Q

RL step in biosynthesis of vitamin D

A

25 OH D3 –> calcitriol by 1 alpha hydroxylase (stim. by PTH, made in the KIDNEY)

90
Q

where does external auditory meatus come from?

A

1st pharyngeal cleft

91
Q

hofbauer cell

A

fetal macrophages within the chorionic villus

92
Q

what is this

A

fungiform papilla with taste bud

93
Q

phase I clinical trial

A

establish safe dose/schedule of administration - incorporates dose escalation scheme to ID max. tolerated dose

94
Q

phase II clinical trial

A

test feasibility and efficacy of drug at a fixed dose to estimate treatment efficacy

95
Q

where is hPL made?

what does it do?

A

syncytiotrophoblasts

increases insulin resistance to shunt glucose and AA towards fetus, increases lipolysis

96
Q

bulge stem cells

A

in bulge region at external root sheath of hair follicle; important in skin injury - migrate down and form matrix cells

97
Q

Pit-1 TF

A

differentiation of thyrotropes, lactotropes, somatotropes

expression of GH, prolactin, TSH beta subunit

98
Q

what is dentin secreted by

A

NC derived odontoblasts

99
Q

where am I

A

jejunum

total absence of brunners glands

100
Q

3 steps of spermiogenesis

A
  1. cellular elongation
  2. tail formation
  3. nuclear condensation/DNA packaging/protamines
101
Q

what develops in 3rd pharyngeal pouch

A

inferior parathyroid gland

thymus gland

102
Q

relaxin vs. oxytocin

A

relaxin: made by placenta and ovary and inhibits SMC contraction
oxytocin: from PP promotes myometrial contraction

103
Q

neurons to pars nervosa

A

supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

104
Q

calbindin

A

Ca binding protein - helps keep Ca in cytosol low/helps get it out of the cell

105
Q

where am I

A

duodenum

106
Q

what is intrinsic factor used for and where is it secreted from

A

used for B12 absorption in the SI, if not => pernicious anemia

secreted by parietal cells

107
Q

what is desquamation, where does it occur, and what proteins mediate it?

A

process of shedding outer laye of skin surface every day

occurs in st. corneum

mediated by cathepsin and calpain (pH dependent) - proteases that degrade desmosomes

108
Q

plexuses of the enteric nervous system

A

myenteric plexus of auerbach - muscularis externa, parasympathetic

plexus of meissner - submucosa

109
Q

MC4R

A

alpha MSH

potent negative regulator of food intake

110
Q

what is a balbiani body?

A

in primordial follicle, the golgi/ER/vesicles/mito/lysosomes

111
Q

what develops from the urogenital sinus (males)?

A

rectum, bladder, prostate, bulbourethral glands, urethra

112
Q

what is enamel secreted by

A

ameloblasts

comes from oral epithelium

113
Q

where is the primary motor center for shivering?

A

dorsomedial portion of posterior hypothalamus

114
Q

KAL-1

A

induces migration of olfactory placode to olfactory bulb (olfactory tract) inducing GnRH nerves

115
Q

what does CCK do?

what does secretin do?

what does gastrin do?

A

CCK: stimulates pancreatic exocrine seretion, bile release from GB, and tightening of pyloric sphincter to control release of chyme

secretin: GB contraction, HCO3 secretion from pancreas

gastrin: stim. HCl release from parietal cells, insulin secretion

116
Q

what protein modulates the amount of free testosterone that enters a cell?

A

sex hormone binding globulin (androgen binding protein)

117
Q

predominant estrogen of pregnancy

A

estriol

118
Q

2 steps of implantation:

A
  1. adhesion
  2. decidualization: decidual cells close to syncitiotrophoblasts degenrate releasing nutrients for embryonic development/protection
119
Q

what makes the blood testes barrier?

A

junctional complexes - isolate germ cells from imune system (job of the sertoli cells)

120
Q

BPH vs prostatic carcinoma

where does prostatic carcinoma usually metastasize to?

A

BPH is hyperplasia of mucosa and submucosal glands

prostatic carcinoma is hyperplasia of glandular tissue

usually metastasizes to bone

121
Q

where am I

A

ileum

lots of peyers patches

122
Q

borders of the hypothalamus

A

anterior: optic chiasm
lateral: optic tracts
posterior: mamillary bodies

123
Q

what type of secretion is a sebaceous gland and what does it mean?

A

holocrine secretion - means that entire cell dissolves so it secretes sebum and cell debris

124
Q

what makes the skin impermeable to water?

A

membrane coating granules - surrounded by a single membrane, lamellate appearance/lipid rich. in st. granulosum

125
Q

what develops from the foramen cecum? why is this location important?

A

thyroid gland - migration is marked by the thyroglossal duct which should disappear

divides anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of tongue

126
Q

what does KCC-22 do?

A

inc. Cl outward transport resulting in lessened GABA inhibition of GnRH secreting nerves

(happens in puberty onset)

127
Q

Ca conc out/in

A

out - 1

in - 0.0001

128
Q

what is the cloaca?

A

expanded caudal portion of the hindgut - common channel that incoroporates the urinary system

divided by the urorectal septum into the rectum and urogenital sinus

129
Q

prohormone convertase acts on

A

POMC

130
Q

5 types of nerve endings

A
  1. free nerve ending: pain and temp
    1. end in st. granulosum
  2. merkel disk: tactile
    1. end in st. basale
  3. peritrichial nerve ending: wrap around bsae of hair follicle
  4. meissner’s corpuscle: tactile, detects texture and shape
    1. in dermal papilla
  5. pacinian corpuscle: pressure and vibration sensitive
    1. in deep dermis and hypodermis
131
Q

dwarfism is a defect in

A

GHR (IGF-1 is low but normal/high levels of GH)

132
Q

what is the mechanism of a penile erection?

A
  1. stimulus which inc. parasympathetic (sacral) outflow and inhibits sympathetic (thoracolumbar) outflow
  2. relaxation of SM in corpora cavernosa so blood fills spaces
  3. expansion of trabecular tissue against tunica albuginea shuts off venous drainage –> penile rigidity
133
Q

maternal component of the placenta

A

decidua

134
Q

what is activated for skin vasoconstriction? (body too cold)

A

posterior hypothalamic sympathetic centers

135
Q

what are the two different forms of melanin?

A
  1. eumelanin (brown)
  2. pheomelanin (red)
136
Q

what does a cyp21 defect lead to?

A

androgen excess - mineralcorticoids and glucocorticoids don’t get made so more DHEA is made

137
Q

SRY tells gonad to make testes. what tells gonad to make ovaries?

A

WNT4

138
Q

what maintains open ductus arteriosus

A

PGE2

139
Q

how does glucose enter/exit enterocyte

A

SGLT1 (Na/Glu sympoter on brush border/luminal side), GLUT2 on basolateral side

140
Q

3 types of cells in efferent ductules

A
  1. principal cells w/ microvilli (resorption)
  2. ciliated cells (movement of non-motile sperm)
  3. basal cells
141
Q

what is this

A

sublingual gland

142
Q

what do the mesonephric ducts become?

A

ureters/vas deferens/epididymis/seminal vesicle

143
Q

what do the paramesonephric (mullerian) ducts become?

A

superior vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes

144
Q

what is the BFD about the incisive foramen

A

it is the site where the palatine shelves/nasal septum are fused in the midline. needs to be numbed for dental work

145
Q

what are acini

A

aka teminal ductules

make product/dump into lumen; have myoepithelial cells on periphery to expel product

146
Q

what are the arrows pointing to

A

top: taste pore

side (top to bottom): sustanticular, neuroepithelial, basal

147
Q

why is copper important?

A

needed for enzyme lysyl oxidase which cross links collagen and elastin

148
Q

ID

A

pharynx

lots of seromucous glands

149
Q

where are temp. sensitive neurons?

A

pre-optic area of hypothalamus

150
Q

number needed to treat

A

amount of patients that must be treated to change the outcome in 1 individual

NNT = 1/(rate in untreated group - rate in treated group)

151
Q

ejaculatory duct is composed of

A

vas deferens and seminal vesicle

152
Q

bicornate uterus

A

incomplete fusion of paramesonephric ducts

153
Q

what is this

A

parotid gland

tubuloalveolar

154
Q

rufifni’s corpuscle

A

sensitive to stretch and torque. assoc. with pacinian corpuscle

155
Q

where are the different MCRs expressed?

A

MC1R - melanocytes

MC2R - adrenal cortex

MC3R - neurons in arcute nucleus

156
Q

V1 vasopressin receptor

A

AP –> Ca/IP3/DAG –> ACTH release

vasc. smooth muscle –> Ca/IP3/DAG –> vasoconstriction

157
Q

how does body temp increase in menopause

A

lowered E2 stim. arcuate nucleus to release neurokinin B which increases body temperatures

158
Q

what hormone means that puberty has begun?

A

GnRH

159
Q

cGRP gene

A

making calcitonin in parafollicular/C cells - major action on osteoclasts in bone

160
Q

keratohyaline granules

A

fillagrin protein that cross links with tonofilaments to create cornified cell envelope

in st. granulosum

161
Q

ID

A

esophagus

can see rly well defined inner circular, outer longitudinal

162
Q

steps of wound healing:

A
  1. coagulation/hemostasis
  2. inflammatory phase
    1. early: neutrophils, chemokines
    2. late: macrophages, IL-1
  3. proliferative phase: fibroblast migration, angiogenesis, epithelialization
  4. remodeling phase
163
Q

when is a morula formeD?

A

at the 8 cell stage at 3 days within the still intact zona pollucida

164
Q

where am I

A

appendix

lymphatic nodules all around (not anti-mesenteric like peyers patches)

165
Q

what are decapacitation factors

what structure mediates it?

A

increased cholesterol in plasma membrane of sperm which inhibits fertilizing capacity of sperm in versible fashion

done by epididymus

166
Q

what makes up the mucosa?

A

epithelium, LP, muscularis mucosa/interna

167
Q

four types of cells in epidermis

A
  1. keratinocyte
  2. melanocyte (basale)
  3. langerhans cells - immune cells, trap antigens (spinosum)
  4. merkel cells - tactile sensation (basale)
168
Q

ID

A

prostate

Block 4: GI, Repro, Endocrine, Skin (2 decks)

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