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EES 1070 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How is environmental science different from environmentalism

A

Environmental science is the use of the scientific method to study processes and systems in the environment

Environmentalism involves working to influence attitudes and policies that affect our environment- agenda driven

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2
Q

Do environmental problems commonly result from a single or a few isolated factors or from a complex set of interrelated problems. Give examples

A

A complex set of interrelated

Examples: water pollution

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3
Q

What are the characteristics and leaders of pragmatic utilitarian conservatism

A

Leaders: George Perkins Marsh, Theodore Roosevelt, and Gifford Pinchot

For the greatest good for the greatest number for the longest time

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4
Q

What are the characteristics and leaders of bio enteric preservationists

A

Leader: john Muir

Nature exists for its own sake regardless of usefulness to humans. Man shouldn’t value themselves over nature

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5
Q

What are the characteristics and leaders of concern about health and ecological damage

A

Leader: Aldo Leopold

The land ethic- we abuse land because we regard it as a commodity belonging to us

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6
Q

What are the characteristics and leaders of global environmental citizenship

A 
Leaders: wangari maathai (Kenya)
You xiaogang (China) Muhammad yunus (India) gro brundtland ( Norway)

Modern information technology allow for increased international communications and efforts for local and regional leaders to have an increased environmental impact

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7
Q

What is the worlds population today and how has it changed over the last 5000 years

A

Today’s population: 7.1 billion

Over the past 5000 years the population has increased drastically. Exponential growth since the industrial revolution

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8
Q

Definition of sustainable

A

Able to be used without being completely used up or destroyed

-able to last or continue for a long time

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of sustainable development

A

Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations

Benefits available to all humans
Economic growth, political stability, democracy, and equitable economic opportunity

Potential impossible for long run due to limits on no renewable resources and the eart waste capacity

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of science

A

A methodical logic process for gaining knowledge about natural phenomenon

Cumulative body of knowledge produced by informed, learned scholars

Process based on observation and hypothesis testing

A way to explain how the natural world works

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of the scientific method

A

Empiricism: careful observation of real things
Uniformitarianism: basic patterns across time
Parisomy: go with simplest explanation when two are reasonable answers
Uncertainty: knowledge changes as new information comes
Repeatability: test and experiments are repeatable
Proof is elusive: new evidence can always undermine old, nothing is proven
Testable questions: hypothesis are testable

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12
Q

Is positive proof achievable I science

A

No

New evidence can always undermine old

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13
Q

What is the nature of the relationship among scientists in a given discipline

A

Scientist verify and vilify the work of other scientists. They use each other’s work to build upon the knowledge already possessed and critique the work of one another.

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14
Q

How do scientists inter-act and inter-relate with the scientific methods

A

Scientists use the scientific method for their experiments and exploration of knowledge.

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15
Q

Define deductive reasoning and give an example

A

Logical reasoning from general to specific

Ex.) the sun rises in the morning, the sun always rises in the west, the earth is tilted on an axis which makes the sun “rise” in the west

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16
Q

Define inductive reasoning and give an example

A

Reasoning from many observations to produce a general rule

Ex.) sun rises in the west for 6 days on the 7th day it will a,so rise the in the west

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17
Q

What is a blind study

A

When the researcher doesn’t know which group has been treated until after the data has been analyzed

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18
Q

What is a double blind study

A

An experiment in which neither the subject or the researcher know who is in the treatment group

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19
Q

In what discipline are double blind studies especially useful

A

In a controlled study during a manipulative experiment

Ex.) pharmaceutical testing

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20
Q

In experimentation what are independent and dependent variables and how are the represented in a graph

A

Independent variable: what is changed in the experiment and affected the dependent variable it is located not the x axis

Dependent variable: what is being measured and depends on the independent variable is on the y axis

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21
Q

What are systems? Give examples

A

Networks of interdependent components and processes with materials and energy flowing from one component to the other. Central concept in environmental science

Examples: ecosystems, climate systems, geological systems, and economic systems

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22
Q

What are the characteristics of an open system

A

Exchanges matter and energy with its surroundings

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23
Q

What are the characteristics of a closed system

A

Self contained and exchanges no matter or energy with the outside

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24
Q

What would be the term that would be applied to a hurricane or wildfire within a system. Give definition with term

A

A disturbance

Periodic destructive events (fire or flood)

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25
Q

Does a positive or negative feedback loop provide equilibrium or stability to a system

A

Negative feedback loops help maintain stability in a system

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26
Q

What is a paradigm shift

A

A great change in explanatory frameworks that occur when a majority of scientists agree that an old explanation no longer works very well

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27
Q

Matter has stages, give and example of each phase

A

Solid: wood
Liquid: water
Gas: helium
Plasma: neon sign

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28
Q

The law of conservation of matter tells us what about matter

A

Matter cannot be created or destroyed it but is recycled over and over again from one form to another

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29
Q

What is the definition of an atom

A

Smallest particles exhibiting characteristics of the elements.
Composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons

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30
Q

What is the definition of a molecule

A

Two or more atoms joined together

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31
Q

What is the definition of an isotope

A

Forms of an element differing in atomic mass due to the fact that the isotopes have different numbers of neutrons

32
Q

Is H2O an atom, molecule, or isotope

A

Molecule because it is two atoms joined together

33
Q

Define ion and give examples

A

Atoms that have a positive or negative charge because they have more or less electrons than protons.

34
Q

What characterizes a cell

A

Minute compartments in a living organism which carry out processes of life.

Surrounded by membrane control flow of materials in and out of a cell

Interior is subdivided into organelles and subcellular particles

35
Q

What is metabolism

A

Multitude of enzymatic reactions performed by an organism

36
Q

What is potential energy

A

Stored energy

37
Q

What is kinetic energy

A

Energy in moving objects

38
Q

Is chemical energy potential or kinetic energy

A

Potential- it is stored in food or fossil fuels

39
Q

The second law of thermodynamics states that as energy moves through different forms and systems it gradually does what

A

Less usable energy is available to perform work

Entropy (disorder) increases

40
Q

What is the distinction between an open and closed ecosystem

A

And open ecosystem exchanges materials and organisms with other ecosystems

Closed ecosystems to not charge materials or organisms with other ecosystems

41
Q

What input goes into photosynthesis and what is the output

A

Input: CO2, water, solar energy
Output: sugar and oxygen

42
Q

Does much of solar energy that falls on plants get captured for photosynthesis

A

No most solar energy is wavelengths unsuitable for photosynthesis. Only 1-2% is available to be captured by plants

43
Q

Photosynthesis produces sugars among other important byproducts, what are the inputs

A

CO2 H2O and solar energy

44
Q

What is cellular respiration

A

The metabolic reactions within a cell which splits carbon and hydrogen atoms form sugar and recombined them with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water

The opposite of photosynthesis. How animals get their energy

45
Q

Do both plant and animal cells respire

A

Yes, they. Both respire but plants cells also require photosynthesis

46
Q

What are the characteristics of a species

A

All organisms of the same kind that re genetically similar enough to breed in nature and produce live and fertile offspring

47
Q

What is a population

A

All members of a species living in a given area at the same time

48
Q

What is a biological community

A

All of the populations of organisms living and interacting in a particular area

49
Q

What does an ecosystem consist of

A

A biological community and its environment

Physical environment- climate, water, minerals, sunlight

Biological community- all the populations of organisms

50
Q

What is a food chain

A

Linked feeding series

Simple arrows showing what eats what

51
Q

What is a food web

A

Interconnected food chains as most consumers have multiple food sources

Crazy arrows who all eats who and what

52
Q

What are examples of primary producers

A

Plants that do photosynthesis

53
Q

What are examples of primary consumers

A

Animals that eat plants only

herbivores - deer, rabbits

54
Q

What are examples of secondary consumers

A

Animals that eat other animals

Carnivores and omnivores
Bears and wolves

55
Q

Characteristics and examples of an herbivore

A

Eats only plants

Deer

56
Q

Characteristic and examples of carnivores

A

Eats only meat

Wolves

57
Q

Characteristics and examples of detritivores

A

Eats debris like wood and leaves

Ants

58
Q

Characteristics and examples of scavengers

A

Eats dead carcasses

Crows

59
Q

Characteristics and examples of decomposers

A

Eat everything

Bacteria

60
Q

What are examples of a carbon sink in nature

A

Parts of the carbon cycle that remove carbon dioxide form the atmosphere

Plants, soils, oil, coal, the ocean

61
Q

What are the major biochemical cycles in the environment

A 
Hydrologic cycle- water
Carbon cycle-carbon
Nitrogen cycle- nitrogen
Phosphorous cycle- phosphorous 
Sulfur cycle- sulfur
62
Q

What major biochemical cycle does not have an atmospheric phase

A

Phosphorous cycle

63
Q

What natural processes release large quantities of sulfur into the atmosphere and seawater

A

Volcanic eruptions and weathering

64
Q

What human activity can release significant sulfur into the environment

A

Burning fossil fuels

65
Q

When did the world population reach 1 billion

A

1804

It took thousands of years

66
Q

How did it take to to exceed 6 billion people

A

Took 12 years to go from 5 to 6 billion
Reached 6 billion in 1999

Thousands of years

67
Q

Up until the Middle Ages populations were mostly limited by what processes

A

Diseases, famine, and war

68
Q

In what parts of the world is 90% of the worlds population growth in the next century expected to occur

A

Less developed countries

69
Q

In what terms to demographers quantify crude birth rate

A

The number of live births among a population per population of 1,000 in a given year

70
Q

How is it that zero population growth rate is slightly over two children per couple.

A

For every child born an older person dies.

The birth rate is equal to the death rate.

71
Q

In what terms do demographers measure/quantify morality

A

Deaths per 1,000 population in a given year

72
Q

What is it meant by doubling time for a population?

A

How long it takes for a population to double in size

73
Q

What is the doubling time for a 7% growth rate

A

10 years

Doubling time= 70/ rate as a whole number
10=70/7

74
Q

What is called the average age that a newborn can expect to attain in a given society

A

Life expectancy/ life span

75
Q

What are the factors that increase or decrease life expectancy

A 
Incomes
Capita GDP
Employment
 Education
Healthcare systems 
Nutrition access 
Economic and social development
76
Q

What factors impact whether women in developing societies have many or few children

A

Education level
Economic and social development
Marriage
Age

77
Q

What interrelated changes are associated with a demographic transition in a country

A

Economic and social development

Technology, education, economics

EES 1070 (3 decks)

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