Exam 1 Flashcards
What are the steps of the scientific method?
Observation, Question, Hypothesis, Prediction, Tests/experiments, and conclusion
Hypothesis
A tentative answer to the question
theory
has been supported over many years with many scientists doing multiple experiments that all support the hypothesis.
How to design an experiment
Within an experiment, we have a positive and negative control. We then divide the controls into an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group can change while the controlled group is controlled.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of life
having a pulse
valence electrons
Valence electrons are in the outermost orbit and are used to form chemical bonds. There can be two atoms in the first orbit of an element, and a maximum of 8 in the second orbit. Whatever is left over is the amount of valence electrons.
ionic bonds have opposite charges
+/-
covalent bonds
share electrons
disulfide bridge
RSSR- the coupling of two thiol groups
hydrogen bonds
hydrogen bonds are the weakest bonds and they can be found between two water molecules.
weakest to strongest bonds
hydrogen, ionic, single covalent, double covalent, triple covalent
Isotope
is when there are more neutrons than what the atomic number tells us. example C13 = 6p + 7n
radioactive isotope
is when an atom cannot hold onto all the neutrons so it kicks one off, forming a radioactive isotope. like when carbon 14 kicks off one of the 8 neutrons.
atomic number
number of neutrons
atomic weight
a weighted average of protons and neutrons. Electrons are not included in this calculation because they are so lightweight.
element
single element
compound
2 or more separate elements together
characteristics of water
good coolant, good solvent, cohesion, adhesion, can form ice, is hard to change the temperature.
hydrophobic
hates water
hydrophilic
loves water
the characteristics of water are due to hydrogen bonds
true
hydrogens are pushed away allowing ice to float on water
true
water
polar covalent unequal bond due to the electronegativity of oxygen and the two hydrogens pulling each other in opposite directions.
electronegative
slight negative charge
what kind of bonds are inside a water molecule
polar covalent bonds
what kind of bonds are between two water moleules
hydrogen bonds
buffer
maintains the ph of a solution
when substracting ph6-ph4 you gain 2 so 100x
true
acidic on the ph scale
1-6
neutral on the ph scale
7
the only level of human blood on the ph scale
7.35-7.45- homeostasis of blood
basic on the ph scale
7.01-14
for every change in ph #, you either gain 10x or lose 10x hydrogens. the x is also referred to as a fold.
true
hydrolysis
the breaking of a compound by the addition of water
dehydration sythesis
the loss of a water molecule to form a new compound
hydrocarbon
a hydrocarbon is composed strictly of hydrogens and carbons
monomer
a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer
polymer
a bunch of monomers create a polymer.
macromolecule
a molecule that contains a very large number of atoms such as a protein, nucleic acid, or synthetic polymer.
hydrophobic
hydrophobic hates water
hydrophilic
hydrophilic loves water
polar
bonds that are partially ionic
nonpolar
covalent bonds with an equal sharing of electrons
4 types of organic compounds
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
the two characteristics of an organic compound
It is synthesized by cells and it contains carbon
what kind of bonds can carbon form
covalent
hydrocarbons are nonpolar and they do not dissolve in water
true
macromolecules
large molecules
macromolecules
are made up of polymers, which are joined units of small organic compounds called monomers.
Hemoglobin
is a polymer, made up of 4 monomers joined together
monomers->polymers->macromolecules
accurate
functional groups
tells us how the molecule will work and theyre used to make and break chemical bonds
R
represents the remainder of a molecule
hydroxyl group
R-OH
carbonyl group
R-COH (carbon has a double bond with oxygen)
What is an aldehyde composed of?
it has a carbonyl group at the end.. otherwise known as formaldehyde
Acetone
A ketone has an internal carbonyl group
a carboxyl group plus an amino group make up an amino acid
true
carboxyl group
R-COOH, polar, hydrophilic
amino group
R-NH2 can accept a hydrogen ion (h+, proton) which makes them weakly basic
Phosphate group
components of a nucleic acid (R-PO4H2)
Sulfhydryl group
R-SH
Methyl group
R-CH3
carbohydrates (CHO)
composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1
monosaccharide
a single carbohydrate
disaccharide
when two monosaccharides are linked together
polysaccharide
when three or more monosaccharides are linked together
disaccharides
formed through the formation of glycosidic linkage- linking of a central O to two carbons
there are two chemical linkages
dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis
dehydration synthesis
the loss of a water molecule to form a new compound
hydrolysis
the breaking of a compound by the addition of water
glucose
c6h12o6 (has to be in the 1:2:1 ratio)
deoxyribose
c5h10o5
has to be in the 1:2:1 ratio
polysaccharides
links of hundreds of thousands of saccharide molecules though dehydration synthesis
excess sugar in the diet is stored as
glycogen
glyogen
is stored in the liver and muscle cells.
joining two sugars, the bond between 2 glucose is glycosidic linkage
true
lipids
mostly carbon and hydrogen with few oxygen-containing functional groups. lipids are nonpolar and will not mix with water (hydrophobic). can only mix with nonpolar solvents
5 types of lipids
neutral fats, steroids, phospholipids, carotenoids, and waxes.
neutral fats
made of glycerol (alcohol) and 1,2, or 3 fatty acids.
When three fatty acids are linked to a glycerol molecule
triglyceride
unsaturated fatty acid
contains double bonds (liquid)
1 double bond=monosaturated, 2 or more=polysaturated
true
A saturated fatty acid contains single bonds, can impact more, and is a solid
true
Phospholipids: when a compound has both hydrophilic (glycerol head) and hydrophobic parts (fatty acid chains) the compound is amphipathic
true
what do phospholipids form when placed in water
bilayers
acids cannot break down fat, bile does
true
purpose of phospholipids
the major component of cell membranes
cartenoids
orange and yellow lipid pigments in plants. Insoluble in water. The purpose of cartenoids: photosynthesis
waxes
have one fatty acid linked to an alcohol. More hydrophobic than fats. The purpose is to protect and insulate. Waxes are the most hydrophobic fats.
steroids
purpose is to be used in the making of other organic compounds (cholesterol is a steroid)
proteins
enzymes are one type of protein and are extremely important in cellular function. an enzyme is a protein that changes the rate of a chemical reaction without changing its own chemical form.
amino acids contain a carboxy and amino group
COOH NH2
we cannot synthesize all the amino acids needed to sustain life- those that we cannot are called essential amino acids and must be obtained from diet
true
amino acids are linked together by dehydration synthesis and the bond between each amino acid is called a peptide bond.
true
polypeptide chains are made of
peptide bonds
2 glycins have
peptide bonds between them (dipeptide)
two amino acids linked together are known as
dipeptide
a chain of amino acids
polypeptide
how do you break the amino acid chain?
requires a molecule of water in the hydrolysis process
the shape of the protein contributes to its function
true! on test
primary structure
sequence of a chain of amino acids
secondary structure
the amino acid chain coils or unfolds, with hydrogen bonds holding the structure together.
a-helix
a spiral coil like a telephone chord ( found in hair, skin nails, wool)
b-sheet
hydrogen bonds form between different regions of the polypeptide and form a folded sheet. like a folded fan. (silk protein is an example)
tertiary structure
the protein takes on a 3-d shape and is called globular on fibrous, the shape is maintained with hydrogen bonding, ionic bonding, hydrophobic interactions(interior folds away from water) and/or disulfide bridges
disulfide bridges
form between the sulfhydryl groups found in the cysteines. The protein is now functional
quaternary structure
subunits of the protein bind together to form a large, multi unit protein
denaturation
when a protein is broken apart or its shape is changed in a process
purpose of proteins
structural support for cells, transport of compounds in and out of the cell, enzymatic reactions, and immune system responses.
nucleic acid determine the amino acid sequence of a protein
true
DNA and RNA are made up of nucleotides
nucleotides have 5 carbon sugars (deoxyribose for DNA) (ribose for RNA), one or more phosphate groups, and a nitrogenous base.
Dna nitrogenous base
deoxyribose, double stranded, double helix, 4 bases joined by hydrogen bonds across the helix. a=t
c=g
Rna nitrogenous base
ribose, single stranded, ribbon shaped, 4 bases but no hydrogen bonds because RNA is single stranded. Thymine is replaced by uracil. AUGC
Cetral dogma of genetics
dna->transcription->rna->translation->proteins (RNP)
