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Principles of Biology 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the steps of the scientific method?

A

Observation, Question, Hypothesis, Prediction, Tests/experiments, and conclusion

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2
Q

Hypothesis

A

A tentative answer to the question

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3
Q

theory

A

has been supported over many years with many scientists doing multiple experiments that all support the hypothesis.

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4
Q

How to design an experiment

A

Within an experiment, we have a positive and negative control. We then divide the controls into an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group can change while the controlled group is controlled.

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5
Q

Which of the following is not a characteristic of life

A

having a pulse

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6
Q

valence electrons

A

Valence electrons are in the outermost orbit and are used to form chemical bonds. There can be two atoms in the first orbit of an element, and a maximum of 8 in the second orbit. Whatever is left over is the amount of valence electrons.

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7
Q

ionic bonds have opposite charges

A

+/-

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8
Q

covalent bonds

A

share electrons

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9
Q

disulfide bridge

A

RSSR- the coupling of two thiol groups

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10
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

hydrogen bonds are the weakest bonds and they can be found between two water molecules.

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11
Q

weakest to strongest bonds

A

hydrogen, ionic, single covalent, double covalent, triple covalent

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12
Q

Isotope

A

is when there are more neutrons than what the atomic number tells us. example C13 = 6p + 7n

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13
Q

radioactive isotope

A

is when an atom cannot hold onto all the neutrons so it kicks one off, forming a radioactive isotope. like when carbon 14 kicks off one of the 8 neutrons.

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14
Q

atomic number

A

number of neutrons

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15
Q

atomic weight

A

a weighted average of protons and neutrons. Electrons are not included in this calculation because they are so lightweight.

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16
Q

element

A

single element

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17
Q

compound

A

2 or more separate elements together

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18
Q

characteristics of water

A

good coolant, good solvent, cohesion, adhesion, can form ice, is hard to change the temperature.

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19
Q

hydrophobic

A

hates water

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20
Q

hydrophilic

A

loves water

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21
Q

the characteristics of water are due to hydrogen bonds

A

true

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22
Q

hydrogens are pushed away allowing ice to float on water

A

true

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23
Q

water

A

polar covalent unequal bond due to the electronegativity of oxygen and the two hydrogens pulling each other in opposite directions.

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24
Q

electronegative

A

slight negative charge

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25
Q

what kind of bonds are inside a water molecule

A

polar covalent bonds

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26
Q

what kind of bonds are between two water moleules

A

hydrogen bonds

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27
Q

buffer

A

maintains the ph of a solution

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28
Q

when substracting ph6-ph4 you gain 2 so 100x

A

true

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29
Q

acidic on the ph scale

A

1-6

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30
Q

neutral on the ph scale

A

7

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31
Q

the only level of human blood on the ph scale

A

7.35-7.45- homeostasis of blood

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32
Q

basic on the ph scale

A

7.01-14

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33
Q

for every change in ph #, you either gain 10x or lose 10x hydrogens. the x is also referred to as a fold.

A

true

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34
Q

hydrolysis

A

the breaking of a compound by the addition of water

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35
Q

dehydration sythesis

A

the loss of a water molecule to form a new compound

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36
Q

hydrocarbon

A

a hydrocarbon is composed strictly of hydrogens and carbons

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37
Q

monomer

A

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer

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38
Q

polymer

A

a bunch of monomers create a polymer.

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39
Q

macromolecule

A

a molecule that contains a very large number of atoms such as a protein, nucleic acid, or synthetic polymer.

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40
Q

hydrophobic

A

hydrophobic hates water

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41
Q

hydrophilic

A

hydrophilic loves water

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42
Q

polar

A

bonds that are partially ionic

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43
Q

nonpolar

A

covalent bonds with an equal sharing of electrons

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44
Q

4 types of organic compounds

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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45
Q

the two characteristics of an organic compound

A

It is synthesized by cells and it contains carbon

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46
Q

what kind of bonds can carbon form

A

covalent

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47
Q

hydrocarbons are nonpolar and they do not dissolve in water

A

true

48
Q

macromolecules

A

large molecules

49
Q

macromolecules

A

are made up of polymers, which are joined units of small organic compounds called monomers.

50
Q

Hemoglobin

A

is a polymer, made up of 4 monomers joined together

51
Q

monomers->polymers->macromolecules

A

accurate

52
Q

functional groups

A

tells us how the molecule will work and theyre used to make and break chemical bonds

53
Q

R

A

represents the remainder of a molecule

54
Q

hydroxyl group

A

R-OH

55
Q

carbonyl group

A

R-COH (carbon has a double bond with oxygen)

56
Q

What is an aldehyde composed of?

A

it has a carbonyl group at the end.. otherwise known as formaldehyde

57
Q

Acetone

A

A ketone has an internal carbonyl group

58
Q

a carboxyl group plus an amino group make up an amino acid

A

true

59
Q

carboxyl group

A

R-COOH, polar, hydrophilic

60
Q

amino group

A

R-NH2 can accept a hydrogen ion (h+, proton) which makes them weakly basic

61
Q

Phosphate group

A

components of a nucleic acid (R-PO4H2)

62
Q

Sulfhydryl group

A

R-SH

63
Q

Methyl group

A

R-CH3

64
Q

carbohydrates (CHO)

A

composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1

65
Q

monosaccharide

A

a single carbohydrate

66
Q

disaccharide

A

when two monosaccharides are linked together

67
Q

polysaccharide

A

when three or more monosaccharides are linked together

68
Q

disaccharides

A

formed through the formation of glycosidic linkage- linking of a central O to two carbons

69
Q

there are two chemical linkages

A

dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis

70
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

the loss of a water molecule to form a new compound

71
Q

hydrolysis

A

the breaking of a compound by the addition of water

72
Q

glucose

A

c6h12o6 (has to be in the 1:2:1 ratio)

73
Q

deoxyribose

A

c5h10o5

has to be in the 1:2:1 ratio

74
Q

polysaccharides

A

links of hundreds of thousands of saccharide molecules though dehydration synthesis

75
Q

excess sugar in the diet is stored as

A

glycogen

76
Q

glyogen

A

is stored in the liver and muscle cells.

77
Q

joining two sugars, the bond between 2 glucose is glycosidic linkage

A

true

78
Q

lipids

A

mostly carbon and hydrogen with few oxygen-containing functional groups. lipids are nonpolar and will not mix with water (hydrophobic). can only mix with nonpolar solvents

79
Q

5 types of lipids

A

neutral fats, steroids, phospholipids, carotenoids, and waxes.

80
Q

neutral fats

A

made of glycerol (alcohol) and 1,2, or 3 fatty acids.

81
Q

When three fatty acids are linked to a glycerol molecule

A

triglyceride

82
Q

unsaturated fatty acid

A

contains double bonds (liquid)

83
Q

1 double bond=monosaturated, 2 or more=polysaturated

A

true

84
Q

A saturated fatty acid contains single bonds, can impact more, and is a solid

A

true

85
Q

Phospholipids: when a compound has both hydrophilic (glycerol head) and hydrophobic parts (fatty acid chains) the compound is amphipathic

A

true

86
Q

what do phospholipids form when placed in water

A

bilayers

87
Q

acids cannot break down fat, bile does

A

true

88
Q

purpose of phospholipids

A

the major component of cell membranes

89
Q

cartenoids

A

orange and yellow lipid pigments in plants. Insoluble in water. The purpose of cartenoids: photosynthesis

90
Q

waxes

A

have one fatty acid linked to an alcohol. More hydrophobic than fats. The purpose is to protect and insulate. Waxes are the most hydrophobic fats.

91
Q

steroids

A

purpose is to be used in the making of other organic compounds (cholesterol is a steroid)

92
Q

proteins

A

enzymes are one type of protein and are extremely important in cellular function. an enzyme is a protein that changes the rate of a chemical reaction without changing its own chemical form.

93
Q

amino acids contain a carboxy and amino group

A

COOH NH2

94
Q

we cannot synthesize all the amino acids needed to sustain life- those that we cannot are called essential amino acids and must be obtained from diet

A

true

95
Q

amino acids are linked together by dehydration synthesis and the bond between each amino acid is called a peptide bond.

A

true

96
Q

polypeptide chains are made of

A

peptide bonds

97
Q

2 glycins have

A

peptide bonds between them (dipeptide)

98
Q

two amino acids linked together are known as

A

dipeptide

99
Q

a chain of amino acids

A

polypeptide

100
Q

how do you break the amino acid chain?

A

requires a molecule of water in the hydrolysis process

101
Q

the shape of the protein contributes to its function

A

true! on test

102
Q

primary structure

A

sequence of a chain of amino acids

103
Q

secondary structure

A

the amino acid chain coils or unfolds, with hydrogen bonds holding the structure together.

104
Q

a-helix

A

a spiral coil like a telephone chord ( found in hair, skin nails, wool)

105
Q

b-sheet

A

hydrogen bonds form between different regions of the polypeptide and form a folded sheet. like a folded fan. (silk protein is an example)

106
Q

tertiary structure

A

the protein takes on a 3-d shape and is called globular on fibrous, the shape is maintained with hydrogen bonding, ionic bonding, hydrophobic interactions(interior folds away from water) and/or disulfide bridges

107
Q

disulfide bridges

A

form between the sulfhydryl groups found in the cysteines. The protein is now functional

108
Q

quaternary structure

A

subunits of the protein bind together to form a large, multi unit protein

109
Q

denaturation

A

when a protein is broken apart or its shape is changed in a process

110
Q

purpose of proteins

A

structural support for cells, transport of compounds in and out of the cell, enzymatic reactions, and immune system responses.

111
Q

nucleic acid determine the amino acid sequence of a protein

A

true

112
Q

DNA and RNA are made up of nucleotides

A

nucleotides have 5 carbon sugars (deoxyribose for DNA) (ribose for RNA), one or more phosphate groups, and a nitrogenous base.

113
Q

Dna nitrogenous base

A

deoxyribose, double stranded, double helix, 4 bases joined by hydrogen bonds across the helix. a=t
c=g

114
Q

Rna nitrogenous base

A

ribose, single stranded, ribbon shaped, 4 bases but no hydrogen bonds because RNA is single stranded. Thymine is replaced by uracil. AUGC

115
Q

Cetral dogma of genetics

A

dna->transcription->rna->translation->proteins (RNP)

Principles of Biology 1 (3 decks)

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