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Linguistics > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nature-nurture debate

A

What has a greater influence on who we are: genetics or environment?

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2
Q

Nature

A

Genetics

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3
Q

Nurture

A

Environment

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4
Q

Plato’s Problem

A

“How do people come to know so much on the basis of so little experience?”

All ideas are innate; coming from nature.

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5
Q

Empiricism

A

Knowledge is derived from the senses; we learn from nurture rather than nature

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6
Q

What point of view does Aristotle have?

A

Empiricist

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7
Q

Rationalism

A

Knowledge is innate; there are modules that guide our comprehension

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8
Q

What point of view does Descartes have?

A

Rationalist

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9
Q

Epistemology

A

How the mind/knowledge develops; the study of knowledge

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10
Q

The Innateness Hypothesis

A

Most of language is innate; we are born with instincts which helps us learn

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11
Q

Who proposed the Innateness Hypothesis?

A

Noam Chomsky

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12
Q

Empirical Science

A

Science should be based on real, measurable, observable data

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13
Q

Mind-Body Dualism

A

Mind and body are separate

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14
Q

Who Proposed mind-body system

A

Descartes

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15
Q

Idealism

A

Everything is in the mind; there is no “reality”

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16
Q

Materialism

A

There is no such thing as mind

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17
Q

Physicalism

A

The term “mind” is just a label for the chemical/electrical processes which takes place in the brain.

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18
Q

Behaviorism

A

We can only study observable behavior

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19
Q

What theory is J.B. Watson associated with?

A

Behaviorist

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20
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

Behaviorist who studied conditioned behavior

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21
Q

Cognitive Science

A

Interdisciplinary study of thinking, language, intelligence, knowledge, creation, and the brain.

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22
Q

Tri-Level Hypothesis

A

Computational Level
Algorithmic Level
Implementational Level

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23
Q

Computational/Functional Level

A

Description of problem being solved by the system

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24
Q

Algorithmic Level

A

Description of steps being carried out to solve a problem

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25
Q

Implementational Level

A

Description of the physical characteristics of the information processing system

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26
Q

Functionalism

A

We need to focus on the function of the various part of the mind and worry less about studying the actual brain; measuring brain processes is not going totell us much.

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27
Q

Structural Analogy

A

Different modules of the mind are structure in the same way

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28
Q

Sociobiology

A

Social behavior is based on social instincts

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29
Q

Serialsim/classical Approach

A

Step-wise system; there is a serial structure, one thing after another

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30
Q

Parallelism/Connectionist Approach (Cog. Sci.)

A

The mind works in many steps that run parallel to each other

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31
Q

Modularity

A

The idea that a system consists of separate independent parts

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32
Q

Phrenology

A

Early modularity; advocated by Fodor

33
Q

Fodor’s Criteria for Modules

A 
Domain-specificity
Mandatory
Informational encapsulation 
Shallow
Speed 
Subconscious
34
Q

Domain Specificity

A

Modules are made for specific tasks

35
Q

Modules are Mandatory

A

Automatic; cannot block

36
Q

Information Encapsulated in Modules

A

No information exchange between them

37
Q

Modules are shallow

A

We only know their output/result

38
Q

What kind of speed does modules have?

A

Fast

39
Q

Modules are subconscious meaning…

A

We are not aware of them/how they work

40
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

The human mind is large collection of modules, each being selected in the course of evolution to solve a specific problem

41
Q

Natural Language

A

Human languages that are spoken by many people

42
Q

Artificial Language

A

Humanlike languages created for amusement or for some practical purpose

43
Q

Three Dimensions of a word

A
  1. Form
  2. Category
  3. Meaning
44
Q

Relationship Between Form/Meaning/Category

A

Arbitrary; therefore, must be learned

45
Q

Phoneme

A

Mental unit that represents an infinite set of speech sounds; smallest unit of form

46
Q

Phoneme System

A

Every language has a specific inventory of consonant and vowel phonemes

47
Q

Phonotactic Constraints

A

Restrictions on how phonemes combine

48
Q

Allophone

A

“speech variety” of a phoneme; differences in pronunciation of a new phoneme

49
Q

Simplex Words

A

Consist of just one morpheme

50
Q

Complex Words

A

Consist of more than one meaningful part

51
Q

Morpheme

A

Minimal meaningful units of language

52
Q

What is the responsibility of the Lexicon

A

Responsible for everything that grammar can’t do.

53
Q

Morphology

A

Study of complex words; establishes the rules for making words by adding affixes to words or by combining words

54
Q

Syntax

A

Making sentences; study of the category of structure of words/sentences

55
Q

Dimensions of Linguistic Expressions

A

Phonological, Morpho-syntactic, and Semantic

56
Q

Phonology

A

Study of the form of words and sentences

57
Q

Semantics

A

Study of the meaning of words and sentences

58
Q

Phonetics vs. Phonology

A

Phonetics studies how sounds are made and perceived; phonology studies how sounds function in the language

59
Q

Grammaticality Judgement

A

Native speaker of language decides if a string of words is a syntactically well-formed/grammatical phrase in their language.

60
Q

Units in Phonology

A

Phonemes

61
Q

Units in Morphology

A

Morphemes

62
Q

Units in Syntax

A

Words

63
Q

Tree Diagram

A

Represents unit created when “A” and “B” are combined

64
Q

Terminal/Daughter Node

A

What is being combined

65
Q

Intermediate Node

A

Nodes between terminal and top nodes

66
Q

Top/Mother Node

A

Unit that is formed

67
Q

Syllable

A

Group of phonemes

68
Q

Morphological Rules

A

Set of rules that indicate how morphemes can be combined to form words

69
Q

Two kinds of syntax

A

Morphology/builds morpheme sentences

Syntax/builds word sentences

70
Q

–> Symbol

A

A –> C D

A can consist of C and D

71
Q

Recursion

A

A structure of type A inside a structure of type A

72
Q

IPA

A

International Phonetic Alphabet

73
Q

Speaking with an accent

A

Languages often have the same phonemes, but they can realize them differently; the differences form what we call accents

74
Q

Descriptive Linguistics

A

How languages are actually used

75
Q

Prescriptive Linguistics

A

How we are supposed to choose from/pronounce our words and form our sentences

76
Q

Methods of Linguistics

A 
Spontaneous data collection 
Guided production of utterances 
Grammaticality judgements by native speakers 
Phycholinguistics 
Neuroscience
77
Q

List people associated with Empiricist views

A

Locke, Berkeley, Hume, and Sampson

78
Q

List people associated with Rationalist views

A

Kant, Leibniz, Spinoza, James, Chomsky, Pinker

79
Q

What does the Lexicon contain?

A 
Morphemes 
Complex Words
Phrases 
Simple Sentences 
Complex Sentences

Linguistics (3 decks)

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