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Child Development > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

explain why correlation does not cause causation.

A

Doesn’t address directionality of relationship… this relationship could be due to a third variable.

(example: amount of time child spends reading is correlated with scholastic reading achievement.)
1. kids who are naturally better at reading are more likely to spend time reading
2. in homes with fewer resources, kids are less likely to have as many books and reading oppertunities.

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2
Q

how do we determine causality, and what makes a “true experiment”.

A
  1. Random assignment to different conditions

2. Control over what is experienced.

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3
Q

Which variable is manipulated?

A

independent variable.

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4
Q

what variable is measured?

A

Dependent Variable.

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5
Q

Explain dependant and independant variables and how they work

A

The dependent variable responds to the independent variable. It is called dependent because it “depends” on the independent variable. In a scientific experiment, you cannot have a dependent variable without an independent variable.

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6
Q

Explain reliability. and give the two types of reliability.

A

the degree to which a given measure is consistent with each measurement.

  1. interrater reliability
  2. Test-Retest Reliability
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7
Q

explain Validity and give the two types of Validity.

A

the degree to which a given measure is capturing the construct it is proposed to be measuring.

  1. Internal Validity
  2. External Validity
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8
Q

You can’t have _____ without ____ but you can have ____ without ______

A

Validity without reliability… reliability without Validity.

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9
Q

what does interrater reliability refer to?

A

refers to the fact that a researcher is observing ones behavior and the degree of reliability is how much the aspect of being observed is affecting the results

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10
Q

what is Test-retest reliability?

A

sometimes children are not giving you the right answers buby getting consistant answers in different way i.e. asking questions in different ways, that gives you test re-test reliability.

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11
Q

explain internal Validity:

A

weather or not the aspect of being in a lab is affecting the results i.e. a bunch of families are in the same experiment in the same lab and they all become close and proceed to get close to eachother and that could possibly be changing their behaviour and therefore changing the results.

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12
Q

explain external validity

A

lets say you are conducting an experiment in someones household, are they changing their behaviours because you are in their house? i.e. they could be embarressed by their normal behaviour and changing them like cleaning the house and having the kids behave better arround the researcher.

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13
Q

what is a cross sectional design?

A

compare children from different age groups on the same measure.

its not the greatest sometimes because sometimes the validity goes to shit (some things that matter to a 3 year old might not matter to a 16 year old) it doesnt allow us to track individual differnces over time

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14
Q

what is a longitudinal design?

A

getting a measure from the same group of children over time… it addresses how individual differences change through a lifespan…. although it difficult to follow the same group of children over time

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15
Q

explain a microgenetic design.

A

when you study a developing process at the age it is proposed to change… kinda like longitudinal design but shorter period between measures…. allows for anylizing individual differences in change

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16
Q

What does High amplitude sucking help to measure? why is it useful?

A

helps measure the babies intrest to a certian stimuli. higher sucking rate seems to show that the baby is more interested in something… pacifier connected to a computer. measures the change in air pressure by sucking

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17
Q

what happens when a baby habituates to a stimulus?

A

sucking rate goes down, and when noticing a chage it goes back up

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18
Q

what kind of things can preferential looking help us study in children?

A

eye and vision developement.

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19
Q

how long does it take children to have almost adult like vision i.e. the ability to keep fixated on things like faces?

A

by nine months

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20
Q

what is head turn measure?

A

basically the same concept as preferiential looking but here we measure with an auditory stimulus and see how the baby is reacting to it all while adding visual cues in the mix

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21
Q

how to remember the numbers in the WAIS Deveation IQ scores?

A

mean is 100 then you -/+ 15 for every standard deviation

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22
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of MRI

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has great spatial resolution, great soft tissue contrast

but the measure depends on the magnetic properties of hydrogen

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23
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of fMRI

A

great spatial resolution, and is non invasive & relatively child friendly

but has disadvantages with poor temporal resolution, is disrupted by movement, is very expensive and very loud

shows the exchange of oxygen

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24
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of DTI

A

all you can see is white matter in these scans.

used to image structure of white matter connectivity, uses same machine as MRI but undergoes a different “scan”

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25
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of ERP

A

average on-going EEG by stimulus type,

is time locked to the onset of a specific stimulus

Pros; excellent temporal resolution, noninvasive & very kid freindly

Disadvantages; poor spatial resolution, disrupted by motion & eye artifact

CAN BE USED AS AN INDEX OF INHIBITIONS

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26
Q

pros and cons of MEG

A

pros: spatial resolution, is basically MRI with temporal resolution of EEG
cons: cannot image subcortical areas, VERY expensive (under the cortexs)

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27
Q

What are Epigenetics?

A

genes are modified by experience– Modifications can be inherited by offspring

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28
Q

what is a genotype?

A

inherited genetic materials

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29
Q

what is a phenotype?

A

observable characteristics of the genotype

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30
Q

who was the father of Modern Genetics?

A

Gregor Mendel (1822-1884
austrian monk
studied pea plants

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31
Q

what does Homozygous mean?

A

same two alleles present

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32
Q

what does Heterozygous mean?

A

two different alleles

in this case, one of the alleles would be expressed dominant

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33
Q

what are genes?

A

sw

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34
Q

what are genes?

A

sets of chromosomes that are the basic unit of heredity in all living things—carry the code for proteins

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35
Q

what do regulatory genes do?

A

these genes control activity of other genes

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36
Q

difference in long and short alleles

A

Long Allele: greater serotonin transporter transcription

short alleles: less transcription– more susceptible to psychopathology, yet may offer cognitive advantage…. even more so if raised in a very nurturing environment

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37
Q

what can methylation do?

A

can alter the expression

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38
Q

changes in methylation occur with experience & are herriable, explain how this happens

A

If the mother experiences stress and the changes in mwthylation end up changing a specific gene, this gene could then be passed on to the future kids

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39
Q

which type of baby would have higher GR protein?

A

high nurtured one, low nurtured ones would show less of these proteins

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40
Q

name five different genetic disorders from recessive alleles:

A 
Albinism
Cystic fibrosis
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Tay-Sachs disease
Sickle cell disease
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41
Q

Name the genetic disorder from the 4th chromosome

A

huntingtons disease

42
Q

name the genetic disease on the 21st chromosome

A

down syndrome

43
Q

name the sex chromosome genetic disease

A

Hemophilia

44
Q

what, in order, are the 4 major steps of prenatal developement

A
  1. Conception
  2. Zygote
  3. Embryo
  4. Fetus
45
Q

explain conception:

A

when the egg and the sperm meet in the falopian tube;

46
Q

how many brain cells do you have as an infant compared to your parent?

A

roughly twice as many

47
Q

how many eggs is a female born with?

A

all the eggs she will ever have

48
Q

what is the largest human cell?

A

the egg

49
Q

what is the smallest human cell?

A

the sperm

50
Q

which sex cell is faster? Y or X

A

y

51
Q

how many sperms are release on an average ejaculation? a

A

about 500 000 000

52
Q

which sex has the higher rate of miscarriage ?

A

males, and happens most frequently in the zygotic phase

53
Q

what is a zygote

A

it is a fertilyzed cell with 46 chromosomes where 23 come from each parent

54
Q

what happens to the zygote?

A

it undergoes rapid cell division and turns into a blastocyte

55
Q

when does the germinal stage end?

A

when it implants into the uterine wall

56
Q

how long does the embryonic stage last approximately?

A

from week 3 to week 8

57
Q

what is cell migration?

A

movement of newly formed cells to destination

58
Q

what is cell differentiation?

A

Specialization of cells for given funtion

59
Q

what is cell death?

A

planned cell death allows for the formation of body part i.e. the hand…. the hand start off as a mitt and then what will eventually be the spaces between your fingers die off and create the spaces

60
Q

the three layers of the embryo is :

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

61
Q

in the embryo, the layer in which is eventually going to be the nervous system, inner ear, eye lens, outer layer of skin, and teeth is called the

A

ectoderm

62
Q

in the embryo, the layer in which is eventually going to be the muscles, bones, circulatory system, inner layers or skin and internal organs is called the:

A

mesoderm

63
Q

in the embryo, the layer in which is eventually going to be the digestive system, lungs, urinary tract and glands is called the

A

endoderm

64
Q

what is cephalocaudal development?

A

where areas closer to the heaad develop earlier than areas farther from the head

65
Q

what timeframe does the mothers heartbeat start driving blood throught the baby?

A

11 weeks in

66
Q

what timeframe is the fetal stage

A

weeks nine to birth

67
Q

when does the baby start to have facial expressions?

A

at about 20 weeks

68
Q

at what point can the baby start almost living on its own?

A

28 weeks

69
Q

explain how the baby experiences the five senses durring pregnancy

A

Vision: can’t see a whole lot

touch: feels its own body– face fingers umbilical cord

taste; amnionic fluid flavor varies with what the mother is eating

smell amnionic fluid varieswith mothers food intake

hearing: very loud environment… heart beat is very lour

70
Q

what are the three parts of the neural tube?

A

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

71
Q

in what steps in the neural tube formed?

A

outermost layer of embryonic cells turn into neural plate….neural groove.. neural tube

72
Q

what is the precursor for the nervous system?

A

neural tube

73
Q

neural tube defects :

A

SPINA BIFIDA

1 in 1000 live births in US

symptoms: 
 leg paralysis
 orthepedic abnormalities
 Reading disabilities
 difficulties with executive function skills
 other cognitive deficits
74
Q

what can help prevent SPINA BIFIDA?

A

diet rich in folic acid

75
Q

what happens withing week three to eight to the brain?

A

massive growth

76
Q

whats going on in brain developement in week 28?

A

cortical surface area expands, begins to fold

most neurons that you will ever have are now present

77
Q

what do the fold serve purpose for the brain?

A

allow for mor surface area so that the brain can fit inside the skull

78
Q

what happens in week 8-26 of brain developement?

A

cerebral cortex grows to cover midbrain

79
Q

what happens in weeks 28-40?

A

gyri and sulci of the brain begin to develop

80
Q

what is neurogenesis?

A

formation of new neurons (almost comeplete by 18 weeks gestation)

81
Q

Explain neuromigration

A

Neurons move from innermost layers of tissue outward via glial cells

cells formed earlier stay closer to theri origination

results in layers in the brain

82
Q

what are some defects of neuronal migration?

A

misplaced or oddly formed neurons,

child epilepsy

intellectual disabilities

83
Q

what may be caused by mutations in genes that control neural migration?

A

schizophrenia, dyslexia, autism

84
Q

what is synaptogenesis?

A

formation of synapses between neurons

huge growth from prenatal week 28 to 2 years of age

85
Q

what is synaptic pruning?

A

where the synapses are reduced due to no longer being needed

86
Q

what is neuroplasticity?

A

the brain is changing throughout life and prunes away synapse that we are not using

87
Q

how is synaptic pruning different in austistic kids?

A

their is a lack of pruning

88
Q

what does the frontal lobe do?

A

executive function (planning attention)

89
Q

what does the parietal lobe do?

A

spacial processing, information intergration

somatosensation

90
Q

what does the occipital lobe do

A

vision

91
Q

what does the temporal lobe do?

A

audition, memory, emotion processing

92
Q

what happens with grey matter in age ?

A

decreases

93
Q

what happens to white matter with age ?

A

increases into mid adulthood, then decreases

94
Q

what happens with cerebospinal fluid?

A

increases with age

95
Q

what regions in the brain would matrue early ?

A

sensory functions

96
Q

what regions in the brain would mature later in life?

A

regions for higher order

97
Q

explain sensitive periods and how is works with brian developement

A

timing of experience is key

Neural orginization of different areas occurs during specific periods in development

lack of stimulation during that period can alter brain function and may be irreversible

98
Q

when do cones approach adult functionality

A

8 months of age

99
Q

explain infant vision

A

starts off they can’t see much, 2% of light strikes fovea wheras 65% strike fovea in an adult…. babies vision is more like 20/120 in the 1st month. they can only really see shades of white in the first month bu then in months 2-3 they start to have adult like color perception and by 4-5 months that start to have adult like color preference

100
Q

infanrts look arround right from birth, but when does tracking objects become smoother?

A

by 2-3 months (if its a slow object) by 2 months they can scan an entire object and attention to overall shape and major details

101
Q

explain face perception

A

from birth infants show preference fro human faces

within 12 hours of exposure, an infant perfers the image of his mother

by four months, can discriminate between facial expressions

by nine months, infants develop a prototype for faces

Child Development (4 decks)

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