Exam 1 Flashcards
Chapters 1-6
relativism
idea that truth is relative to standards of a given culture
moral subjectivism
moral opinions are subjective
argument
presents consideration for accepting a claim
belief bias
tendency to evaluate reasoning by believability of its conclusion
confirmation bias
tendency to attach more weight to evidence that supports our viewpoint
heuristics
gen earl rules we unconsciously follow in estimating probabilities
availability heuristic
unconsciously assigning probability on basis of how often you think of that event
false consensus effect
inclination we may have to assume our attitudes and those others have are shared by society at large
relational needs
essential elements we look for in our relationships with other people
instrumental needs
communicating to meet practical every day needs
action model
communication as a one way process
encode
put an idea into language
interaction model
describes communication as a process shaped by feedback and context
transaction model
describes communication as a process in which everyone is simultaneously sender and receiver
content dimension
literal info thats communicated by a message
relational dimension
signals about the relationship in which a message is being communicated
metacommunication
communication about communication
interpersonal communication
communication with yourself
interpersonal communication
communication with 2 people in context of their relationship
cognitive complex
ability to understand a given situation in multiple ways
infinite generativity
ability to produce endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words/rules
phonology
sound system of a language
morphology
units of meaning involved in word formation
syntax
way words are combined
semantics
meaning of words and sentences
pragmatics
appropriate use of language in different contexts
telegraphic speech
short/precise words without grammatical markers (ex: articles)
fast mapping
helps explain how young children learn connection between words and referent so quickly
whole language approach
reading instruction should parallel children’s natural language learning
phonics approach
reading should teach basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds
broca’s area
area of the brain’s left frontal lobe that’s involved in language comprehension
wernicke’s area
area of the brain’s left hemisphere that’s involved in language comprehension
aphasia
loss or impairment of language processing as a result of damage to Broca’s or wernicke’s area
child directed speech
higher pitch and simple words
recasting
rephrasing something a kid said
expanding
restate what the kid said
labeling
identify name of object
6 characteristics of nonverbal communication
- present in most communication context
- often conveys more info than verbal
- usually believed over verbal
- primary means of expressing emotion
- it metacommunicates
- serves multiple functions
immediacy behaviors
nonverbal signs of affection
oculesics
study of eye behavior
gesticulation
use of arm and hand movements to communicate
emblems
gestures with direct verbal translation (ex.- waving hello)
illustrators
gestures that go with words in order to clarify
affect displays
communicates emotion (ex- wring hands when nervous)
regulators
control the flow of conversation (ex- raise hands)
adapters
satisfy person need (ex- itch)
haptics
study of sense of touch
vocalics
characteristics of voice that communicates meaning
paralanguage
vocalic behaviors that communicate meaning along with verbal behavior
olfactics
study of sense of smell
proxemics
study of use of space
halo effect
predisposition to attribute positive qualities to attractive people
artifacts
objects/ visual features that reflect person’s identity preferences
interpersonal attraction
draws people together
social attraction
attracted to someone’s personality
task attraction
attracted to person’s ability
uncertainty reduction theory
people find uncertainty unpleasant, so that’s why we get to know one another
social exchange theory
people seek to maintain relationships where benefits outweigh costs
comparison level
expectation of what one wants and what they think they deserve in a relationship
comparison level for alternatives
assessment of how much better or worse current relationship is compared to other options
equity theory
good relationships = ratio of cost/benefits is equal to partner’s
relational maintenance behaviors theory
primary behaviors people use to maintain relationships
social penetration theory
depth and breadth of self disclosure help us learn about a person
- breadth= range of topics
- depth= how intimate/personal
norm of reprocity
social expectation that favors should be reciprocated
conflict management strategies
- avoiding
- accommodating
- compromising
- competing
- collaborating
demand withdraw pattern
one partner makes demands and the other partner responds by withdrawing
low context cultures
people are to be direct and say what you mean
high context culture
speak in an indirect and inexplicit way
low power distance culture
people believe no one person or group should have excessive power
high power distance culture
certain groups have far greater power than average citizen
monochromic culture
view time as a commodity
polychronic culture
time is fluid, holistic, infinite
uncertainty avoidance
people try to avoid situations that are unstructured, unclear, unpredictable
ethnocentrism
tendency to judge other’s culture’s practices as inferior to one’s own
code switch
switch between jargon and plain language in order to be understood by others
