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psychology 100 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is science?

A

realizes it might be wrong. over many studies we build up proper results. we don’t “prove” things.

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2
Q

What is pseudoscience?

A

information that is not supported by science but may appear to be. a set of claims that seems scientific but isn’t. lacks safeguards against confirmation bias and belief perseverance.

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3
Q

Confirmation bias

A

tendency to prefer information that confirms what a person thought in the first place

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4
Q

belief perseverance

A

tendency to maintain a belief even when evidence suggests it’s incorrect.

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5
Q

warning signs of pseudoscience

A

overuse of ad hoc immunizing hypothesis. ad hoc: a loophole or other excuse that people defending a theory can use to protect their theory from falsification

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6
Q

Falsification

A

proof that something is false

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7
Q

anecdotal evidence,

A

evidence based on anecdotes. heavily relied on personal testimony.

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8
Q

What fallacies make us susceptible to pseudoscience?

A

Emotional reasoning fallacy, bandwagon, not me, argument from antiquity.

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9
Q

Emotional reasoning fallacy

A

use our emotions as guides for evaluation validity of a claim

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10
Q

bandwagon

A

assuming a claim must be correct bc lots of people believe it.

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11
Q

“not me” fallacy

A

believing you’re immune from errors in thinking that afflict other people

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12
Q

argument from antiquity fallacy

A

assuming a belief must be accurate bc it’s been around for a long time

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13
Q

dangers of pseudoscience

A

1) opportunity costs-> missing opportunity 2) Direct harm-> cause actual harm

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14
Q

scientific skepticism/critical thinking

A

evaluating all claims with an open mind BUT insisting on persuasive evidence before accepting them

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15
Q

principles of scientific thinking

A

ruling out rival hypothesis (are there other responses we could have found the results), falsifiability, replicability (can you replicate the same results)

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16
Q

psychology

A

scientific studies of behavior and mental processes. scientific studies of mind, brain, and behavior.

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17
Q

industrial/organizational psychology

A

psychology of work. who to select. how to train. are they engaged?

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18
Q

steps of the scientific method

A

1)pose a question 2) conduct a literature review 3) develop hypothesis/research question 4) do the research 5) analyze and draw conclusions

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19
Q

construct

A

what you want to measure (?) ex: intelligence

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20
Q

operational

A

what you use to measure constructs (?) ex: IQ tests

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21
Q

reliability

A

consistency. how to measure it: parallel forms

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22
Q

validity

A

it tells us whether the test is measuring what it’s supposed to measure

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23
Q

naturalistic observation

A

observing people/animals in the real world (secretly)

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24
Q

pros of naturalistic obersvation

A

it’s likely to apply to the real world

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25
Q

cons of naturalistic observation

A

unlikely to see rare events. can’t tell whether x caused y. if people knew they’re being watched they may change their behavior

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26
Q

case studies

A

detailed observations about 1 (or a few) individuals

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27
Q

pros of case studies

A

prove that something does exist. useful if something is in rare occurrence

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28
Q

cons of case studies

A

anecdotal. can’t say x caused y

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29
Q

pros of surveys and questionnaires

A

easy to use. cheap. gather a lot of info quickly

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30
Q

cons of surveys and questionnaires

A

people may lie to make themselves sound better. easy to make a mistake sampling people

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31
Q

random sampling

A

procedure that ensures every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate. who responds is also important.

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32
Q

correlation studies

A

measure two or more things and see if they’re related

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33
Q

pros of correlation studies

A

can help predict things

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34
Q

cons of correlation studies

A

can’t cay x caused y. correlation isn’t causation.

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35
Q

0, -1, and 1

A

0 is weak correlation, -1 and 1 are strong. direction: negative and positive.

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36
Q

experiments

A

can determine cause and effect.

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37
Q

requirements for experiments

A

1) random assignments of participants to conditions. a control group. one or more experimental groups. 2) manipulation of independent variable (IV)

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38
Q

control group

A

doesn’t receive treatment/manipulation

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39
Q

experimental group

A

receives treatment/manipulation

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40
Q

independent variable

A

what the experimenter manipulates

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41
Q

dependent variable

A

the outcome. what’s being measured changes due to the level of the IV

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42
Q

placebo effect

A

when the people in the experiment think they’re getting the treatment but they’re not and have symptoms of the treatment

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43
Q

double blind procedure

A

A double-blind study is one in which neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is receiving a particular treatment. This procedure is utilized to prevent bias in research results.

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44
Q

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

A

they review the ethics of a study and approves of it or not.

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45
Q

consent

A

consent form: tells the purpose of the study, duration, potential risks/discomfort/adverse effects, allowed to withdrawal, gives contact info for principle investigator

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46
Q

debriefing

A

informs about any deception. gives info about what the study is about

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47
Q

mean

A

average.

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48
Q

pros of mean

A

useful for lots of statistical analysis.

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49
Q

cons of mean

A

extreme values can effect the results (really high and low numbers)

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50
Q

median

A

middle number in an ordered set

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51
Q

mode

A

the number that is repeated the most

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52
Q

variability

A

how loosely or tightly clustered the data points are.

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53
Q

standard deviation

A

a measure of variability

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54
Q

inferential statistics

A

stats that allow us to determine whether we can generalize out findings from the sample to the population.

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55
Q

statistical significance

A

tests to determine statistically is we can generalize our findings due to random chance. affected by sample size

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56
Q

practical significance

A

is the effect large enough to matter

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57
Q

parts of the neuron

A

dendrites, soma, axon, myelin sheath, axon terminal, synapse

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58
Q

dendrites

A

receive signals from other neurons

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59
Q

soma

A

cell body performs basic activities to keep neuron functional

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60
Q

axon

A

carries into towards other neurons

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61
Q

myelin sheath

A

protective sleeve of fatty material that surrounds the axon. glial cells promote new connections among nerve cells, inc. reliability of signal/transmission

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62
Q

axon terminal

A

where neuro chemicals leave. knob-like structures: release neuro chemicals into the synapse

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63
Q

synapse

A

the gap between two dendrites

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64
Q

resting potential

A

neuron has slight negative charge. no neurotransmitters acting on neuron

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65
Q

action potential

A

electrical impulse travels down axon. it triggers release of neuro chemicals. it is how neurons communicate.

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66
Q

inhibitory signal

A

more negative charge, less likely to have action potential

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67
Q

excitatory signal

A

if a signal is strong enough-> action potential

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68
Q

all or none

A

axon fires or it doesn’t

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69
Q

absolute refractory period

A

brief interval after action potential where new action potential can’t happen

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70
Q

reuptake

A

The reabsorption of a secreted substance by the cell that originally produced and secreted it. (goes back home)

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71
Q

cerebrum(forebrain)

A

part of the brain that allows advances intellectual abilities

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72
Q

corpus callosum

A

bundle or neurons that connects and allows communication between the two hemispheres of the brain

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73
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outermost part of the cerebrum (forebrain), responsible for analyzing sensory info and helping to perform complex brain function

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74
Q

frontal lobe

A

responsible for complex thinking tasks, planning, purposeful activities, motor function, language, memory and executive functioning(overseeing and organizing)

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75
Q

Motor cortex

A

inside frontal lobe next to parietal. responsible for voluntary movement

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76
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

for thinking, executive control, planning, language, mood, personality and self-awareness.

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77
Q

broca’s area

A

in prefrontal that helps control speech production. problems: long pauses between words, relevant words, not many words, grammar

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78
Q

parietal lobe

A

for touch and perception. if damaged: ignoring everything on one side of visual field.

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79
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

inside parietal and next to frontal. involved in receiving info from the senses. sensitive to touch, pressure, pain, and temperature. relays visual and touch info to motor cortext

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80
Q

occipitcal lobe

A

vision

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81
Q

temporal lobe

A

plays role in hearing, understanding language and memory.

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82
Q

auditory cortex

A

devoted to hearing

83
Q

lower part of temporal lobe

A

critical to storing memories of autobiographical events

84
Q

wernicke’s area

A

in temporal lobe and (slightly) in parietal. above and behind left ear. aids in understanding speech. when damaged people speak gibberish

85
Q

thalamus

A

brains main sensory processing area. gateway from sensory organs to primary sensory cortext

86
Q

limbic system

A

emotional center of the brain, plays role in smell, motivation, and memory . processes info about out internal states (BP, HR, and sweat) includes hypothalamus, amygdala and hippocampus

87
Q

hypothalamus

A

regulates and maintains constant body states. plays roles in emotion, and motivation. helps regulate hunger, thirst, sexual motivation and emotional behaviors. controls body temp. HR, and breathing

88
Q

amygdala

A

important for emotional, especially fear

89
Q

hippocampus

A

responsible for memory ,especially spatial memory (mental maps) and long-term memory. important for forming new memories bc you need the hippocampus to convert short-term memories to long-term

90
Q

cerebellum

A

important for balance, enables us to coordinate movement and learn motor skills

91
Q

are concussions ans subconcussive impacts dangerous?

A

yes(?)

92
Q

10% myth

A

false

93
Q

plasticity

A

the brain’s ability to change and adapt as a result of experience.

94
Q

neurogenesis

A

Neurogenesis refers to the process by which neurons or nerve cells are generated in the brain.

95
Q

behavioral genetics

A

tries to answer nature vs. nuture

96
Q

family studies

A

researchers look at traits, disorders, etc, that run in families. could be due to genes or environment

97
Q

twin studies

A

Comparisons between monozygotic (identical) twins and dizygotic (fraternal) twins are conducted to evaluate the degree of genetic and environmental influence on a specific trait.

98
Q

adoption studies

A

used to estimate the degree to which a trait varies in response to environmental and genetic variation.

99
Q

sensation

A

detection of physical energy by sense organs

100
Q

perception

A

brains interpretation of raw sensory inputs. perception isn’t a perfect translation of the world around us

101
Q

process of perception

A

event->sensation -> transduction -> perception

102
Q

transduction

A

each sense organ has a mechanism for converting external stimulus into neural messages

103
Q

perceptions can be influences by

A

synesthesia and the mcGurk effect.

104
Q

synesthesia

A

cross-modal sensations. ex: hearing sounds when seeing colors or tasting/smelling words.

105
Q

McGurk Effect

A

the words we perceive others saying are influenced by vision and hearing

106
Q

sensory interaction

A

the idea that senses can influence each other

107
Q

inattention blindness

A

failure to notice something in your visual field bc your attention was focused elsewhere. it’s likely to happen with things we find interesting/important

108
Q

change blindness

A

a failure to notice changes in the visual field simply bc a person expects otherwise

109
Q

selective attention

A

when the brain pays more attention to one sensory channel than others

110
Q

pupil

A

circular hole where light enters the eye

111
Q

iris

A

colors circular muscle in the center of the eye that controls pupil and how much light enters the eye

112
Q

cornea

A

covers the iris and pupil. contains cells that focus light on retina

113
Q

lens

A

the clear layer under the surface of the eye that maintains focus on an object by varying its own shape

114
Q

retina

A

membrane at the back of the eye responsible for converting light into neural activity (transduction)

115
Q

fovea

A

central part of retina. responsible for activity contains many cones (for color) no rods

116
Q

rods

A

receptor cells in retina detect shades of grey. allows us to see basic shapes and forms, allows us to see levels of lights

117
Q

cones

A

allow us to see color

118
Q

steps of seeing

A

cornea-> pupil (iris controls)->lens (focus light)-> retina

119
Q

Optic Nerve

A

nerve that travels from retina to brain

120
Q

trichromatic theory

A

cones for blue, green and red.

121
Q

opponent process theory

A

we perceive colors in terms of three pairs. red/green, blue/yellow, and black/white. ex: after images

122
Q

blindisght

A

the ability of people who are blind and have damage to their cortex to make correct guesses about thing around them

123
Q

visual agnosia

A

can identify things but can’t recognize the name

124
Q

pinna

A

the part of the ear that you can

125
Q

ear canal

A

conducts sound waves to the eardrum

126
Q

eardrum

A

a surface stretched taut across the ear canal aka tympanic membrane

127
Q

ossicles

A

three smallest bones in the body. vibrate at the frequency of the sound. transmit vibrations from the eardrum to the innter ear

128
Q

cochlea

A

inner part filled with thick liquid. vibrations disturbs fluid. hair cells in the fluid convert the movement into action potential (transduction)

129
Q

types of taste

A

sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami, fatty(?), starch(?)

130
Q

somatosensory

A

controls sense of touch, temp., and pain.

131
Q

automatic responses

A

somatic nerves-> spinal cord. signal goes to the spinal cord & back without going to the brain)

132
Q

pain

A

different people have different tolerances . has emotional component. controlling thoughts can hep with pain. not feeling pain is bad

133
Q

pain

A

different people have different tolerances . has emotional component. controlling thoughts can hep with pain. not feeling pain is bad

134
Q

Proprioception/Kinesthetic Sense

A

sense of body position

135
Q

vestibular sense

A

our sense of balance/equilibrium detects movement of gravity

136
Q

semi circular canals

A

send info to our brain stem and cerebrum. • Disagreements between the vestibular sense and vision can lead to car sickness

137
Q

top-down processing

A

expectations and previous experiences influences what you perceive

138
Q

bottom up processing

A

what you sense becomes a perception with no influence of expectations or previous experiences; data driven

139
Q

perceptual constancy

A

process by which we perceive stimuli consistently across varied conditions

140
Q

shape constancy

A

see how the shape of something varies but we still recognize it

141
Q

size constancy

A

as people/objects are farther from us they take up less space in out visual field

142
Q

color constancy

A

we evaluate colors in terms of context. how brains factor in lighting when determining what color something is.

143
Q

gestalts principle of organization

A

rules governing how we perceive objects as wholes within their overall context

144
Q

proximity

A

physically close -> same group

145
Q

similarity

A

similar items are more likely to form a group than other dissimilar ones

146
Q

continuity

A

we perceive objects as whole even if other objects block part of them.

147
Q

closure

A

when partial information is present our brains fill in what’s missing

148
Q

symmetry

A

we perceive objects that are symmetrically arranged as wholes more often than those that aren’t

149
Q

figure ground

A

we focus on what we believed to be the central figure and ignore the background

150
Q

monocular depth cues

A

the qualities of visual stimuli that indicate depth when only using one eye

151
Q

relative size

A

close objects are larger

152
Q

surface texture/texture gradient

A

closer objects have more detailed texture

153
Q

interposition

A

of one blocks another the first object is the closer object

154
Q

linear perspective

A

parallel lines seem to converge farther away

155
Q

light and shadow

A

objects cast shadows that give a sense of their 3D form

156
Q

height and plane

A

distant objects are higher than nearer objects

157
Q

binocular depth cues

A

the qualities of visual stimuli that indicate depth using both eyes

158
Q

binocular disparity/retinal disparity

A

for closer objects there more disparity between what each eye sees than there is for more far away objects

159
Q

binocular convergence

A

for objects tat are far away our eyes look straight ahead. the closer an object is the more our eyes turn inward (converge)

160
Q

three systems of memory

A

1) sensory memory 2)short-term memory 3)long-term memory

161
Q

sensory memory

A

a brief storage of perceptual info before it’s passed to ST memory. maintains memories in “buffer” area. allows us to fill in the blanks

162
Q

iconic memory

A

visual sensory memory of all the info your eyes took in during the previous sseconds

163
Q

echoic memory

A

auditory sensory memory of all the info the ears took in the previous few seconds

164
Q

short-term memory

A

memory system that retains info for limited durations then discards the information/passes it on to LT memory

165
Q

working memory

A

our ability to hold info. we’re currently thinking about attending to, or processing actively

166
Q

duration of ST

A

no more than 20 seconds

167
Q

capacity of of ST

A

7+ or -2

168
Q

chunking

A

organizing info into meaningful grouping allowing us to extend the span of our set memory

169
Q

rehearsal

A

repeating into to extend the duration of retention in ST memory

170
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A

repeating stimuli in their original form to retain them in ST memory

171
Q

elaborate rehearsal

A

adding meaning/association to improve retention of info in ST memory

172
Q

long term memory

A

relatively enduring (minutes to years) retention of info stored regarding our facts, experience, and skills

173
Q

how to ST and LT differ?

A

short term: 7+ or -2 and 20 sec.

Long term: huge and decades

174
Q

explicit memory

A

memories we recall intentionally and of which we have conscious memory

175
Q

semantic memory

A

our knowledge or facts about the work

176
Q

episodic memories:

A

our recollection of events in our lives, personal, and first hand experiences

177
Q

implicit memories

A

memories we dont deliberately remember or reflect on consciously

178
Q

procedural memory

A

memory for how to do things (motor skills and habits)

179
Q

priming:

A

our ability to identify a stimulus more easily/quickly after we’ve encountered similar stimuli

180
Q

three processes of memory

A

Encoding-> Storage-> retrieval

181
Q

encoding

A

the process of getting info to out memory banks. must be paying attention in order to encode

182
Q

levels of processing

A

visual, phonological (sound) and semantic (meaning)

183
Q

mnemonics

A

a specific technique or strategy deliberately used to enhance memory. must be internal not external ex: chunking or roygbiv

184
Q

storage

A

process of keeping info in our memories

185
Q

schema

A

organized knowledge structure or mental model that we’ve stored in our memory

186
Q

problems with schemas

A

over simplifies things, may cause us to use stereotypes

187
Q

retrieval

A

reactivation or reconstruction of experiences from our memory store

188
Q

retrieval error

A

can’t access the info at the moment but do know the info

189
Q

retrieval cues

A

hints that make it easier for us to recall info

190
Q

ways to access memory

A

recall, recognition, relearning

191
Q

recall

A

generating previously remembered info

192
Q

recognition

A

selecting previously remembered info from an array of options

193
Q

relearning

A

reaquiring knowledge that we’d previously learned but largely forgotten over time. measured in terms of savings

194
Q

distributed practice

A

over time

195
Q

massed practice

A

all at once

196
Q

Suggestive Memory Techniques

A

procedures that encourage patients to recall memories that may or may not have taken place. can often create new recollections

197
Q

misinformation effect

A

the tendency of false or misleading information presented after the fact to be mistakenly incorporated into memory

198
Q

implanted memories

A

ask participants if they saw bugs bunny at Disneyland and they said yes

199
Q

eye witness testimony

A

Most common cause of wrongful convictions. Confidence isn’t correlated well with actual accuracy. most accurate when closer to the time of the crime

200
Q

problems with eye witnesses

A

identifying people of other races. weapon focus. line ups

201
Q

Primacy Effect

A

The tendency to show greater memory for information that comes first in a sequence.

202
Q

Recency Effect

A

The tendency to show greater memory for information that comes last in a sequence.

203
Q

decay

A

memory fades due to passage of time

204
Q

interference

A

memories encoded in long-term memory are forgotten, and cannot be retrieved into short-term memory effectively due to either memories interfering, or hampering, one another

psychology 100 (3 decks)

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