Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

1.1 systems of linear equations

What is row equivalence in matrices?

A

Two matrices are row equivalent if there is a sequence of elementary row operations that transforms one matrix into the other.

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2
Q

1.1 systems of linear equations

If the augmented matrices of two linear systems are row equivalent, what can you say about their solution set?

A

The two systems have the same solution set.

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3
Q

1.2 row reduction and echelon forms

What three properties must a matrix satisfy to be in echelon form?

Reduced echelon form?

A
  1. All nonzero rows are above any rows of all zeros.
  2. Each leading entry of a row is in a column to the right of the leading entry of the row above it.
  3. All entries in a column below a leading entry are zeroes.

Reduced:

  1. The leading entry in each nonzero row is 1.
  2. Each leading 1 is the only nonzero entry in its column.
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4
Q

1.2 row reduction and echelon forms

What is consistency?
What is uniqueness?

A

Consistent: at least one solution exists.
Uniqueness: If a solution exists, it is the only solution.

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5
Q

1.2 row reduction and echelon forms

What can you say about the uniqueness of the reduced echelon form?

A

Each matrix is row equivalent to one and only one reduced echelon matrix.

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6
Q

1.2 row reduction and echelon forms

What is a pivot position in a matrix A?

A

A location in A that corresponds to a leading 1 in the reduced echelon form of A.

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7
Q

1.2 row reduction and echelon forms

What is a pivot column in a matrix A?

A

A pivot column is a column of A that contains a pivot position.

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8
Q

1.2 row reduction and echelon forms

What is a basic variable?
What is a free variable?

A

Basic: Described in terms of the free variable(s)
Free: We may choose any value for this variable.

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9
Q

1.2 row reduction and echelon forms

If a linear system is consistent, what does the echelon form of a matrix look like?

A

The rightmost column of the augmented matrix is not a pivot column. e.g. there is no row of the form

[0 … 0 b]

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10
Q

1.2 row reduction and echelon forms

If a linear system is consistent, what can you say about its solution set?

A

Contains either (i) a unique solution, when there are no free variables, or (ii) infinitely many solutions, when there is at least one free variable.

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11
Q

1.3 Vector Equations

What is the zero vector?

A

Vector whose entries are all 0.

e.g. np.matrix(‘0; 0; 0; 0’)

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12
Q

1.3 Vector Equations

What is a linear combination?

A

Given vectors v1, v2, …, vp in R^n and given scalars c1, c2, …, cp, the vector y defined by

y = c1v1 + c2v2 + … + cpvp

is a linear combination of v1, …, vp with weights c1, …, cp.

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13
Q

1.3 Vector Equations

What is the relationship between the solution sets of augmented matrices and vector equations?

A

A vector equation
x1a1 + x2a2 + … + xnan = b

has the same solution set as
[a1 a2 … an b]

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14
Q

1.3 Vector Equations

When can b be generated by a linear combination of a1, …, an?

A

If and only if there exists a solution to the linear system corresponding to [a1 a2 … an b]

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15
Q

1.3 Vector Equations

What is Span {v1, …, vp} in terms of linear combinations?

What is this called?

A

The set of all linear combinations of v1, …, vp.

Called the subset of R^n spanned/generated by v1, …, vp.

e.g. the set of all vectors that can be written in the form
c1v1 + c2v2 + … + cpvp

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16
Q

1.3 Vector Equations

How do you compute if a vector b is in Span{v1, …, vp}?

A

Ask whether the vector equation
x1v1 + x2v2 + … + xpvp = b
has a solution,

or equivalently, asking whether a system with the augmented matrix
[v1 … vp b] has a solution.

17
Q

1.3 Vector Equations

Why must the zero vector be in Span{v1, …, vp}?

A

Because no matter what each vector in a linear combination is, you can have weights such that
0v1 + … + 0vp,
which will always be the zero vector.

18
Q

1.4 The Matrix Equation Ax=b

If A is an mxn matrix, with columns a1, …, an, and if x is a vector in R^n, then what is the product of A and x?

A

The product is the linear combination of the columns of A using the corresponding entries in x as weights.

e.g. Ax = [a1 a2 … an] * np.matrix(‘x1 ; …; xn’)
= x1a1 + x2a2 + … + xnan

19
Q

1.4 The Matrix Equation Ax=b

If you have the matrix equation Ax=b, what vector equation and system of linear equations does it have the same solution set as?

A

Ax = b

x1a1 + x2a2 + … + xnan = b, where each an is a vector and each x is a component.

[a1 a2 … an b]

20
Q

1.4 The Matrix Equation Ax=b

Under what conditions does Ax=b have a solution?

A

if and only if b is a linear combination of the columns of A.

21
Q

1.4 The Matrix Equation Ax=b

Given:
Each b in R^m, the equation Ax=b has a solution

What other statements are logically equivalent?

A
  1. For each b in R^m, the equation Ax=b has a solution
  2. Each b in R^m is a linear combination of the columns of A
  3. The columns of A span R^m
  4. the coefficient matrix A has a pivot position in every row.
22
Q

1.4 The Matrix Equation Ax=b

If A is an mxn matrix, u and v are vectors in R^n, and c is a scalar, then what are some properties about how they multiply?

A

a. A(u+v) = Au + Av

b. A(cu) = c(Au)

23
Q

1.5 Solution Sets of Linear Systems

When is a system of linear equations said to be homogenous?

A

If it can be written in the form Ax = 0.

Always has at least one solution (x=0)

24
Q

1.5 Solution Sets of Linear Systems

What is the trivial solution?

A

x=0 (the zero vector in R^m).

25
Q

1.5 Solution Sets of Linear Systems

When does the homogeneous equation Ax=0 have a nontrivial solution?

A

If and only if the equation has at least one free variable.

26
Q

1.5 Solution Sets of Linear Systems

Suppose the equation Ax=b is consistent for some given b, and let p be a solution.

What is the solution set of Ax=b?

A

The set of all vectors of the form w = p + v_h, where v_h is any solution of the homogeneous equation Ax=0.