Exam 1 Flashcards
1.1 systems of linear equations
What is row equivalence in matrices?
Two matrices are row equivalent if there is a sequence of elementary row operations that transforms one matrix into the other.
1.1 systems of linear equations
If the augmented matrices of two linear systems are row equivalent, what can you say about their solution set?
The two systems have the same solution set.
1.2 row reduction and echelon forms
What three properties must a matrix satisfy to be in echelon form?
Reduced echelon form?
- All nonzero rows are above any rows of all zeros.
- Each leading entry of a row is in a column to the right of the leading entry of the row above it.
- All entries in a column below a leading entry are zeroes.
Reduced:
- The leading entry in each nonzero row is 1.
- Each leading 1 is the only nonzero entry in its column.
1.2 row reduction and echelon forms
What is consistency?
What is uniqueness?
Consistent: at least one solution exists.
Uniqueness: If a solution exists, it is the only solution.
1.2 row reduction and echelon forms
What can you say about the uniqueness of the reduced echelon form?
Each matrix is row equivalent to one and only one reduced echelon matrix.
1.2 row reduction and echelon forms
What is a pivot position in a matrix A?
A location in A that corresponds to a leading 1 in the reduced echelon form of A.
1.2 row reduction and echelon forms
What is a pivot column in a matrix A?
A pivot column is a column of A that contains a pivot position.
1.2 row reduction and echelon forms
What is a basic variable?
What is a free variable?
Basic: Described in terms of the free variable(s)
Free: We may choose any value for this variable.
1.2 row reduction and echelon forms
If a linear system is consistent, what does the echelon form of a matrix look like?
The rightmost column of the augmented matrix is not a pivot column. e.g. there is no row of the form
[0 … 0 b]
1.2 row reduction and echelon forms
If a linear system is consistent, what can you say about its solution set?
Contains either (i) a unique solution, when there are no free variables, or (ii) infinitely many solutions, when there is at least one free variable.
1.3 Vector Equations
What is the zero vector?
Vector whose entries are all 0.
e.g. np.matrix(‘0; 0; 0; 0’)
1.3 Vector Equations
What is a linear combination?
Given vectors v1, v2, …, vp in R^n and given scalars c1, c2, …, cp, the vector y defined by
y = c1v1 + c2v2 + … + cpvp
is a linear combination of v1, …, vp with weights c1, …, cp.
1.3 Vector Equations
What is the relationship between the solution sets of augmented matrices and vector equations?
A vector equation
x1a1 + x2a2 + … + xnan = b
has the same solution set as
[a1 a2 … an b]
1.3 Vector Equations
When can b be generated by a linear combination of a1, …, an?
If and only if there exists a solution to the linear system corresponding to [a1 a2 … an b]
1.3 Vector Equations
What is Span {v1, …, vp} in terms of linear combinations?
What is this called?
The set of all linear combinations of v1, …, vp.
Called the subset of R^n spanned/generated by v1, …, vp.
e.g. the set of all vectors that can be written in the form
c1v1 + c2v2 + … + cpvp