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Community Health > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

autonomy

A

agreement to respect another’s right to self-determine a course of action

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2
Q

beneficence

A

compassion, desire to do good, taking positive action to help others

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3
Q

non-maleficence

A

avoidance of harm or hurt

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4
Q

social justice

A

upholding concepts of fairness and equity, equal access to care

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5
Q

senseitivity

A

ability of a test to correctly identify people who have the condition that is being tested for

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6
Q

Poor sensitivity leads to

A

increased false negatives

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7
Q

specificity

A

ability of a test to correctly identify people who do not have the condition that is being tested for

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8
Q

Poor specificity leads to

A

increased false positives

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9
Q

Calculate sensitivity

A

TP/(TP+FN)

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10
Q

Specificity

A

TN/(TN+FP)

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11
Q

limitations/implications of screening

A

is it significant? can we actually detect it? is there benefit to knowing?

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12
Q

Primary objective of screening

A

detection of a disease in its early stages in order to treat it and deter its progression

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13
Q

Secondary objective of screening

A

reduce cost of disease management by avoiding costly interventions required at later stages

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14
Q

Mass screening

A

applied to an entire population (ex: scoliosis screening in school)

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15
Q

Selective (targeted) screening

A

performed for specific high-risk populations (TB skin tests for health care workers)

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16
Q

Periodic

A

screen a discrete, but well, subgroup of the population on a regular basis over time for predictable risks or problems (ex: pap smear for cervical cancer)

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17
Q

advantages of screening

A

simplicity, can target individuals or groups, options of multiple tests, opportunity for health education

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18
Q

disadvantages of screening

A

Not 100% accurate

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19
Q

Observational study

A

study doesn’t alter what occurs; cross sectional surveys, cohort studies, case-control studies

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20
Q

Experimental studies

A

researchers intervene to change reality and observe what happens; RCT, quasi experimental design

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21
Q

mortality

A

people who die from ___ over total number of deaths in population

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22
Q

case fatality

A

people who die from ___ of all those who have been diagnosed with ____

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23
Q

Crude mortality rate

A

(Number of deaths occurring in 1 year/midyear population) X 100,000

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24
Q

Cause specific mortality rate

A

(total deaths from a stated cause in one year/number of persons in the populations at midyear) X 100,000

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25
Age specific mortality rate
(Number of people in a specific age group dying in 1 year/midyear populations of a specific age group) X 1,000
26
Proportional mortality rate
(Number of deaths from a specific cause within a time period/total deaths in same time period) X 100
27
Case fatality rate
(Number of deaths from specific disease/number of cases of the same disease) X 100
28
Prevelance rate
(# of cases [existing & new] of disease present in the population at a specified time period/# of persons in the population at that specified time) X 1,000
29
Incidence rate
(# of new cases of a disease occurring in the population during a specified time period/# of persons at risk for developing the disease during that time period) X 100,000
30
agent
any force causing disease
31
reservoir
any environment in which a pathogen lives, grows, and multiplies
32
portal of exit/entry
a mean by which an agent leaves/enters host
33
Mode of transmission
method by which the agent is transferred from one host to another
34
Host
susceptibility, immunity status; population at risk
35
Epidemiological conceptual model
Host, agent, environment, vector
36
Wheel of causation
deemphasizes the role of the agent and looks at biological, social, and physical environment
37
Web of causation
strongly represents the idea that there are multiple aspects of causation; severely deemphasizes the role of agent
38
assessment
monitoring and surveillance of local health problems and needs, and of resources for dealing with them
39
policy
development and leadership emphasizes local needs, advocated for equitable distribution of public resources
40
assurance
make sure high quality services are available and accessible to all persons
41
Minnesota wheel
Surveillance (monitor), investigation (gather data), outreach (locate risky populations), screening (identify people)
42
Define epidemiology
study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states in specified populations, and the application of this study to control health problems
43
What is the only aspect of the MW that is only at the individual level?
Case finding
44
What is the only aspect of the MW that is only at the community/system level
Community organization and coalition building
45
Population based practice
focuses on the entire population, population at interest, or population at risk; grounded in assessment of populations health status
46
What does population based practice consider and emphasize?
Considers broad determinants of health and emphasizes all levels of prevention (especially primary)
47
What are the three levels of public health practice
individual-focued, community-focused, system-focused
48
individual-focus
changes in knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, practices, and behaviors of individuals; direct as individual, alone or as part of a family, class, or groups
49
community-focused
changes in community norms, attitudes, awareness, practices, and behavior
50
system-focused
changes in organizations, policies, laws, and power structures; often more effective and long lasting way to impact population health
51
population of interest
group you want to know more about
52
population at risk
group we know are at risk
53
6 steps to conducting evaluation
engage stakeholders, identify program elements to monitor, select key evaluation questions, determine how the information will be gathered, develop a data analysis and reporting plan, ensure use and share lessons learned
54
Formative evaluation
Evaluating before before a program begins and at the beginning of the program started; is it working as planned
55
Summative evaluation
After program is either well established or its over; retrospective
56
What is a logic model?
a depiction of a program showing what the program what the program will do and what it is to accomplish; IF-THEN relationships
57
What is the core of program planning and evaluation?
Inputs, Outputs, and Outcomes
58
Logic model input
program investments; what we invest
59
Logic model outputs
activities (what we do) and participation (who we reach)
60
Logic model outcomes
short, medium, long term (what results)
61
What are quasi experiments good for?
natural disasters or pregnancy; you cant make these things happen
62
Which type of study is most useful in examining rare diseases?
Case-control; compare differences of normal disease to normal person
63
What type of study methodology is best able to examine cause and effect relationships?
Cohort study
64
Socio-ecological model guides us to
know who and at what levels we can impact
65
public health
what we do collectively to assure the conditions in which people can be healthy
66
public health nursing
the synthesis of nursing theory and public health theory applied to promoting and preserving health of populations

Community Health (2 decks)

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