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Community Health > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

autonomy

A

agreement to respect another’s right to self-determine a course of action

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2
Q

beneficence

A

compassion, desire to do good, taking positive action to help others

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3
Q

non-maleficence

A

avoidance of harm or hurt

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4
Q

social justice

A

upholding concepts of fairness and equity, equal access to care

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5
Q

senseitivity

A

ability of a test to correctly identify people who have the condition that is being tested for

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6
Q

Poor sensitivity leads to

A

increased false negatives

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7
Q

specificity

A

ability of a test to correctly identify people who do not have the condition that is being tested for

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8
Q

Poor specificity leads to

A

increased false positives

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9
Q

Calculate sensitivity

A

TP/(TP+FN)

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10
Q

Specificity

A

TN/(TN+FP)

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11
Q

limitations/implications of screening

A

is it significant? can we actually detect it? is there benefit to knowing?

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12
Q

Primary objective of screening

A

detection of a disease in its early stages in order to treat it and deter its progression

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13
Q

Secondary objective of screening

A

reduce cost of disease management by avoiding costly interventions required at later stages

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14
Q

Mass screening

A

applied to an entire population (ex: scoliosis screening in school)

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15
Q

Selective (targeted) screening

A

performed for specific high-risk populations (TB skin tests for health care workers)

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16
Q

Periodic

A

screen a discrete, but well, subgroup of the population on a regular basis over time for predictable risks or problems (ex: pap smear for cervical cancer)

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17
Q

advantages of screening

A

simplicity, can target individuals or groups, options of multiple tests, opportunity for health education

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18
Q

disadvantages of screening

A

Not 100% accurate

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19
Q

Observational study

A

study doesn’t alter what occurs; cross sectional surveys, cohort studies, case-control studies

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20
Q

Experimental studies

A

researchers intervene to change reality and observe what happens; RCT, quasi experimental design

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21
Q

mortality

A

people who die from ___ over total number of deaths in population

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22
Q

case fatality

A

people who die from ___ of all those who have been diagnosed with ____

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23
Q

Crude mortality rate

A

(Number of deaths occurring in 1 year/midyear population) X 100,000

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24
Q

Cause specific mortality rate

A

(total deaths from a stated cause in one year/number of persons in the populations at midyear) X 100,000

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25
Q

Age specific mortality rate

A

(Number of people in a specific age group dying in 1 year/midyear populations of a specific age group) X 1,000

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26
Q

Proportional mortality rate

A

(Number of deaths from a specific cause within a time period/total deaths in same time period) X 100

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27
Q

Case fatality rate

A

(Number of deaths from specific disease/number of cases of the same disease) X 100

28
Q

Prevelance rate

A

(# of cases [existing & new] of disease present in the population at a specified time period/# of persons in the population at that specified time) X 1,000

29
Q

Incidence rate

A

(# of new cases of a disease occurring in the population during a specified time period/# of persons at risk for developing the disease during that time period) X 100,000

30
Q

agent

A

any force causing disease

31
Q

reservoir

A

any environment in which a pathogen lives, grows, and multiplies

32
Q

portal of exit/entry

A

a mean by which an agent leaves/enters host

33
Q

Mode of transmission

A

method by which the agent is transferred from one host to another

34
Q

Host

A

susceptibility, immunity status; population at risk

35
Q

Epidemiological conceptual model

A

Host, agent, environment, vector

36
Q

Wheel of causation

A

deemphasizes the role of the agent and looks at biological, social, and physical environment

37
Q

Web of causation

A

strongly represents the idea that there are multiple aspects of causation; severely deemphasizes the role of agent

38
Q

assessment

A

monitoring and surveillance of local health problems and needs, and of resources for dealing with them

39
Q

policy

A

development and leadership emphasizes local needs, advocated for equitable distribution of public resources

40
Q

assurance

A

make sure high quality services are available and accessible to all persons

41
Q

Minnesota wheel

A

Surveillance (monitor), investigation (gather data), outreach (locate risky populations), screening (identify people)

42
Q

Define epidemiology

A

study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states in specified populations, and the application of this study to control health problems

43
Q

What is the only aspect of the MW that is only at the individual level?

A

Case finding

44
Q

What is the only aspect of the MW that is only at the community/system level

A

Community organization and coalition building

45
Q

Population based practice

A

focuses on the entire population, population at interest, or population at risk; grounded in assessment of populations health status

46
Q

What does population based practice consider and emphasize?

A

Considers broad determinants of health and emphasizes all levels of prevention (especially primary)

47
Q

What are the three levels of public health practice

A

individual-focued, community-focused, system-focused

48
Q

individual-focus

A

changes in knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, practices, and behaviors of individuals; direct as individual, alone or as part of a family, class, or groups

49
Q

community-focused

A

changes in community norms, attitudes, awareness, practices, and behavior

50
Q

system-focused

A

changes in organizations, policies, laws, and power structures; often more effective and long lasting way to impact population health

51
Q

population of interest

A

group you want to know more about

52
Q

population at risk

A

group we know are at risk

53
Q

6 steps to conducting evaluation

A

engage stakeholders, identify program elements to monitor, select key evaluation questions, determine how the information will be gathered, develop a data analysis and reporting plan, ensure use and share lessons learned

54
Q

Formative evaluation

A

Evaluating before before a program begins and at the beginning of the program started; is it working as planned

55
Q

Summative evaluation

A

After program is either well established or its over; retrospective

56
Q

What is a logic model?

A

a depiction of a program showing what the program what the program will do and what it is to accomplish; IF-THEN relationships

57
Q

What is the core of program planning and evaluation?

A

Inputs, Outputs, and Outcomes

58
Q

Logic model input

A

program investments; what we invest

59
Q

Logic model outputs

A

activities (what we do) and participation (who we reach)

60
Q

Logic model outcomes

A

short, medium, long term (what results)

61
Q

What are quasi experiments good for?

A

natural disasters or pregnancy; you cant make these things happen

62
Q

Which type of study is most useful in examining rare diseases?

A

Case-control; compare differences of normal disease to normal person

63
Q

What type of study methodology is best able to examine cause and effect relationships?

A

Cohort study

64
Q

Socio-ecological model guides us to

A

know who and at what levels we can impact

65
Q

public health

A

what we do collectively to assure the conditions in which people can be healthy

66
Q

public health nursing

A

the synthesis of nursing theory and public health theory applied to promoting and preserving health of populations

Community Health (2 decks)

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