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Psy 511 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

2nd messagers dependent

A

Need protein kinases

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2
Q

2nd messagers indepentdent

A

No not need protein kinases

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3
Q

Can a g-protein directly open an ion channel?

A

Yes.

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4
Q

Primary responsibilities of 2nd messagers

A
  • Open and close Ion channels
  • Regulated Enzyme functions
  • Activate protein kinases
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5
Q

Types of 2nd messagners

A 
cAmp
cGmp
IP3
DAG
Ca
Prostaglands
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6
Q

Gs ____ cAMP via ____ ____`

A

stimulates; adenylyl cyclase

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7
Q

Gi____ cAMP via ____ ____

A

inhibits; adenylyl cyclase

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8
Q

Primary protein in cGMP activation/synthesis

A

guanylyl cyclase

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9
Q

How is guanyly cyclase activated?

A

Nitric Oxide (NO)

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10
Q

How is NO activated in order to ultimately activate cGMP

A

Ca

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11
Q

An increase in Ca, typically means an increase in ____

A

cGMP

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12
Q

Two sources of Ca

A

intracelluar and extracelluar

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13
Q

Protein that attaches to Ca to activate associated kinases

A

Calmodulin

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14
Q

Primary function of IP3

A

release of intercelluar Ca

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15
Q

Phospholipase C once broken down becomes ____ and ____

A

IP3 and Dag

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16
Q

DAG activates _____ _____ ____ to ultimately activate the release of _____

A

protein kinase C; Ca

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17
Q

Family of protein kinase that activate calmodulin

A

CAM K1-b

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18
Q

How does extracelluar Ca enter the cell?

A

Gprotein actived Ion channels

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19
Q

What are the point of secondary messengers?

A

to phosphorlate 3rd messengers

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20
Q

Type of protein kinase that is dependent on cAMP

A

PKA

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21
Q

Type of protein kinase that is dependent of cGMP

A

PKG

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22
Q

PKA phosphorlates…….

A

a wide array of substrate protiens

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23
Q

PKG

A

not much is know about

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24
Q

CaM-kinase

A

is dependent on both Ca and calmodulin

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25
Q

Other kinases dependent on just Ca

A

PKC

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26
Q

How does CamKIII stay active?

A

It has the abillity to phosolopate itself

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27
Q

Primary transcription factor

A

CREB

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28
Q

CREB —>_____ –>_____ _____—>____ ____

A

Fos; Fos protein; neuropeptide genes

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29
Q

5 steps in gene alteration in cells

A
  1. Chromatin modificaiton
  2. Transcription Initiation
  3. Transcription
  4. Translation
    5 Post Translation
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30
Q

Primary function of CREB

A

loosen chromatin

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31
Q

Where does transcription take place?

A

Coding region

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32
Q

TorF: CREB is present in the cell and considered a late responding transcription factor

A

False: It’s considered an early factor

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33
Q

TorF: Fos is late transpction factor

A

True

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34
Q

Why is Fos considered a late transpiction factor

A

It has to be made

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35
Q

AANTs

A

Glutamate , GABA

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36
Q

Monoanmines

A

Catacolamines, Dopamine/Norepinphrine

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37
Q

Indolemines

A

Serotoin

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38
Q

enzyme for gluatmate

A

gluatminase

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39
Q

two sources of glutamte

A

asparatate, gluatmine

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40
Q

Gluatmate is released from ______

A

glial cells

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41
Q

Cell bodies for glutamate

A

cortex

42
Q

axon terminals for glutamate

A

hippocampus, thalmus, and straitum

43
Q

Iontropic Recptors for Glutamate

A

AMPA, NMDA, and Kinanate

44
Q

AMPA recptors let what in?

A

Na

45
Q

NMDA let what in?

A

Ca and Na

46
Q

In order to activate NMDA rectptors, _____ and _____ have to bind. Why?

A

Glutamate and Glycine; To delogde Mg in the recptor

47
Q

Kainate lets what in?

A

Na and Ca

48
Q

GABA is derived from….via

A

Glutmate via GAD

49
Q

cell bodies of GABA

A

cadate putmaen hypothalamus

50
Q

Axons terminals of GABA

A

Globius Palladus to substantrinigra

51
Q

Iontropic GABA receptor

A

GABA A

52
Q

Metatotropic GABA recptors

A

GABA B

53
Q

Dopamine formation

A

Tyrosine—> LDopa—-> Dopamine

54
Q

Primary dependent meausre of sea snail learning experiments

A

amplitude of withdrawal

55
Q

____ receptor is responsable for the induction of LTP

A

NMDA

56
Q

___ receptor is responsaible for the induction and expression of LTP

A

AMPA

57
Q

What is blocking NMDA receptors

A

Mg

58
Q

primary neurotransmitter involved in the iniation of LTP

A

glutmate

59
Q

Glutamate is a _______ transmitter

A

excitatory

60
Q

The expression of LTP depends on the amount of ______ entering the cell . The entrance of this molecule is mediated by _______. Thus increasing the number of _______ will increase the influx of ______.

A

Na; AMPA; AMPA; Na

61
Q

LTP changes the post synaptic neuron by these two methods

A
  1. Changes in AMPA trafficking

2. Regulation of the actin cytoskeleton

62
Q

Four subunits of AMPA

A

GluA1, A2, A3, A4

63
Q

Which of the AMPA receptors has sites for phospolations

A

GluA1

64
Q

What keeps AMPA receptors in the postsynamptic densitiy?

A

TARP (blue things in the pictures)

65
Q

Before potentation what AMPA subunit is present?

A

GluA2

66
Q

What increases AMPA GluA1 in the post synaptic density? How?

A

PKC. It phosplates Ser818

67
Q

Ser 845 moves AMPA to this extrasynpatic region via

A

PKA

68
Q

the primary role of CAMKII regarding AMPA receptros

A

is trapping it in the post synpatic density via P-serine and PSD-95

69
Q

In order to have LTP, cofflin needs to be—- Why? Why is it important?

A

dephosplolated. It would allow for the breakdowon of F-actin to G-actin. This allows the movement of AMPA to the post synaptic density

70
Q

In order to break down actin and its connecting spectrin, what must happen?

A

Ca must enter the cell and activate calpain. Which then breaks down these two

71
Q

What breaks down the exsiting actin fibers?

A

Myosin IIb

72
Q

What two pathways reorganize actin after an Ap?

A

Rho Rock and Rac-Pack

73
Q

Primary funciton of Rho Rock cascade?

A

to phosphorlate cofflin

74
Q

Primary funciton of Rac-Pack

A

reorganized actin crosslinks

75
Q

Molecule that makes the strength between pre and post membranes stronger and makes the post membrane larger?

A

cadherin

76
Q

if intergin is inhibited what happens

A

LTP can be induced, just not maintained

77
Q

two types of LTP

A

long and short

78
Q

What is needed for L-LTP

A

protein synthesis

79
Q

What does the early protein systhesis of conslidation consist of?

A

Protein systhesis of the free floating mRNA is stimulated by a synaptic activity

80
Q

Considered the late protein synthesis

A

genomic signaling

81
Q

Two types of genomic signalling

A

synapse to nucleus/ soma to nucleus

82
Q

For genomic sigaling, what molecule is important? How does it enter the cell?

A

Ca; NMDA, voltage gated ion channels, endoplasmic reticulum

83
Q

What stimulates the release of intercelluar Ca?

A

RyR and IP3

84
Q

What makes Ca so important to the transcription of LTP?

A

It binds to calmodulin and actives enzymes that phosphlates CREB and moves AMPA

85
Q

LTP1

A

NMDA lets Ca into the cell and RyR releases intercelluar Ca from the ER

86
Q

LTP2

A

Glutmate binds to mGluR1, which stimulates IP3 and then release in intercelluar Ca from the ER

87
Q

LTP 3

A

voltage gated Ca channels open

88
Q

Pathway for conslidation

A

BDNF—> TrKB—> mTOR-Top—> Enhanced Translation capacity—-> Arc mRNA—>Arc—>cofflin

89
Q

major gene invovled in the consildation of strong synaptic activity

A

Arc

90
Q

During the mainatnace phase, GluA1s of AMPA recptors are replaced with

A

GluA2s

91
Q

What is continuously synthesized during the maintance phase

A

PKM

92
Q

Kinase responsable for the change of GluA1s to GluA2s. How does this occur?

A

PKM; inhibits the endocytic processes of GluA1

93
Q

3 ways creb can be activated

A
  1. cAMP phopsolation
  2. Ca/calmodulin
  3. Neurotrophin Ras pathway
94
Q

What happens when you block NMDA during water maze task

A

Animals do not spend as much time in the target quadrant

95
Q

GluN2B

A

NMDA subtype that lets in more Ca

96
Q

Overexpression of GluN2b

A

More Ca into the cell, which can lead to better memory

97
Q

GluA1 required

A

Working memory

98
Q

GluA1 not required

A

Reference memory

99
Q

Acqusition of memory

A

AMPA NMDA

100
Q

Retrival of memory

A

AMPA NMDA

101
Q

Working memory

A

GluN1/2 GluA1

102
Q

Reference memory

A

AMPA glua2

Psy 511 (2 decks)

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