Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
2nd messagers dependent
A
Need protein kinases
2
Q
2nd messagers indepentdent
A
No not need protein kinases
3
Q
Can a g-protein directly open an ion channel?
A
Yes.
4
Q
Primary responsibilities of 2nd messagers
A
- Open and close Ion channels
- Regulated Enzyme functions
- Activate protein kinases
5
Q
Types of 2nd messagners
A
cAmp cGmp IP3 DAG Ca Prostaglands
6
Q
Gs ____ cAMP via ____ ____`
A
stimulates; adenylyl cyclase
7
Q
Gi____ cAMP via ____ ____
A
inhibits; adenylyl cyclase
8
Q
Primary protein in cGMP activation/synthesis
A
guanylyl cyclase
9
Q
How is guanyly cyclase activated?
A
Nitric Oxide (NO)
10
Q
How is NO activated in order to ultimately activate cGMP
A
Ca
11
Q
An increase in Ca, typically means an increase in ____
A
cGMP
12
Q
Two sources of Ca
A
intracelluar and extracelluar
13
Q
Protein that attaches to Ca to activate associated kinases
A
Calmodulin
14
Q
Primary function of IP3
A
release of intercelluar Ca
15
Q
Phospholipase C once broken down becomes ____ and ____
A
IP3 and Dag
16
Q
DAG activates _____ _____ ____ to ultimately activate the release of _____
A
protein kinase C; Ca
17
Q
Family of protein kinase that activate calmodulin
A
CAM K1-b
18
Q
How does extracelluar Ca enter the cell?
A
Gprotein actived Ion channels
19
Q
What are the point of secondary messengers?
A
to phosphorlate 3rd messengers
20
Q
Type of protein kinase that is dependent on cAMP
A
PKA
21
Q
Type of protein kinase that is dependent of cGMP
A
PKG
22
Q
PKA phosphorlates…….
A
a wide array of substrate protiens
23
Q
PKG
A
not much is know about
24
Q
CaM-kinase
A
is dependent on both Ca and calmodulin
25
Other kinases dependent on just Ca
PKC
26
How does CamKIII stay active?
It has the abillity to phosolopate itself
27
Primary transcription factor
CREB
28
CREB --->_____ -->_____ _____--->____ ____
Fos; Fos protein; neuropeptide genes
29
5 steps in gene alteration in cells
1. Chromatin modificaiton
2. Transcription Initiation
3. Transcription
4. Translation
5 Post Translation
30
Primary function of CREB
loosen chromatin
31
Where does transcription take place?
Coding region
32
TorF: CREB is present in the cell and considered a late responding transcription factor
False: It's considered an early factor
33
TorF: Fos is late transpction factor
True
34
Why is Fos considered a late transpiction factor
It has to be made
35
AANTs
Glutamate , GABA
36
Monoanmines
Catacolamines, Dopamine/Norepinphrine
37
Indolemines
Serotoin
38
enzyme for gluatmate
gluatminase
39
two sources of glutamte
asparatate, gluatmine
40
Gluatmate is released from ______
glial cells
41
Cell bodies for glutamate
cortex
42
axon terminals for glutamate
hippocampus, thalmus, and straitum
43
Iontropic Recptors for Glutamate
AMPA, NMDA, and Kinanate
44
AMPA recptors let what in?
Na
45
NMDA let what in?
Ca and Na
46
In order to activate NMDA rectptors, _____ and _____ have to bind. Why?
Glutamate and Glycine; To delogde Mg in the recptor
47
Kainate lets what in?
Na and Ca
48
GABA is derived from....via
Glutmate via GAD
49
cell bodies of GABA
cadate putmaen hypothalamus
50
Axons terminals of GABA
Globius Palladus to substantrinigra
51
Iontropic GABA receptor
GABA A
52
Metatotropic GABA recptors
GABA B
53
Dopamine formation
Tyrosine---> LDopa----> Dopamine
54
Primary dependent meausre of sea snail learning experiments
amplitude of withdrawal
55
____ receptor is responsable for the induction of LTP
NMDA
56
___ receptor is responsaible for the induction and expression of LTP
AMPA
57
What is blocking NMDA receptors
Mg
58
primary neurotransmitter involved in the iniation of LTP
glutmate
59
Glutamate is a _______ transmitter
excitatory
60
The expression of LTP depends on the amount of ______ entering the cell . The entrance of this molecule is mediated by _______. Thus increasing the number of _______ will increase the influx of ______.
Na; AMPA; AMPA; Na
61
LTP changes the post synaptic neuron by these two methods
1. Changes in AMPA trafficking
| 2. Regulation of the actin cytoskeleton
62
Four subunits of AMPA
GluA1, A2, A3, A4
63
Which of the AMPA receptors has sites for phospolations
GluA1
64
What keeps AMPA receptors in the postsynamptic densitiy?
TARP (blue things in the pictures)
65
Before potentation what AMPA subunit is present?
GluA2
66
What increases AMPA GluA1 in the post synaptic density? How?
PKC. It phosplates Ser818
67
Ser 845 moves AMPA to this extrasynpatic region via
PKA
68
the primary role of CAMKII regarding AMPA receptros
is trapping it in the post synpatic density via P-serine and PSD-95
69
In order to have LTP, cofflin needs to be---- Why? Why is it important?
dephosplolated. It would allow for the breakdowon of F-actin to G-actin. This allows the movement of AMPA to the post synaptic density
70
In order to break down actin and its connecting spectrin, what must happen?
Ca must enter the cell and activate calpain. Which then breaks down these two
71
What breaks down the exsiting actin fibers?
Myosin IIb
72
What two pathways reorganize actin after an Ap?
Rho Rock and Rac-Pack
73
Primary funciton of Rho Rock cascade?
to phosphorlate cofflin
74
Primary funciton of Rac-Pack
reorganized actin crosslinks
75
Molecule that makes the strength between pre and post membranes stronger and makes the post membrane larger?
cadherin
76
if intergin is inhibited what happens
LTP can be induced, just not maintained
77
two types of LTP
long and short
78
What is needed for L-LTP
protein synthesis
79
What does the early protein systhesis of conslidation consist of?
Protein systhesis of the free floating mRNA is stimulated by a synaptic activity
80
Considered the late protein synthesis
genomic signaling
81
Two types of genomic signalling
synapse to nucleus/ soma to nucleus
82
For genomic sigaling, what molecule is important? How does it enter the cell?
Ca; NMDA, voltage gated ion channels, endoplasmic reticulum
83
What stimulates the release of intercelluar Ca?
RyR and IP3
84
What makes Ca so important to the transcription of LTP?
It binds to calmodulin and actives enzymes that phosphlates CREB and moves AMPA
85
LTP1
NMDA lets Ca into the cell and RyR releases intercelluar Ca from the ER
86
LTP2
Glutmate binds to mGluR1, which stimulates IP3 and then release in intercelluar Ca from the ER
87
LTP 3
voltage gated Ca channels open
88
Pathway for conslidation
BDNF---> TrKB---> mTOR-Top---> Enhanced Translation capacity----> Arc mRNA--->Arc--->cofflin
89
major gene invovled in the consildation of strong synaptic activity
Arc
90
During the mainatnace phase, GluA1s of AMPA recptors are replaced with
GluA2s
91
What is continuously synthesized during the maintance phase
PKM
92
Kinase responsable for the change of GluA1s to GluA2s. How does this occur?
PKM; inhibits the endocytic processes of GluA1
93
3 ways creb can be activated
1. cAMP phopsolation
2. Ca/calmodulin
3. Neurotrophin Ras pathway
94
What happens when you block NMDA during water maze task
Animals do not spend as much time in the target quadrant
95
GluN2B
NMDA subtype that lets in more Ca
96
Overexpression of GluN2b
More Ca into the cell, which can lead to better memory
97
GluA1 required
Working memory
98
GluA1 not required
Reference memory
99
Acqusition of memory
AMPA NMDA
100
Retrival of memory
AMPA NMDA
101
Working memory
GluN1/2 GluA1
102
Reference memory
AMPA glua2
