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Exercise physiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Explain why fat metabolism is dependent on carbohydrate metabolism.

A

Fat metabolism is dependent upon carbohydrate metabolism due the fact that oxaloacetate comes from glycolysis and without sufficient enough carbohydrates the body will not have sufficient

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2
Q

Describe the factors limiting performance in all-out efforts lasting less than 10 s.

A
  • quantity of mitochondria

- quantity of the ATP And PC

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3
Q

anaerobic

A

does not require oxygen

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4
Q

aerobic

A

requires oxygen

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5
Q

Identify the high-energy phosphates.

A

ATP, PC, ADP

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6
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

A motor unit consists of one motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it stimulates.

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7
Q

possible sites of fatigue

A

CNS, glycogen use, use of Acetylcholine, lactate build up,

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8
Q

nociceptor

A

a sensory neuron that responds to damaging or potentially damaging stimuli by sending “possible threat” signals to the spinal cord and the brain.

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9
Q

three types of skeletal muscle fibers

A

fast, slow, and intermediate

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10
Q

Type IIx

A

fast glycolytic fibers,

  • Higher myosin ATPase activity than Type I fibres
  • Lower capacity for ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation than ‘red’ fibres.
  • Sparser capillary network.
  • No intracellular myoglobin
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11
Q

type IIa

A

Fast oxidative fibers, High capacity for ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation, dense capillary network, High levels of intracellular myoglobin.

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12
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

the final series of chemical reactions in the synthesis of ATP. another name for the ETC.

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13
Q

Type I

A

Low myosin ATPase activity.
High capacity for ATP production.
Very dense capillary network
High levels of intracellular myoglobin

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14
Q

intracellular myoglobin

A

intracellular oxygen-binding protein. analogous to hemoglobin.
gives muscle it’s “red” appearance.

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15
Q

factors limiting performance in all-out efforts lasting less than 10 s.

A

ATP and PC

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16
Q

nutrients used as fuels during exercise.

A

FFA for long duration lower intensity exercise, carbohydrates for short high intensity work.

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17
Q

OBLA

A

onset of blood lactate accumulation

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18
Q

Lactate Threshold

A

The point during exercise of increasing intensity at which blood lactate begins to accumulate above resting levels, where lactate clearance is no longer able to keep up with lactate production.

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19
Q

anaerobic threshold

A

Another name for the lactate threshold

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20
Q

Acetyl-CoA

A

2-carbon molecule that is formed from the breakdown of protein, fats, and carbohydrates

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21
Q

Activation Energy

A

Energy required to initiate chemical reactions.

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22
Q

Adenosine Diphosphate

A

Molecule that combines w/ inorganic phosphate to form ATP

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23
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate

A

High-energy phosphate that is synthesized and used by cells immediately for muscle contractions.

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24
Q

ATPase

A

Enzyme capable of breaking down [ATP] to [ADP + Pi + energy]

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25
Q

ATP-PC System

A

Metabolic pathway involving muscle stores of ATP and the use of phosphocreatine to rephosphorylate ADP. Used:
o at the onset of exercise
o during short-term, high-intensity work

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26
Q

Beta Oxidation

A

Breakdown of free-fatty acids to form acetyl-CoA

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27
Q

Bioenergetics

A

Chemical process involved w/ the production of cellular ATP.

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28
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Semipermeable membrane barrier that separates cell from extracellular environment.

o Functions:

§ Enclose components of cell

§ Regulate passage of various types of substances in & out of the cell

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29
Q

Coupled Reactions

A

Reactions that are linked, with the liberation of free energy in one reaction being used to drive a 2nd reaction.

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30
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Fluid portion between nucleus and cell membrane. Contain the enzymes that regulate breakdown of glucose (glycolysis)

31
Q

Endergonic Reactions

A

Energy requiring reactions

32
Q

Energy of Activation

A

The energy that must be put into the system before the reaction will occur

33
Q

Enzymes

A

Proteins that play a role in the regulation of metabolic pathways in cell.

34
Q

Exergonic Reactions

A

Reactions that give off energy as a result of chemical processes.

35
Q

Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide

A

Electron carrier.

36
Q

Glucose

A

Monosaccharide (simple sugar) that is transported via the blood and metabolized by tissues.

37
Q

Glycogen

A

A glucose polymer synthesized in cells as stored carbohydrates.

38
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

The breakdown of glycogen into glucose

39
Q

Glycolysis

A

Metabolic pathway in the cytoplasm of a cell that results in the degradation of glucose into pyruvate or lactate.

40
Q

Inorganic Phosphate

A

Stimulator of cell metabolism

o split off, along w/ ADP, from ATP when energy is released

o used w/ ADP to form ATP in the ETC

41
Q

Isocitrate Dehydrogenase

A

Rate limiting enzyme in the Krebs cycle that is inhibited by ATP and stimulated by ADP and Pi

42
Q

Krebs Cycle

A

Metabolic pathway in mitochondria in which energy is transferred from carbs, fats, and amino acids to NAD for subsequent production of ATP in the ETC

43
Q

Lactate

A

3-carbon molecule that is a potential end-product of glucose metabolism. created when there are not enough O2 to convert glucose into pyruvate.

44
Q

Metabolism

A

Total of all cellular reactions that result in the synthesis of molecules for both anabolic and catabolic reactions.

45
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Powerhouse of cell. Involved in the oxidative conversion of foodstuffs into usable energy.

46
Q

Molecular Biology

A

Branch of bio-chemistry involved w/ the study of gene structure and function.

47
Q

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+)

A

Coenzyme that that transfers hydrogen and the energy associated w/ hydrogens.

o Transfers energy from substrates to the ETC.

o Derived from Vitamin niacin (B3)

48
Q

Organic

A

Compounds that contain carbon

49
Q

Oxidation

A

Removing an electron from an atom or molecule.

50
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Mitochondrial process in which inorganic phosphate (Pi) is coupled w/ ADP as energy is transferred along the ETC in which oxygen is the final electron acceptor.

51
Q

Phosphocreatine (PC

A

Compound found in skeletal muscle and used to resynthesize ATP from ADP.

52
Q

Phosphofructokinase (PFK)

A

Rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis that is responsive to ADP, Pi, and ATP levels in the cytoplasm of a cell.

53
Q

Reduction

A

the addition of an electron to an atom or molecule.

54
Q

G3P

A

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

55
Q

what are the factors affecting maximal performance?

A 
Diet
CNS Function
Strength/Skill
Environment
Energy Production
56
Q

Diet as factor affecting performance

A

carbohydrate availability and water intake.

57
Q

CNS as factor affecting performance

A

Arousal motivation

58
Q

Strength/Skill as factor affecting performance

A

Practice. Natural endowment, body type muscle fiber type.

59
Q

environment as factor affecting performance

A

altitude heat humidity

60
Q

energy production as a factor affecting performance

A

Anaerobic: PC, Glycolysis
aerobic: VO2 max; Cardiac output; O2 delivery, hemoglobin PO2; O2 extraction; mitochondria.

61
Q

Discuss the possible sites for fatigue.

A 
Psyche/Brain
Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nerve
Muscle Sarcolemma
Transverse Tubular System
Ca++ release
Actin-Myosin Interaction
Cross-Bridge Tension + Heat
Force/Power Output
62
Q

transverse tubular system

A

T-TUBULES conduct impulses to the Sarcoplasmic reticulum which then stimulates the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release Ca ions to stimulate muscle twitch

63
Q

Provide evidence for the central nervous system being a site of fatigue.

A
  • CNS arousal facilitate motor unit recruitment to increase strength and alter the state of fatigue.
  • Use of neurotransmitters for a prolonged time can reduce the stores of them so a decrease in them leads to a decrease in motor unit work and the ability to stimulate the maximum number of motor units.
64
Q

sarcolemma

A

a specialized cell membrane which surrounds striated muscle fiber cells (skeletal Muscle).

65
Q

Identify potential neural factors in the periphery that might be linked to fatigue.

A
  • T-Tubules
  • Inability of Sarcolemma to maintain Na+ and K+ during repeated stimulation. Which creates a decrease in the contractility of the muscle.
  • Repeated stim. = ↓ Action Potential frequency to protect muscle from fatigue. Shifts optimal freq. to preserve force output.
66
Q

Describe the factors limiting performance in all-out efforts lasting less than 10 s.

A
  • Anaerobic sources of energy, PC+ATP
  • recruitment of appropriate type II fibers to gen. the force needed.
  • Motivation, arousal, and skill to direct the force needed
67
Q

Describe the factors limiting performance in all-out efforts lasting 10 to 180 s.

A

Depending on the type of the muscle used:
-Glycolysis and PC (40-90% ATP)
- VO2 (10-60% of ATP)
Not depending on the type of muscle used:
-Muscle and blood pH

68
Q

factors affecting optimal performance from 3-20 min.

A
  • Cardiovascular system
    • HR/SV max, Arterial Oxygen Content (CaO2) ← Arterial Hemoglobin [Hb], Fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2), and Pressure of oxygen (PO2)
  • Mitochondrial content of muscles
  • Type I & II fibers recruited
  • High altitude/anemia
69
Q

factors affecting optimal performance from 20 to 60 mins

A

Heat
Humidity
Dehydration
VO2(MAX) & movement economy

70
Q

factors affecting optimal performance from 1-4 hours

A

Environmental factors play a more important role
Muscle & liver glycogen stores try to keep up w/ rate at which carbs are used
Diet, fluid ingestion, and ability to deal w/ heat & humidity influence final outcome

71
Q

Describe the role of enzymes as catalysts in cellular chemical reactions.

A

Regulate the speed of chemical reactions. Measured by the rate at which its substrates are converted into products.

72
Q

three main types of sugar in the body

A

Monosaccharides – Fructose and glucose (blood sugar)
Disaccharides – Combined monosaccharides
Polysaccharides – Complex carbs (≥3 monosaccharides) Two most common and make up most the sugar we consume

73
Q

types of fats used

A

Fatty acids – Primary type of fat used by muscle cells for energy.
Triglycerides – 3 fatty acid molecules – 1 glycerol (type of alcohol that can be used by liver to synthesize glucose))
Phospholipids – provide the structure of cell membranes.
Steroids – (cholesterol) Needed to synthesize fat based hormones .Synthesized in body and can be consumed in foods.

74
Q

Proteins

A

Composed of amino acids (20)
Needed to form various tissues, enzymes, blood proteins.
Essential amino acids – cannot be synthesized in body

Exercise physiology (3 decks)

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